136例巨大结节性甲状腺肿手术结果分析

目的 分析巨大结节性甲状腺肿手术结果，探讨手术并发症的预防和治疗。方法 采用回顾性分析方法．收集1991—2006年间在哈尔滨医科大学第一临床医学院普外科采用甲状腺大部切除术或甲状腺次全切除术的巨大结节性甲状腺肿患者的临床资料，分析手术并发症产生的原因。结果 巨大结节性甲状腺肿患者136例．术后发生喉返神经损伤5例（3．7％），切口内出血2例（1．5％），甲状旁腺损伤3例（2-2％），喉上神经损伤1例（0．7％）。结论 术前充分准备，选择合适麻醉方式，运用综合无血手术野操作，能够预防巨大结节性甲状腺肿手术并发症的发生。     

毒性结节性甲状腺肿的外科治疗(附66例报告)

目的总结毒性结节性甲状腺肿的治疗体会。方法对1990～2006年收治的66例毒性结节性甲状腺肿行手术治疗的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果66例中42例采用硫脲类药物加碘剂进行术前准备,10例采用心得安加碘剂准备,14例单用碘剂准备。除1例病人因甲状腺癌外都采用甲状腺次全切除术,术后无甲状腺危象,无永久性喉返神经损伤及甲状旁腺功能减低等并发症。结论手术治疗毒性甲状腺肿是安全有效的,须行合理的术前准备及选择适当的手术方式。     

甲状腺全切除治疗原发性甲状腺功能亢进症合并甲状腺癌的临床效果观察

目的探讨原发性甲状腺功能亢进症合并甲状腺癌采用甲状腺全切除术治疗的临床效果。方法对2015年4月-2016年4月本院收治的66例原发性甲状腺功能亢进症合并甲状腺癌患者的一般资料进行回顾性分析,所有患者均经术前或术中病理检查,确诊为原发性甲状腺功能亢进症合并甲状腺癌。按照随机数字表法,将66例患者分为研究组(甲状腺全切除术)与对照组(患癌侧腺叶切除术加对侧腺叶次全切除术),对比两组治疗效果。结果两组手术时间、住院时间差异不显著(P0.05);两组喉返神经损伤发生率差异不显著(P0.05);研究组甲亢复发率、术后出血率均低于对照组,差异显著(P0.05)。结论在原发性甲状腺功能亢进症合并甲状腺癌患者的临床治疗过程中,采用甲状腺全切术治疗的效果显著,能减少出血,降低复发率,且不会增加喉返神经损伤风险,值得进行深入研究和推广。     

原发性甲状腺功能亢进症合并甲状腺癌的外科诊疗

目地探讨原发性甲状腺功能亢进症(原发性甲亢)合并甲状腺癌(甲癌)的诊治方法。方法回顾性分析我院2009年7月～2013年2月经手术及病理证实的9例原发性甲亢合并甲癌临床资料,分析其诊断及治疗。结果在本组9例原发甲亢合并甲状腺癌的病例中,术前细针穿刺细胞学检查确诊2例,术前误诊、漏诊率高达77.8%(7/9)。术中快速病理明确诊断88.9%(8/9)。1例术后病理检查明确诊断。9例患者均行手术治疗,行患侧甲状腺全切除术+对侧甲状腺次切除术6例,甲状腺全切除术3例(其中1例为二次手术)。术后均服用左旋甲状腺素片进行内分泌治疗。所有患者均获随访,无一例复发、转移或死亡。结论原发甲亢合并甲状腺癌近年患者有所增多;术前诊断比较困难,术前应综合运用B超、细针穿刺细胞学等检查,本病的确诊有赖于病理学诊断,术前、术中明确诊断,避免患者行第二次手术。采取合理的手术方式,术后再根据甲功结果服用左旋甲状腺素片,患者术后疗效较好。     

甲状腺功能亢进症156例外科治疗临床分析

目的探讨甲状腺功能亢进症外科手术治疗效果。方法回顾性分析156例甲亢患者临床资料。结果本组无手术死亡病例,发生甲状腺危象1例,无术后出血,窒息及呼吸困难,喉返神经损伤3例,低钙性抽搐4例,给予相应治疗措施后恢复,术后甲亢复发3例。结论外科手术可有效治疗甲亢,术前准备充分,手术操作细致,术后处理妥当可提高疗效,减少并发症。     

甲状腺功能亢进症手术治疗及并发症的预防

目的探讨甲状腺功能亢进(Hyperthyroidism)手术治疗及并发症的预防。方法78例具有手术指征,无禁忌证的甲状腺功能亢进症患者,术前给予充分而完善的准备,行甲状腺次全切除术后资料分析。结果病人全部治愈出院,无甲状腺危象及神经损伤,手术顺利。结论术前充分完善准备,术中轻柔细致操作,合理规范用药,可减少和避免并发症的发生。     

手术治疗甲亢232例临床分析

目的探讨甲亢的手术和围手术期方法及预防并发症。方法对经手术治疗的232例甲亢病人进行总结分析。结果本组均行双侧甲状腺次全切除术，切除甲状腺均为80％～90％，残留腺体为6～8g，效果均良好。结论手术治疗甲亢是重要而有效的手段，应以推广。     

喉返神经监测下Riedel甲状腺炎的外科治疗

目的探讨喉返神经监测在Riedel甲状腺炎外科治疗中的临床意义。方法回顾性分析2003年2月~2010年2月收治的在喉返神经监测下行甲状腺手术治疗的4例Riedel甲状腺炎患者临床资料。结果施行甲状腺单侧腺叶切除术2例,甲状腺单侧次全切除术2例,患者术后喉返神经功能均保持完好。结论术中喉返神经监测可以减少医源性喉返神经损伤,适用于Riedel甲状腺炎的外科治疗。     

巨大地方性甲状腺肿切除术后并发症的防治

我院自开院以来共计行巨大地方性甲状腺肿手术治疗840例，统计其术后与喉上神经、喉返神经、甲状旁腺、甲状腺功能低下等有关的并发症，结果是21例，约占手术的2．5％，其中永久性功能障碍9例，分别为喉返神经损伤2例（0．23％），甲状旁腺功能低下2例（0．23％），甲状腺功能低下者5例（0．59％），本文重点讨论甲状腺术后的功能性并发症的原因及预防措施。     

改良甲状腺术式预防喉上神经损伤176例报告

甲状腺次全切除或全切除手术喉上神经损伤是极易发生的并发症之一,但在患者出现声音改变时常被误为喉头水肿、咽炎及气管炎等,日后给患者带来痛苦。1995年以来,我们对甲状腺手术方法进行改良,共实施甲状腺次全切除或全切除手术176例,无1例发生喉上神经损伤。现报告如下。?..     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.