腔内支架技术治疗自发性孤立性肠系膜上动脉夹层

目的探讨腔内支架技术治疗自发性孤立性肠系膜上动脉夹层（spontaneous isolated dissection of superior mesenteric artery,SIDSMA）的安全性及有效性。方法回顾性分析2009年1月～2011年4月16例接受血管腔内支架治疗的SIDSMA的临床资料。结果均手术顺利,12例行单层裸支架释放,4例行双层裸支架释放。术后腹痛症状改善15例,无变化1例。术后6个月CTA复查,16例均支架通畅,14例假腔消失,2例支架外造影剂显影。结论对于未合并夹层破裂出血、肠坏死的症状性SIDSMA,腔内支架治疗是一种安全、有效、微创的治疗选择。     

介入治疗63例自发性孤立性肠系膜上动脉夹层患者临床效果及应用CT诊断的意义

目的探讨自发性孤立性肠系膜上动脉夹层患者采用介入治疗临床效果,并观察其采用CT诊断临床表现。方法回顾性分析医院2010年2月至2016年11月63例自发性孤立性肠系膜上动脉夹层患者临床诊治情况。所有患者均采用介入治疗,并应用CT进行检查,观察患者CT表现。随访6个月,观察患者术后治疗结果及影像学诊断情况。结果所有患者均采用介入术治疗,其中支架联合弹簧圈栓塞治疗者21例、单纯支架植入42例;本次治疗均成功,技术成功率为100.0%,术后均未发生并发症。术后随访6个月,52例症状性患者于术后3周内症状消失;经CTA检查显示其动脉瘤腔不显影,且支架腔内血流畅通,夹层愈合。63例自发性孤立性肠系膜上动脉夹层患者中,经CT检查提示病灶清楚,且图像均可显示患者夹层真假双腔和假腔内血栓及内膜破裂口等。结论应用介入术治疗自发性孤立性肠系膜上动脉夹层患者可取得较好效果,且具有较高安全性;然采用CT诊断可有利于显示患者病灶,更好的为临床诊断及治疗方案选择提供参考。     

血管腔内裸支架成形术治疗自发性孤立性肠系膜上动脉夹层

目的探讨血管腔内裸支架成形术治疗自发性孤立性肠系膜上动脉夹层(SIDSMA)的安全性及有效性。方法回顾性分析经CTA及DSA确诊的15例SIDSMA患者的临床资料。按照Yun分型将SIDSMA分为4型。所有患者均接受SMA腔内裸支架成形术,术后予抗凝治疗2天及抗血小板治疗6个月。术后1、6、12个月及以后每年1次进行临床症状及CTA随访。结果15例患者中Ⅰ型1例,Ⅱa型11例,Ⅱb型3例。技术成功率100%,共植入裸支架22枚,其中行单个裸支架植入8例,双层裸支架重叠植入7例。随访时间5～51个月,平均(30.0±14.5)个月。随访期间未出现症状复发及与支架植入相关并发症;CTA提示SMA支架通畅,夹层重塑。1例患者于术后7个月死于急性心脏疾病。结论血管腔内裸支架成形术治疗SIDSMA是一种安全、有效的方法。     

自发性孤立性肠系膜上动脉夹层的诊治

目的探讨自发性孤立性肠系膜上动脉夹层(spontaneous isolated superior mesenteric artery dissection,SISMAD)的临床特点和诊治方法。方法回顾性分析2006年1月—2010年3月收治的9例自发性孤立性肠系膜上动脉夹层的临床资料,其中8例表现为急性腹痛,1例无症状。结果 2例保守治疗,4例行腔内自膨式支架植入,3例手术治疗(1例行腹主动脉-肠系膜上动脉转流术,2例行内膜修补、人造血管补片成形术)。8例有症状者,腹痛均在治疗后3d内完全缓解。本组病例随访1个月至51个月,未再出现腹部不适症状,增强CT显示肠系膜上动脉血流通畅,未见明显瘤样扩张。结论对有SISMAD可能的患者应警惕,及早诊断和处理,根据患者具体情况选择合理的治疗方案。     

孤立性肠系膜上动脉夹层的分型和治疗进展

近年来, 孤立性肠系膜上动脉夹层被越来越多的临床医师关注。患者发病时常表现为腹痛, 其症状、体征无特异性, 易被误诊、漏诊, 严重时可危及患者生命。影像学分型对该疾病的诊断和指导治疗有着重要意义, Sakamoto分型和Yun分型是两种经典的分型方式。随着对该病了解的不断深入, 各种新分型不断出现, 各有千秋。保守治疗曾被认为是孤立性肠系膜上动脉夹层的首选治疗方式, 但随着血管腔内治疗的迅速发展和新器械的不断出现, 支架成形术后患者症状改善明显, 中长期效果满意, 有望成为该疾病的首选治疗方法。然而, 腔内治疗的远期效果仍需大样本随访资料支持, 支架植入后并发症同样不可忽视。     

