Outcome prediction in adult respiratory distress syndrome using discriminant analysis of cardiorespiratory data.

In order to examine the prognostic value of different cardiopulmonary variables in adult respiratory distress syndrome the data of 30 patients with this illness were studied retrospectively. The patients were divided into 3 groups: Group A: survivors (9 cases, 40 examinations), Group B: early stage nonsurvivors (8 cases, 37 examinations), Group C: late stage nonsurvivors (19 cases, 89 examinations). In 6 nonsurvivor patients a few measurements were done in the early and late stage, too. There were highly significant differences between Groups A and C (mean pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary arterial diastolic pressure minus pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, left ventricular stroke work index, systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance, inspired oxygen fraction, arterial oxygen tension per inspired oxygen fraction, mixed venous oxygen saturation, pulmonary shunt fraction, and oxygen delivery, but the differences in relation to other groups were less prominent. Using a step-wise discriminant analysis, it was found that the oxygenation parameters alone determined the outcome correctly in 68-75%. Extending the analysis to haemodynamic variables the result improved (72-80%). Similar prediction was obtained when parameters potentionally measurable by noninvasive methods were analysed (69-80%). These results suggest that it is possible to predict the outcome of ARDS correctly without any invasive monitoring technique.     

Postoperative pulmonary complications in patients with esophageal cancer

Summary There are recent reports on postoperative pulmonary complications in patients with esophageal cancer who were treated preoperatively with chemotherapy and irradiation. The Hamburg Esophageal Study Group is currently undertaking a prospective randomized study to evaluate the efficacy of preoperative treatment. Postoperative pulmonary complications and mortality in these patients with either a combined preoperative treatment (group 1, n=11) or chemotherapy alone (group 2, n=9) are evaluated in the present paper. Complete remission of the tumor was found more often in group 1 (54,6%) than in group 2 (22.2%). However, postoperatively the patients of group 1 developed adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS; 54,6%) more frequently than in group 2 (11.1%), and all patients with ARDS died. Thus, although the combined preoperative treatment is more effective in tumor remission, it is associated with a higher respiratory failure and postoperative mortality. Therefore, the preoperative regime has now been changed by the study group. Since after the clinical manifestation of ARDS no causative clinical therapy is available up to now, attention must be focused on the prevention of respiratory failure.Abbreviations ARDS adult respiratory distress syndrome - F_iO₂ inspired fraction of oxygen Members of the Hamburg esophageal study group: Prof. Hossfeld, Prof. Weh, Prof. Hübener, Dr. Krüll, Dr. Schwarz, PD Dr. Grimm, Dr. Küchler, Dr. Grauel, Dr. Holst, Dr. Maas, Prof. Dürig, Prof. Kremer, Dr. Steinhöfel, PD Dr. Hamper     

Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Pulmonary and extrapulmonary not so similar

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by acute onset respiratory failure with bilateral pulmonary infiltrates and hypoxemia. Current evidence suggests different respiratory mechanics in pulmonary ARDS (ARDSp) and extrapulmonary ARDS (ARDSexp) with disproportionate decrease in lung compliance in the former and chest wall compliance in the latter. Herein, we report two patients of ARDS, one each with ARDSp and ARDSexp that were managed using real-time esophageal pressure monitoring using the AVEA ventilator to tailor the ventilatory strategy.     

外柱细胞软化对Corti器感音影响的生物力学研究

Corti器的感音过程容易受到内部结构属性变化的影响。外柱细胞血管舒张刺激磷蛋白缺失会减缓肌动蛋白丝的形成,从而产生听力延迟。本研究运用COMSOL建立三维有限元模型研究肌动蛋白缺失导致外柱细胞软化时,Corti器感音过程中基底膜和外毛细胞与Deiters细胞结合点的力学行为变化。结果表明,外柱细胞软化会削弱外毛细胞主动力对基底膜位移增益的放大作用,但削弱作用并不会立即产生,Corti器存在维持正常功能的“缓冲”阶段。在100 dB和120 dB之间可能存在一个声压级临界值,在该临界值两侧外柱细胞软化对基底膜应力变化的影响是截然相反的。另外外柱细胞软化对不同外毛细胞与Deiters细胞结合点力学行为的影响也不同,位移增益优先级会因此产生改变。     

