创伤继发臂丛神经急性卡压征

目的　总结创伤继发臂丛神经急性卡压征的病因、症状与体征、治疗及预后。方法　 12例因创伤引起肩锁区肿胀、瘀血、压痛、畸形外 ,肩锁区存在搏动感及血管杂音 ;臂丛下干支配区感觉及 /或功能障碍。伴肋骨、锁骨、多处骨折 7例 ;锁骨下血管损伤 (破裂、假性动脉瘤、动静脉瘘 ) 9例 ,血肿 3例。诊断为创伤继发臂丛神经急性卡压征。采用假性动脉瘤切除动脉直接缝合或静脉移植 3例 ,血管吻合、修补术 4例 ,血管结扎 2例 ,血肿去除 3例。骨折切开复位内固定 8例 ,臂丛神经松解术 12例。结果　 12例术后平均随访 2 6个月 ,患侧的桡动脉搏动良好 ,肩胛带骨折已骨性愈合。臂丛神经功能恢复按中华医学会手外科学会上肢部分功能评定试用标准评定[1] :优 11例 ,可 1例。结论　创伤继发臂丛神经急性卡压的病例起病急 ,在伤后 2～ 3h或 1～ 2d内发生。除有臂丛神经损伤症状外 ,还伴有肩胛带骨折及锁骨下血管损伤。早期手术预后较好。     

锁骨下血管损伤继发臂丛神经受压征的治疗

目的探讨创伤致锁骨下血管损伤继发臂丛神经受压的机制、临床分型、诊断及治疗。方法5例创伤致锁骨下血管损伤继发臂丛神经受压征,其中4例为血管损伤后局部血肿压迫臂丛神经,经清除血肿,修补、结扎动脉破口后,作神经外松解术。1例为锁骨下动脉栓塞合并臂丛神经根性撕脱伤,在行血栓取出术的同时行膈神经、副神经移位代肌皮神经与肩胛上神经术。结果术后平均随访13个月,按顾玉东的臂丛评定标准评价疗效优者2例、良1例、可2例。结论该征一旦确诊应立即手术,治疗效果佳。手术时间、血管破裂部位、裂口大小等均与预后有关。     

臂丛神经合并上肢大血管损伤的手术时机与方法的选择

目的 总结臂丛神经合并上肢大血管损伤的手术治疗结果,探讨最佳手术时机与方法的选择.方法 2005年6月至2011年6月,对4例臂丛合并上肢大血管损伤患者进行手术治疗.4例患者中,2例臂丛根性损伤合并锁骨下动脉损伤,2例臂丛束支部损伤合并肱动脉损伤.根据患者创伤程度与类型的不同,分别采用神经直接缝合、神经移植与神经移位修复臂丛损伤.采用血管直接吻合、血管移植与血管搭桥修复血管损伤.其中1例神经血管急诊一期修复;1例神经血管亚急诊一期修复;2例急诊一期修复血管,二期修复神经.结果 术后随访28 ～ 44个月,平均37个月.修复的血管通畅,患肢血供良好,修复的神经功能均有不同程度的恢复.结论 臂丛合并上肢大血管损伤应争取一期同时修复血管与神经,二期修复神经会明显增加手术的难度与风险.     

锁骨下动脉损伤的外科处理

目的 探讨锁骨下动脉损伤的外科治疗特点。方法 1990年7月～2006年1月，对12例锁骨下动脉损伤患者，取锁骨上下联合切口，充分显露锁骨下动脉全段，分别采用动脉破口修补、包裹修复、血管吻合及人造血管移植修复重建损伤动脉。均为男性，年龄18～36岁，平均22.6岁。损伤部位：锁骨下动脉第1段1例，第2段4例，第3段7例。损伤类型：均为不完全断裂及破损，其中动脉破损区小于动脉周径1／3者4例，小于动脉周径2／3者5例，大于动脉周径2／3者3例。伴全臂丛神经损伤1例，神经干缺损5cm；部分臂丛神经损伤3例，其中2例仅前束损伤，神经缺损分别为4cm和6cm；正中神经完全损伤及尺神经不完全损伤1例，神经缺损4cm。损伤至手术时间3h～1.5个月。结果 术后无死亡及肢体坏死。获随访2个月～12年，平均5年2个月。10例桡动脉搏动恢复良好，2例桡动脉搏动不明显，均为动脉直接吻合者。4例合并臂丛神经损伤患者，前束损伤者术后肢体功能基本恢复正常，屈肘肌力Ⅳ级；全臂丛神经完全损伤者术后上肢功能基本无改善。结论 锁骨下动脉解剖位置特殊，动脉损伤后显露、修复均较困难。锁骨上下联合切口可在直视下显露动脉全段，修复重建安全可靠。     