裸支架在孤立性内脏动脉夹层治疗中的应用

目的:探讨裸支架在内脏动脉夹层治疗中的安全性及疗效。方法:2008年4月—2012年3月,6例内脏动脉夹层患者接受裸支架腔内治疗。其中,肠系膜上动脉夹层5例,腹腔干动脉夹层1例,分别采用单层或双层裸支架叠加技术隔绝夹层破口及瘤体。结果:6例手术均顺利,无并发症发生,腹腔干动脉夹层患者与1例肠系膜上动脉夹层患者植入双层裸支架后假腔即刻不显影,另4例植入单层或双层裸支架3个月后CT或彩超复查提示假腔闭塞、真腔通畅。结论:采用单层裸支架或双层裸支架叠加技术,是治疗内脏动脉夹层可行、有效、安全的方法。     

自发性孤立性肠系膜上动脉夹层的诊治：附3例报告

目的：探讨自发性孤立性肠系膜上动脉夹层（SISMAD）的诊治策略。 方法：回顾性分析中南大学湘雅医院血管外科2012年10月—2013年5月期间收治的3例SISMAD患者的临床资料,总结SISMAD患者的临床表现和影像学特征、治疗策略的选择以及预后情况。 结果：3例SISMAD患者中男2例,女1例;临床症状均表现为腹痛,伴恶心呕吐;治疗前CTA均示肠系膜上动脉内由内膜片分割形成的真假腔,其中Sakamoto II型2例、III型1例;均未合并夹层破裂出血或肠坏死。3例均在低分子肝素钙抗凝治疗的基础上再行腔内支架治疗,术后无严重并发症发生,腹痛症状缓解。随访2~8个月,3例均存活,症状消失,支架通畅。 结论：对有症状的疑似SISMAD的患者,应行CTA检查明确诊断;未合并夹层破裂出血、肠坏死SISMAD的患者,抗凝治疗的基础上腔内支架治疗是一种安全、有效的方法。     

孤立性肠系膜上动脉夹层的腔内治疗

目的 探讨孤立性肠系膜上动脉夹层(isolated dissection of the superior mesenteric artery,IDSMA)的临床特点及治疗策略. 方法 回顾性分析2008年9月至2012年10月北京大学第三医院介入血管外科收治的19例IDSMA患者的临床表现、诊断方法、治疗策略及效果等临床资料.其中男15例,女4例,年龄41 ～ 84岁,平均(56±12)岁.临床症状腹痛15例、无症状4例.18例经增强CT确诊、1例经超声诊断.结果 19例夹层均累及肠系膜上动脉弯曲部前壁.对于4例无症状患者,保守治疗3例,另1例假腔形成瘤样扩张,行支架植入.对有症状的15例患者采取腔内治疗,包括经留置导管动脉内区域性解痉治疗4例;支架植入11例.全部患者均治愈,无并发症.随访时间7～46个月,平均(21±10)个月,19例均无症状,彩超和增强CT显示支架均通畅.结论 IDSMA均发生于肠系膜上动脉弯曲部的前壁.对无症状患者可行保守治疗.对有症状患者,如无动脉破裂或肠坏死,推荐植入支架、完全覆盖肠系膜上动脉弯曲部.经导管动脉内区域性解痉治疗是有效的辅助治疗措施.     

经皮腔内介入治疗自发性孤立性肠系膜上动脉夹层16例

目的探讨经皮腔内介入治疗自发性孤立性肠系膜上动脉夹层(spontaneous isolated superior mesenteric artery dissection,SISMAD)的效果和安全性。方法 2009年3月~2016年3月16例SISMAD(Yun血管影像学分型,Ⅰ型2例,Ⅱa型5例,Ⅱb型9例)经多穿刺入路,导丝通过病变段,然后行球囊扩张及支架植入。结果 16例接受介入治疗,其中2例保守治疗无效后采用介入治疗,手术技术成功率100%。16例共植入21枚自膨式裸支架,其中植入单层支架11例,双支架重叠术5例,术中造影显示肠系膜上动脉(superior mesenteric artery,SMA)真腔血流通畅。16例随访3~36个月(平均18.8月),均无腹痛症状发生,肠系膜上动脉CTA显示夹层动脉瘤不显影,支架内血流通畅。结论经皮腔内介入治疗SISMAD是一种安全、有效的方法。     

腔内介入治疗自发性孤立性肠系膜上动脉夹层的短中期疗效

目的:探讨腔内介入治疗自发性孤立性肠系膜上动脉夹层(SISMAD)的短中期临床效果。方法:回顾性分析2009年3月—2016年8月收治的16例SISMAD患者资料,根据Sakamoto分型,其中I型3例(18.75%),II型3例(18.75%),III型10例(62.5%)。结果:1例I型患者经保守治疗效果满意,2例I型患者、3例II型患者、5例III型患者行单支架植入术,5例III型患者行双支架植入术(其中1例III型患者真腔狭窄约95%,行球囊扩张后植入2枚支架)。所用支架均为自膨式裸支架。随访1~34个月,中位时间16个月,均未再发相关性腹痛等症状,腹部CTA显示夹层假腔不显影,支架无移位、变形,支架腔内无狭窄、闭塞。结论:腔内介入治疗SISMAD的短中期效果好,但其长期效果需进一步观察。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.