安阳某企业工人高血压知识、态度、行为调查分析

目的了解企业工人高血压相关知识、态度、行为(knowledge,attitude,practice,KAP)进行调查,为企业工人的高血压预防控制提供参考资料。方法在安阳某企业工人中,通过随机抽样选取调查对象,采用调查问卷和体检相结合的方式进行调查,对高血压相关KAP进行评分;调查资料进行描述性分析和多因素Logistic回归分析。结果该企业工人高血压KAP总分及格率54.60%,相关知识及格率56.00%,态度及格率52.90%,行为及格率53.60%;多因素Logistic回归分析提示,知识得分与调查对象年龄、文化程度和是否患高血压有关;态度得分与年龄有关;行为得分与性别和是否患高血压有关;KAP总分与年龄和文化程度有关。结论本次基线显示企业工人高血压相关知识知晓率较低,且知、信、行不一致,揭示有必要针对工人群体开展以高血压综合防制为主的健康促进活动。干预重点可以放在年轻人群和低文化人群。     

重庆市中学生营养知信行与体质指数的关联研究

目的调查分析重庆市中学生营养知信行与体质指数现况及其相关关系,为重庆市区中学生体质健康改善与学校营养教育提供依据。方法采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,选取重庆市3所中学2522名学生进行问卷调查。结果重庆市中学生营养知识得分52(40,60)分,态度得分41(37,45)分,行为得分20(18,23)分,BMI正常、消瘦、超重和肥胖的检出率分别是75.50%、9.24%、10.43%和4.84%。营养知识得分与消瘦、肥胖呈负相关(P<0.05);态度得分与超重呈负相关(P<0.05),行为得分与肥胖呈负相关(P<0.05)。结论重庆市中学生营养知识水平低,但营养态度较积极,饮食行为较好,营养知识、态度和行为的改善可降低学生消瘦、超重和肥胖的风险。中学应加强学生营养教育,改善学生营养状况和体质健康。[营养学报,2020,42(6):563-567]     

160名公务员超重、肥胖状况及相关行为调查

目的了解公务员群体的超重、肥胖现状以及与之相关的知识、态度、行为情况。方法采用横断面研究设计,采用方便抽样的方法,抽取160名公务员作为调查对象。调查分为体格测量和问卷调查两部分。结果调查对象的超重率和肥胖率分别为26.3%和6.9%,男性的超重率和肥胖率高于女性;85.6%的调查对象认为肥胖是一种疾病,96.9%的调查对象认为超重、肥胖的人应该控制体重;仅有15.1%的调查对象每周参加体育锻炼的次数多于3次,高达78.8%的调查对象平均每天的静坐时间在6小时以上。结论公务员群体的体育锻炼较少,静坐时间较长,属于超重、肥胖的高发群体,须采取平衡膳食、增加体力活动和开展健康教育等措施进行综合防治。     

山西省和重庆市四县区农村糖尿病前期人群超重肥胖状况及影响因素研究

目的了解山西省、重庆市4个县区农村糖尿病前期人群超重肥胖状况及影响因素,为糖尿病前期人群干预提供科学依据。方法对农村地区"糖尿病及其危险因素调查"发现的糖尿病前期人群进行糖尿病防控知信行问卷调查、身体测量和血糖检测。结果共调查糖尿病前期人群994例,超重率和肥胖率分别为37.68%和23.74%;糖尿病前期人群体质指数(BMI)知晓率仅为6.86%,认为身体活动、膳食、体重控制必要的比例在64.14%~80.00%,增加身体活动、合理膳食、控制体重行为的实行率仅为8.59%~13.60%;超重和肥胖人群中,自认超重或肥胖者体重控制知信行总体状况好于自认体重过低和正常者,体型自我判断一致率仅为43.76%;超重肥胖与体型自我判断、控制体重行为及必要性、控制饮食行为、增加身体活动必要性、文化程度、年龄有关。结论 4个县区糖尿病前期人群超重率和肥胖率很高,为促进体重控制以预防糖尿病,建议通过健康教育传播体重控制的知识和技能,特别是超重肥胖判断标准,增加身体活动和控制饮食的技能,并促进行为转变。     

高铁某夜班人群超重、肥胖现状及影响因素分析

目的了解高铁某夜班人群超重、肥胖状况,探索影响其超重、肥胖的危险因素,为开展相应的干预措施提供理论依据。方法采取问卷调查与体格检查相结合的方式,调查高铁某夜班人群的基本资料及其体重。结果 748名调查对象,295人超重、肥胖,超重、肥胖率为40.30%,混班最高49.73%,长期夜班其次38.72%,长白班检出率最低27.84%(P﹤0.05),相关分析显示:夜班、年龄、婚姻状况、睡眠时间、体育锻炼是超重肥胖的影响因素。结论夜班、作业时间不规律可能导致超重、肥胖,针对影响因素,应采取综合防治措施开展超重、肥胖干预工作。     