持续高容量血液滤过在肾移植术后重症肺部感染中的应用

目的探讨应用持续高容量血液滤过（CHVHF）对肾移植术后重症肺部感染患者临床疗效的影响。方法 2003年5月至2011年4月在我院行肾移植术后并发重症肺部感染的51例患者分为A、B两组,A组采用综合治疗结合持续高容量血液滤过（CHVHF）措施,B组采用常规的综合救治措施,未进行过持续高容量血液滤过治疗;比较两组患者在治疗前后同一时段的体温、心率、平均动脉压、血气变化以及两组患者病死率的情况。结果与B组常规治疗后比较,A组患者在体温、平均动脉压、血氧分压以及酸碱平衡有更明显的改善（P〈0.05）。A组24例患者经治疗后22例痊愈出院2,例死亡,死亡率为8.33%;其中8例并发ARDS,有2例发展为MODS后死亡;B组27例患者经治疗后18例治愈出院,死亡9例,死亡率为33.3%;其中13例并发ARDS,有8例出现MODS,两组病死率差异有显著性（P〈0.05）。结论持续高容量血液滤过是能有效地缓解症状,清除炎症介质,有助于重建机体免疫内稳状态,并提供稳定的血流动力学及水电解质平衡,帮助患者渡过危险期,从而为重症感染的救治创造条件。     

A comparison of clinical efficacy between high frequency oscillatory ventilation and conventional ventilation with lung volume recruitment in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome: A randomized controlled trial

Purpose:

To determine the efficacy of lung volume recruitment maneuver (LVRM) with high frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) on oxygenation, hemodynamic alteration, and clinical outcomes when compared to conventional mechanical ventilation (CV) in children with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

Materials:

We performed a randomized controlled trial and enrolled pediatric patients who were diagnosed to have severe ARDS upon pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission. LVRM protocol combined with HFOV or conventional mechanical ventilation was used. Baseline characteristic data, oxygenation, hemodynamic parameters, and clinical outcomes were recorded.

Results:

Eighteen children with severe ARDS were enrolled in our study. The primary cause of ARDS was pneumonia (91.7%). Their mean age was 47.7 ± 61.2 (m) and body weight was 25.3 ± 27.1 (kg). Their initial pediatric risk of mortality score 3 and pediatric logistic organ dysfunction were 12 ± 9.2 and 15.9 ± 12.8, respectively. The initial mean oxygen index was 24.5 ± 10.4, and mean PaO₂/FiO₂ was 80.6 ± 25. There was no difference in oxygen parameters at baseline the between two groups. There was a significant increase in PaO₂/FiO₂ (119.2 ± 41.1, 49.6 ± 30.6, P = 0.01*) response after 1 h of LVRM with HFOV compare to CV. Hemodynamic and serious complications were not significantly affected after LVRM. The overall PICU mortality of our severe ARDS at 28 days was 16.7%. Three patients in CV with LVRM group failed to wean oxygen requirement and were cross-over to HFOV group.

Conclusions:

HFOV combined with LVRM in severe pediatric ARDS had superior oxygenation and tended to have better clinical effect over CV. There is no significant effect on hemodynamic parameters. Moreover, no serious complication was noted.     

肺表面活性物质治疗足月新生儿急性呼吸窘迫综合征疗效观察

目的 探讨新生儿急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）治疗中肺表面活性物质的疗效。方法 选择2017年1月~12月我院新生儿科收治ARDS患儿60例,随机分为实验组和常规组,每组30例。常规组接受常规治疗,实验组在常规治疗基础上应用肺表面活性物质治疗,比较两组确诊时及治疗后2 h、6 h、12 h、24 h PaO2/FiO2,治疗后24 h胸片改变,记录两组吸氧时间、机械通气例数、住院时间、病死率。结果 治疗前两组PaO2/FIO2比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。治疗后,实验组2 h、6 h、12     

Platelet Distribution Width and Increased D-Dimer at Admission Predicts Subsequent Development of ARDS in COVID-19 Patients

In the current pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the identification of the patients admitted with severe infection–who are disposed to a high risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) development, is of a major significance for the determination of the appropriate therapeutic strategy. Laboratory records in admission were retrospectively reviewed from 493 cases of severe COVID-19 divided into two groups: Group 1 with ARDS and Group 2 without ARDS. The platelet distribution width (PDW) difference between Group 1 and Group 2 is significant–15.10 ± 2.08 fl for those who developed ARDS versus 12.94 ± 2.12 fl for those without ARDS. The sensitivity and the specificity of this parameter is lower than that of D-dimer. After grouping of the PDW values into intervals and combining them with the rate of increase in D-dimer (D-PDWf index) to form a forecasting index, a significant increase in the specificity and sensitivity of the two parameters is identified–area under the ROC curve (AUC) is 0.874 for D-PDWf index, with respective AUC for PDW 0.768 and AUC for D-dimer 0.777. Conclusion: PDW is a significant predictive parameter at admission for subsequent development of ARDS in patients, with increased significance in combination with the degree of increase in D-dimer.     