臂丛神经损伤早期修复的临床研究

目的研究臂丛神经损伤早期行神经修复的可行性和优点。方法2004年2月-2005年10月，对5例早期臂丛神经损伤患者行神经探查修复术。其中2例为臂丛神经束支部损伤，3例为臂丛神经根性撕脱伤。受伤后至手术时间最短为4h，最长为25d，平均为5．8d（140h）。4例伴有锁骨下动脉或腋动脉损伤，2例伴有锁骨骨折，均在修复神经的同时行血管和骨折的处理。结果5例患者在术中及术后均未出现严重的并发症。术后随访时间为12—24个月。臂丛神经功能均有不同程度的恢复，血管通畅性良好。结论臂丛神经损伤早期行探查修复手术有利于神经的再生，但需严格掌握手术适应证，并需具备相应的医疗能力。     

锁骨下及腋动脉损伤合并臂丛神经损伤的急救与外科治疗(附10例报告)

目的：探讨锁骨下及腋动脉损伤合并臂丛神经损伤的治疗方法：方法：分析10例锁骨下动脉及腋动脉损伤合并臂丛神经损伤的治疗结果。结果：10例均存活，也未出现患肢坏死，但有6例仍存在锁骨下动脉、腋动脉主干闭塞其中2例发生缺血性肌挛缩。臂丛损伤可二期修复。结论：在抢救生命的原则下，迅速探查血管神经，尽可能地修复血管损伤，重建上肢血供，是保留患肢功能的基础。二期探查修复臂丛损伤应审慎进行。     

胸廓出口综合征的诊疗体会

目的探讨胸廓出口综合征(TOS)的诊断和手术治疗。方法我院自1997-2003年诊断和手术治疗胸廓出口综合征23例24侧，诊断为臂丛上千型TOS2例，下千型17例18侧，全臂丛型1例，血管型2例，混合型1例。手术切除颈肋及过长的横突，同时作臂丛神经外膜松解术。术中发现23例有纤维束带压迫臂丛神经，均切断前斜角肌，松解臂丛神经及受压的锁骨下血管，如果发现中、小斜角肌压迫臂丛神经血管，则予切断。术后当天行颈肩部活动。结果按Ross的疗效评定标准评定疗效，本组优10例11例，良9例，可2例，差2例，优良率83.33％。结论胸廓出口综合征应早期手术探查，彻底松解臂丛神经血管。     

锁骨下动脉损伤及创伤性假性动脉瘤手术方法探讨

目的探讨锁骨下动脉损伤及创伤性动脉瘤的外科治疗方略。方法1991—2005年对2例锁骨下动脉损伤，6例锁骨下假性动脉瘤根据病变的部位、程度及受伤时间、累及范围等选择手术入路，采用血管缝扎、血管壁修补、血管吻合、血管移植、辅助体外循环及球囊止血技术实施手术。结果6例痊愈，1例动静脉狭窄，1例动脉闭塞伴臂丛损伤。平均失血800mL。结论锁骨下动脉损伤及假性动脉瘤手术复杂，术前对病变进行仔细评估，选择合理的切口及手术方法是减少并发症的关键。     

锁骨及第一肋骨骨折致臂丛不完全性损伤的特点及处理

目的报道锁骨与第一肋骨骨折致臂丛不完全性损伤的特点。方法观察总结锁骨与第一肋骨骨折致臂丛不完全性损伤主要表现及体征。经神经松解手术治疗分别在术后半年、1年进行随访。结果术后平均随访1．5年，26例臂丛不完全损伤患者，均有明显恢复。结论及时、准确的诊断锁骨与第一肋骨骨折致臂丛不完全性损伤，早期行神经松解术预后较好。     