2005年唐河县城区部分肥胖人群营养知识与态度调查

[目的]为进一步开展肥胖人群营养知识宣传教育提供科学依据。[方法]2005年8~11月,在唐河县人民医院对接受健康体检的226名城区肥胖者进行调查。[结果]调查226人,知道或听说过中国居民膳食指南、中国居民膳食宝塔、肥胖人膳食指导原则的分别占17.26%、10.18%、25.66%;60.62%的认识到需要增加膳食纤维的摄入量,减少饱和脂肪酸的摄入量,1/3左右认识到需要补充维生素及微量元素。营养知识掌握好的占11.50%,掌握较差的占88.50%。营养知识得分与文化程度呈正相关(P<0.01)。[结论]城区肥胖人群营养知识比较缺乏,应对肥胖人群开展营养知识的宣传教育。     

成都市四类职业人群对超重肥胖认知及体重控制行为调查

目的了解成都市公务员、企业管理人员、事业单位人员、大学生四类职业人群对肥胖的相关知识、态度及体重控制行为,为开展超重、肥胖干预提供依据。方法 2012年5—7月,采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样的方法,调查了1356名18~45岁公务员、企业管理人员、事业单位人员和大学生四类职业人群体重控制认知和相关行为,并对调查对象身高、体重、腰围进行现场测量。结果调查对象超重率为19.9%,肥胖率为2.2%,仅有20.7%的被调查者知道如何正确计算BMI值,73.4%的被调查者认为肥胖是一种病,93.7%的人认为超重和肥胖的人应该控制体重,在体重增加时,63.4%的人选择的控制措施是加强运动。结论成都市职业人群对超重肥胖的认知还存在不足,卫生部门应向超重和肥胖者大力宣传科学控制体重的方法,养成健康的生活方式。     

北京市房山区某中学初中生超重和肥胖与营养KAP相关性调查

目的了解初中生超重和肥胖与营养知识、态度、饮食行为(KAP)的相关性,为预防初中生超重和肥胖发生及开展营养教育提供参考依据。方法采用分层整群抽样的方法,于2018年7月—2019年3月期间随机抽取北京市房山区某中学初中3个年级共190名同学,进行体成分分析、身高、体重测量及问卷调查,根据2004年《中国学龄儿童青少年超重肥胖筛查体质量指数分类标准》筛选超重和肥胖初中生,采用Spearman秩相关分析营养KAP与体质指数(BMI)的相关性。结果共回收有效问卷181份,有效率为95.3%。男生超重和肥胖检出率分别为27.0%和19.1%,女生为14.1%和23.9%。初中生营养KAP得分不佳,平均得分为12.54±2.33,女生得分(12.71±2.27)略高于男生(12.37±2.40)。营养态度得分与BMI呈正相关(r=0.171,P<0.05)。结论营养KAP与初中生超重和肥胖存在一定相关性,提高营养健康教育及饮食行为干预是预防初中生超重和肥胖的重要措施。     

江苏省城乡居民超重与肥胖流行状况

目的了解江苏省超重和肥胖的流行水平及其在人群中的分布特点,为开展相关防治工作提供依据。方法采用多阶段随机整群抽样方法和KISH表法确定15～69岁城乡常住居民4318人为调查对象,通过问卷调查获得人群基本情况和健康状况,并测量体重、腰围。结果江苏省15～69岁城乡居民超重率、肥胖率、中心性肥胖率分别为32.90%,9.94%,42.55%,农村均高于城市(P0.05);男性在20～30岁间、女性在30岁后超重率、肥胖率、中心性肥胖率增速最快;76.65%的中心性肥胖者同时存在超重或肥胖,95.58%的调查对象患肥胖相关疾病的危险度有不同程度升高。结论超重与肥胖是该省当前亟需应对的公共卫生问题,已出现农村高于城市的新的分布特点,应探索体重管理的有效模式。     