High-dose corticosteroids in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome

Corticosteroids are widely used as therapy for the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) without proof of efficacy. We conducted a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of methylprednisolone therapy in 99 patients with refractory hypoxemia, diffuse bilateral infiltrates on chest radiography and absence of congestive heart failure documented by pulmonary-artery catheterization. The causes of ARDS included sepsis (27 percent), aspiration pneumonia (18 percent), pancreatitis (4 percent), shock (2 percent), fat emboli (1 percent), and miscellaneous causes or more than one cause (42 percent). Fifty patients received methylprednisolone (30 mg per kilogram of body weight every six hours for 24 hours), and 49 received placebo according to the same schedule. Serial measurements were made of pulmonary shunting, the ratio of partial pressure of arterial oxygen to partial pressure of alveolar oxygen, the chest radiograph severity score, total thoracic compliance, and pulmonary-artery pressure. We observed no statistical differences between groups in these characteristics upon entry or during the five days after entry. Forty-five days after entry there were no differences between the methylprednisolone and placebo groups in mortality (respectively, 30 of 50 [60 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, 46 to 74] and 31 of 49 [63 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, 49 to 77]; P = 0.74) or in the reversal of ARDS (18 of 50 [36 percent] vs. 19 of 49 [39 percent]; P = 0.77). However, the relatively wide confidence intervals in the mortality data make it impossible to exclude a small effect of treatment. Infectious complications were similar in the methylprednisolone group (8 of 50 [16 percent]) and the placebo group (5 of 49 [10 percent]; P = 0.60). Our data suggest that in patients with established ARDS due to sepsis, aspiration, or a mixed cause, high-dose methylprednisolone does not affect outcome.     

针对有自主呼吸慢阻肺患者的无创动态呼吸力学参数估计

目的研究针对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)患者的无创动态呼吸力学参数估计方法。方法通过将人体呼吸系统简化为一阶线性模型,基于最优化方法设置约束条件,估计慢阻肺患者的呼吸系统阻力和顺应性。结果利用所构建的模型以及设置的约束条件,在模拟实验中可以估计有自主呼吸慢阻肺患者的呼吸系统阻力以及顺应性,所得结果相对准确(误差在5%以内)。利用1个呼吸周期内的数据即可获得估计结果,估计所需时间仅相当于3个呼吸时长,可以满足动态监测的要求。结论基于最优化方法实现对慢阻肺患者呼吸系统阻力和顺应性进行无创动态估计在模拟实验中已被证明可行,可进一步开展临床实验。通过临床实验后可以帮助医生实时监测慢阻肺患者呼吸系统阻力及顺应性的变化情况,为COPD诊断及治疗提供参考。     

肾移植术后巨细胞病毒性肺炎并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征中治疗方案分析

目的 探讨有创通气治疗、有创-无创通气治疗方案在肾移植术后巨细胞病毒性肺炎并发急性呼吸窘迫综合症（acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS）治疗中的应用价值.方法 将50例肾移植术后巨细胞病毒性肺炎并发ARDS患者随机分为两组,以接受常规有创通气治疗者为对照组,以接受有创-无创通气治疗者为观察组,每组25例,对比两组临床治疗效果.结果 两组治疗前动脉血氧分压（PaO2）、动脉二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）、动脉血Ph值（Ph）、心率（HR）及收缩压（SBP）比较无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,观察组治疗后死亡率明显低于对照组（P＜0.05）.经治疗7天后,两组以上指标均明显改善（P＜0.05）,两组改善程度比较无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.但观察组的首创通气时间、总通气时间、ICU住院时间及肺炎治疗时间均明显低于对照组（P＜0.05）.结论 有创-无创通气治疗方案可显著降低肾移植术后巨细胞病毒性肺炎并发ARDS患者死亡率,改善患者临床治疗效果,并可降低通气相关并发症.     