人工血管在臂丛神经合并血管损伤中应用的临床初步研究

目的研究人工血管在臂丛神经合并血管损伤中应用的可行性和优点。方法2004年2月-2004年10月，对6例臂丛神经损伤合并大动脉损伤的患者，进行臂丛修复和人工血管移植修复。人工血管移植长度为7～18cm，平均12．3cm。结果术后桡动脉搏动良好，随访3-6个月，B超证实血管通畅率为100％。2例臂丛束支部不全损伤松解术后上肢功能恢复良好。结论臂丛损伤同时合并有血管损伤时，采用神经、血管同步修复，有望术后改善患肢的血运，提高臂丛治疗的效果。     

Subclavian arterial injury associated with blunt trauma.

Blunt subclavian artery trauma is an uncommon but challenging surgical problem. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively review the management of blunt subclavian artery injuries treated by the Trauma and Vascular Surgery Services at the East Tennessee State University-affiliated hospitals between 1992 and 1998. Six patients with seven blunt subclavian artery injuries were identified. Physical signs indicating blunt subclavian artery injury were pain or contusion around the shoulder joint; fractures of the clavicle, scapula, or ribs; periclavicular hematomas; and ipsilateral pulse or neurologic deficits. Seven subclavian artery injuries were treated-two arterial transections, two pseudoaneurysms, and three intimal dissections. Associated injuries included four clavicle fractures, one humerus fracture, one combined rib and scapular fractures, and two pneumothoraxes. Vascular surgical treatment included three primary arterial repairs, two saphenous vein interposition grafts, and one polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft. One patient was treated nonoperatively with anticoagulation. No deaths occurred. Morbidity occurred in two patients with chronic upper extremity neuropathy producing prolonged disability from pain and weakness; one patient had reflex sympathetic dystrophy, and the other had a brachial plexus injury. In conclusion, blunt subclavian artery trauma can be successfully managed with early use of arteriography and prompt surgical correction by a variety of vascular techniques. Vascular morbidity is usually low, but long-term disability because of chronic neuropathy may result from associated brachial plexus nerve injury despite a successful arterial repair.     

Subclavian-axillary vascular trauma

Traumatic vascular injuries to the subclavian and axillary vessels are often associated with permanent neurologic impairment either by direct injury to the brachial plexus or by compression from an expanding hematoma. Prompt decompression of the plexus by evacuation of the hematoma may avoid permanent neurologic damage and decrease the morbidity of these injuries. We reviewed our experience with these injuries with particular reference to the effect of early decompression of the brachial plexus. From 1963 to 1984 we treated 40 patients. The causes of the injuries were penetrating trauma in 85% and blunt trauma in 15%. The results of arterial repair were excellent with only two failed repairs; neither resulted in severe ischemia. Two patients were suspected of having thrombosed venous repairs. Among the 12 patients with direct injury to the brachial plexus (partial or complete transection), only six had subsequent improvement of their neurologic dysfunction. In contrast, six of seven patients in whom there was only compression of the plexus by hematoma but no direct injury, had neurologic improvement following evacuation of the hematoma. This finding suggests that prompt decompression of the brachial plexus following these injuries may reduce the amount of neurologic impairment and reduce the morbidity of these injuries.     

臂丛神经合并血管损伤的显微外科治疗

目的 探讨臂丛神经合并血管损伤的诊断,显微外科治疗及临床效果。方法 针对不同损伤部位,采取臂丛神经血管探查,进行神经修复,移植及血管修补和自体静脉及人工血管移植同时修复神经损伤及血管损伤。结果 本组７例,经上述方法处理后患肢血液循环良好,经１年以上随访,部分病例恢复神经功能,优良率为５７．１％。结论明确臂丛神经合并血管损伤的诊断,采用有效的     

Combined subclavian artery and brachial plexus injuries from blunt upper-extremity trauma

Four cases of blunt upper extremity trauma producing subclavian artery and brachial plexus injuries are presented. In each case the patient was hemodynamically stable and arteriography demonstrated the subclavian lesion. Arterial reconstruction was successfully accomplished in three cases, but no use of the injured limb was regained by any patient. Early arterial repair may still be indicated to allow later above-elbow amputation for the purpose of functional rehabilitation.     