河南大学生营养知信行与体质量指数的相关性

了解大学生的营养知信行现状及其对体质量指数(BMI)的影响,为普通高校开展营养干预提供依据.方法 方便抽取河南省6所普通高校1 679名大学生,对营养知识、态度和饮食行为现状进行问卷调查,分析大学生营养知信行之间的相关性和不同BMI大学生的营养知信行得分.结果 大学生营养知识得分总体偏低,为(74.06± 14.99)分;营养态度得分较高,为(26.02±3.08)分;饮食行为得分总体一般,为(34.05±4.89)分,且均为女生高于男生(t值分别为3.30,3.01,8.63,P值均<0.01).大学生营养知、信、行得分两两之间均呈正相关(P值均<0.01),但相关系数均低于0.3.女生体重过轻检出率高于男生,男生超重或肥胖检出率高于女生(P值均<0.01).超重或肥胖组大学生的饮食行为得分低于体重过轻组和正常体重组(P<0.01).不同BMI大学生营养知识得分和营养态度得分差异无统计学意义.结论 大学生营养态度较积极,营养知识较差,并存在一些不良饮食行为;营养知识影响营养态度和饮食行为,饮食行为又影响BMI.普通高校应积极开展营养教育,提高大学生营养知识,注意营养教育策略,提高干预效果.     

The infrastructure of obesity and the obesity epidemic

If present increases in the rate of obesity persist, by 2015 half of the population in the US could be obese. This article presents the case that the reason for the epidemic is an 'infrastructure of obesity' that fuels the phenomenon. To control this epidemic, public policy in general and health policy in particular need to shift from market oriented policies that favour individual choice to policies that regulate the food supply, to help dismantle the infrastructure of obesity. Our research shows that state regulations have made some progress in the fight against obesity.     

Neuropeptides and obesity

This review focuses on the expression, content, and release of neuropeptides and on their role in the development of obesity in animal models with single-gene mutations. The balance between neuropeptides that contribute to the control of feeding behavior is profoundly and variously altered in these models, supporting the concept of the existence of several types of obesity. The hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) and the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) systems are the networks most studied in relation to energy intake. Both receive information about the nutritional status and the level of energy storage through insulin and leptin signaling mediated by specific receptors located on POMC and NPY neurons present predominantly in the arcuate nucleus (ARC). When leptin signaling is defective, through a defect in either the receptor (Zucker fa/fa rat, cp/cp rat, and db/db mouse) or in the peptide itself (ob/ob mouse), the NPY system is upregulated as shown by mRNA overexpression and increased peptide release, whereas the content and/or release of some inhibitory peptides (neurotensin, cholecystokinin) are diminished. For the POMC system, there is a complex interaction between the tonic inhibition of food intake exerted by alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and the Agouti-related protein at the level of the type 4 melanocortin receptor. The latter peptide is coexpressed with NPY in the ARC. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is the link between food intake and environmental factors. It not only inhibits food intake and prevents weight gain, likely through hypothalamic effects, but also activates the hypothalamo-pituitary axis and therefore contributes to energy storage in adipose tissue. The factors that prod the CRF system toward the hypothalamic or hypothalamo-pituitary axis system remain to be more clearly defined (comodulators, connections between limbic system and ARC, cellular location, and type of receptors, etc. ). The pathways used by all of these neuromodulators include numerous brain areas, but some interest has returned to the classic ones such as the ventromedial and lateral hypothalamic areas because of the recent discovery of some peptides (orexins and melanin-concentrating hormone for the lateral hypothalamus) and receptors (CRF type 2 in the ventromedial hypothalamus). All of these pathways are redundant and function in a coordinated manner and sometimes by the novel expression of a peptide in an unusual area. The importance of such a phenomenon in obesity remains to be determined. Even if single-gene mutations are exceptions in human obesity, the study of genetic animal models of obesity has greatly contributed to the understanding of the regulation of feeding behavior and will allow researchers to develop new drug treatments for obesity that have to be associated with drastic changes in lifestyle (feeding, work habits, and physical activity) for a complete efficiency.     

Neighborhoods and obesity

This review critically summarizes the literature on neighborhood determinants of obesity and proposes a conceptual framework to guide future inquiry. Thirty-seven studies met all inclusion criteria and revealed that the influence of neighborhood-level factors appears mixed. Neighborhood-level measures of economic resources were associated with obesity in 15 studies, while the associations between neighborhood income inequality and racial composition with obesity were mixed. Availability of healthy versus unhealthy food was inconsistently related to obesity, while neighborhood features that discourage physical activity were consistently associated with increased body mass index. Theoretical explanations for neighborhood-obesity effects and recommendations for strengthening the literature are presented.     

The obesity epidemic: pathophysiology and consequences of obesity

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the United States: more than 20% of adults are clinically obese as defined by a body mass index of 30 kg/m(2) or higher, and an additional 30% are overweight. Environmental, behavioral, and genetic factors have been shown to contribute to the development of obesity. Elevated body mass index, particularly caused by abdominal or upper-body obesity, has been associated with a number of diseases and metabolic abnormalities, many of which have high morbidity and mortality. These include hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, coronary heart disease, gallbladder disease, and certain malignancies. This underscores the importance of identifying people at risk for obesity and its related disease states.