肺血管内皮细胞分泌功能的改变与急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征

急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)/急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome, ARDS)是临床上常见的急危重症,病死率高达25%~45%,治疗上主要限于器官功能与全身支持治疗,尤其是呼吸支持治疗,“等待”肺损伤的缓解。在ARDS发病机制中肺血管内皮细胞(pulmonary vascular endothelial cell,PVEC)既是受损的主要靶细胞,更是活跃的炎症和效应细胞,血管内皮细胞(vascular endothelial cell,VEC)的激活和损伤程度与ARDS预后密切相关。本文将主要阐述ALI/ARDS发病机制中PVEC部分分泌功能的改变。     

A rare case of leptospirosis with isolated lung involvement

Leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by a pathogenic spirochete “leptospira interrogans.” Severe form of leprospira infection is usually associated with jaundice and renal involvement, leading to major hemorrhagic complications. Lung involvement can vary from subtle clinical features to deadly pulmonary hemorrhage and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We recently managed a case of leptospirosis with isolated lung involvement as alveolar hemorrhage and ARDS. Our patient had acute febrile illness with respiratory symptoms associated with radiological picture of pulmonary hemorrhage. Patient was managed with noninvasive ventilation with high flow oxygen, antibiotic and pulse steroids therapy. In conclusion, leptospirosis can present with predominant pulmonary involvement, instead of the classical triad of Weil disease. High index of suspicion should be kept in acute febrile illness patients with respiratory symptoms and alveolar hemorrhage. Early diagnosis and management with oxygenation, antibiotics and immunosuppresents can prevent complications and mortality.     

Reduced bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa of blood neutrophils from patients with early adult respiratory distress syndrome

This study investigated the bactericidal capability of circulating neutrophils from blunt trauma patients admitted to an Intensive Care Unit against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Among those patients, two groups were considered and compared: patients who developed adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and patients who developed only pneumonia. Peripheral blood samples were drawn as soon as a diagnosis of pneumonia or ARDS was made, followed by the isolation of neutrophil cells and assessment of bacteria phagocytosis and killing. The results demonstrated that in patients with ARDS, phagocytosis and killing efficiency were significantly impaired in comparison with patients with pneumonia and healthy controls. A possible dysregulation of reactive oxygen species production involving the release of humoral mediators in early ARDS may be involved.     

无创呼吸机在已经出现呼吸肌疲劳但不伴有呼吸衰竭的AECOPD患者中的应用价值

目的：探讨无创呼吸机在已经出现呼吸肌疲劳但不伴有呼吸衰竭的慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,AECOPD)患者中的应用价值。方法：选取2013年12月至2015年12月我院收治的138例已经出现呼吸肌疲劳但不伴有呼吸衰竭的AECOPD患者作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法将患者分为研究组和对照组,每组69例。对照组患者进行抗感染、吸氧、祛痰、维持电解质酸碱平衡等常规治疗,研究组在对照组基础上加用无创呼吸机治疗。综合比较两组患者治疗前后肺功能、血气分析情况、呼吸肌功能、呼吸困难程度及患者耐受性的差异。结果：治疗前,两组FEV1、FVC、FEV1/FVC等比较均无统计学差异(P>0.05);治疗后,研究组FEV1、FEV1/FVC比对照组高(P<0.05)。治疗前,两组血气分析各指标比较均无统计学差异(P>0.05);治疗后30 min,两组PO2、PCO2、SaO2、pH等各指标均比治疗前明显改善P<0.05)。治疗后,组间血气分析指标比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。研究组呼吸肌功能评分高于对照组(P<0.05),mMRC评分低于对照组(P<0.05)。患者耐受性好,无退出治疗病例。结论：无创呼吸机在治疗已经出现呼吸肌疲劳但不伴有呼吸衰竭的AECOPD疗效好,能有效患者改善呼吸功能,缓解呼吸困难症状,预防呼吸衰竭。     

Fatal outcome in Eisenmenger syndrome.

AIM: To assess correlations between fatal outcome and histologic findings of pulmonary vascular disease in different situations of Eisenmenger syndrome, either during the natural course or early-late after surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The clinical follow-up and fatal outcome of 20 patients affected by Eisenmenger syndrome were investigated. In addition to the pathologic report and gross reexamination of the heart, the lung tissue was studied by histology. Patients were divided into three groups: 6 non-operated patients who died during the natural course (Group 1), 11 patients who underwent correction of the congenital defect and died in the perioperative period (Group 2), and 3 patients who died late after surgery (Group 3). RESULTS: In Group 1, five patients (83%) died of cardiac arrest a few days after the onset of hypoxic attacks; in four patients histology showed Grade IV pulmonary vascular disease with diffuse fibrinoid necrosis in the distal pulmonary arterial vasculature. In Group 2, nine patients (82%) died on the first or second postoperative day after a refractory pulmonary hypertensive crisis, with histologic evidence in three patients of fibrinoid necrosis of the distal pulmonary small arteries and arterioles. In Group 3, two patients (67%) died suddenly, 6 and 18 years after cardiac surgery, following onset of dyspnea and cardiogenic shock; autopsy showed aneurysmal dilatation of the pulmonary artery with massive thrombosis in the setting of Grades III-IV pulmonary vascular disease without fibrinoid necrosis. CONCLUSION: Fatal outcome in Eisenmenger syndrome, either in the natural course or after refractory hypertensive attacks post surgery, is frequently associated with fibrinoid necrosis of the small pulmonary arteries and arterioles.     