Successful vascular reconstruction. Determinants of disability

Improvements in limb salvage during the last decade are a reflection of advances in angiography, antibiotics and technique. We report a 100 per cent success rate with vascular repair and a 100 per cent disability outcome in extremity injuries. Ten male patients, with a mean age of 27.3 (range 18 to 41) years, sustained trauma to the extremity with vascular injury. The etiology of injury was gunshot wounds (5), blunt trauma (4), and stab wounds (1). Time from injury to vascular repair was a mean of 186 (range 60 to 360) min. Vessels injured included popliteal artery and vein (4), tibial artery and vein (2), subclavian artery and vein (2), and axillary artery (1). Six of the injuries were associated with fracture of the adjacent bone and treated with external skeletal fixation. All patients had an associated nerve injury. Five patients underwent fasciotomy; nine were treated with 500 ml Dextran-40 for 48 hr (each day for 2 days). All patients received cephalosporin antibiotics pre-, intra-, and post-operatively. All patients had successful vascular repair, as identified by Doppler ultrasound (10 patients) and intra-/post-operative arteriography (5 patients). The median follow-up period was 22 (range 18 to 30) months. There were no primary amputations (within 30 days); there were four late amputations (2, no function and foot ulcer; 2, causalgia). The five popliteal/tibial injuries had no dorsiflexion and foot drop, two had no function and leg ulcers; two patients had femoral and sciatic nerve injury at the thigh; and three patients had injuries to the brachial plexus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Brachial plexus injuries. Management and results

At the time of accident the brachial plexus can be repaired primarily if there is a clean transection. In case of a clavicular fracture and/or of a severe bleeding by rupture of the subclavian artery, the hematoma has to be evacuated to avoid compression of the brachial plexus. For the same reason, the fracture should be stabilized as soon as possible and the artery repaired. The reconstruction of the brachial plexus is performed as a secondary procedure. In case of a closed injury all efforts should be directed to clarify the diagnosis and to exclude cases with good chances of spontaneous recovery. The remaining cases are subject to direct repair. According to the amount of damage, external or internal neurolysis, neurorrhaphy, nerve grafting, or neurotization by nerve transfer is performed. Direct surgery is followed by a period of intensive physiotherapy. Social and psychologic care are extremely important. Patients should start to work as soon as possible. If they are not able to resume their original profession, they have to be prepared for another job that they can perform with one arm and one hand. The whole treatment is planned and supervised by the surgeon. After a sufficiently long period, usually one-and-a half years following direct repair, the amount of functional return is analyzed. Decisions are made to perform adequate palliative surgery, in order to make maximum use of the returned function.     

Treatment of brachial plexus injury

A brachial plexus injury is the most severe nerve injury of the extremities. To achieve good results from treatment, correct diagnosis and early nerve repair are mandatory. The brachial plexus should be explored as early as possible if there is an incised wound, if clinical findings or diagnostic imaging indicate that at least one root is avulsed, if there is damage to the subclavian artery, and if there is total-type injury. With an upper-type injury with no clinical signs of a preganglionic lesion, the patient should be treated conservatively for 3 months and if there are no signs of recovery, then the brachial plexus should be explored. During this exploration, recording of the spinal cord evoked potential (ESCP) or the somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) is mandatory to determine the site of injury. Nerve grafting is indicated for a rupture in the root demonstrating a positive ESCP or SEP potential, in the trunk or in the cord. Exploration of the brachial plexus should be extended distally as far as possible to achieve good results after nerve grafting; when this was done more than M3 (MRC grading) power of the infraspinatus, deltoid, and biceps was achieved in more than 70% of our 32, 30, 33 patients, respectively. Results of nerve grafting for the forearm muscles have been very poor. Intercostal nerve transfer is recommended to restore elbow flexion in root avulsion type of injury, with elbow flexion to more than M3 being regained in 70% of our 221 patients. The best results of intercostal nerve transfer were achieved in patients younger than 30 years who received the operation within 6 months after injury. Motor recovery of hand function after intercostal nerve transfer was poor but protective sensation was restored in fingers innervated by the median nerve. The recommended treatment for each type of injury is described according to the results achieved. Received for publication on March 18, 1997; accepted on Aug. 7, 1997