肾移植术后肺部感染23例临床分析

目的分析肾移植术后肺部感染的临床特点和诊治措施。方法对23例肾移植术后并发肺部感染患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果23例患者中巨细胞病毒感染9例,其中合并细菌感染2例。细菌感染7例,其中复合细菌感染1例,细菌合并真菌感染2例;肺部真菌感染4例。发生细菌败血症1例,真菌败血症1例。另3例未检出病原体。经综合治疗本组中22例治愈,1例死亡,为细菌合并真菌感染的重症肺部感染者,死亡原因为急性呼吸窘迫综合征。结论肾移植术后合并肺部感染病情复杂,死亡率较高;可靠的病原学诊断、及时而有效的综合治疗可提高其治愈率。     

Pulmonary hypertension due to acute respiratory distress syndrome

Our aims were to describe the prevalence of pulmonary hypertension in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), to characterize their hemodynamic cardiopulmonary profiles, and to correlate these parameters with outcome. All consecutive patients over 16 years of age who were in the intensive care unit with a diagnosis of ARDS and an in situ pulmonary artery catheter for hemodynamic monitoring were studied. Pulmonary hypertension was diagnosed when the mean pulmonary artery pressure was >25 mmHg at rest with a pulmonary artery occlusion pressure or left atrial pressure <15 mmHg. During the study period, 30 of 402 critically ill patients (7.46%) who were admitted to the ICU fulfilled the criteria for ARDS. Of the 30 patients with ARDS, 14 met the criteria for pulmonary hypertension, a prevalence of 46.6% (95% CI; 28-66%). The most common cause of ARDS was pneumonia (56.3%). The overall mortality was 36.6% and was similar in patients with and without pulmonary hypertension. Differences in patients'' hemodynamic profiles were influenced by the presence of pulmonary hypertension. The levels of positive end-expiratory pressure and peak pressure were higher in patients with pulmonary hypertension, and the PaCO₂ was higher in those who died. The level of airway pressure seemed to influence the onset of pulmonary hypertension. Survival was determined by the severity of organ failure at admission to the intensive care unit.     

2019新型冠状病毒导致的致命肺渗漏的病理生理学机制和防治策略:兼论血透的应用与依据

自2019年12月爆发以来,2019新型冠状病毒已在全球造成2872人死亡(截至2020年2月28日),并且有超过8000名患者仍处于严重状况。该病毒和由该病毒引起的医疗状况被分别命名为SARS-CoV-2(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2)和COVID-19(coronavirus disease 2019)。虽然已经广泛应用了抗病毒、对症和功能支持性疗法,每天仍有大量患者死于该病毒感染。SARS-CoV-2主要通过2型肺泡上皮细胞上的血管紧张素转化酶2(angiotensin-converting enzyme 2,ACE2)首先感染肺,其最常见的致命并发症是急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)[1]。     

Non-invasive semi-quantitative measurements of tidal pressure-volume and flow relations of lung in COPD patients

Movement of the suprasternal fossa as detected by surface inductive plethysmography (SIP) has been utilized as a non-invasive means for estimation of intrapleural pressure in the calculation of lung compliance. The purpose of the present study was to ascertain whether pulmonary resistance and work of breathing could also be obtained with SIP. A new calibration procedure based upon substituting values for inspiratory total respiratory resistance measured by forced oscillations into an uncalibrated SIP deflection-flow loop was utilized to convert the SIP waveform to a pressure recording. This permitted estimation of lung compliance, expiratory pulmonary resistance and work of breathing which were then compared to simultaneously measured intraesophageal pressure derived values. Nine seated patients with varying degrees of obstructive airways disease were studied. No differences were found between the SIP and intraesophageal derived group mean values for any parameters, viz inspiratory and expiratory pulmonary resistance, lung compliance and work of breathing. The least variable measurement between the two methods was the work of breathing in which eight of the nine patients had values deviating less than 25% from unity. Values for lung compliance were slightly more divergent and expiratory pulmonary resistance showed large variation. The present investigation indicates that surface inductive plethysmographic detection of suprasternal fossa movement reflects intrapleural pressure swings in a semiquantitative manner; it serves as a non-invasive research technique for estimation of lung compliance, pulmonary resistance and work of breathing.