急性腔隙性脑梗死患者血清胱抑素C与认知功能的相关性研究

目的探讨急性腔隙性脑梗死患者血清胱抑素C(cystatin C,CysC)水平与认知功能的相关性。方法123例住院治疗的小血管病变所致急性腔隙性脑梗死患者根据CysC水平被分为低、中、高三组(各组均为n=41例)。根据认知功能评测分为认知功能正常组(n=64),血管性轻度认知功能障碍(vascular mild cognitive impairment,VaMCI)组(n=36)及血管性痴呆(vascular dementia,VaD)组(n=23)。比较组间血清CysC、估算的肾小球滤过率(estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR)、血清肌酐(serum creatinine,Scr)、血脂、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白A1C、血压、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分、简易精神状态量表(MMSE)、阿尔兹海默病评定量表认知分量表(ADAS-cog)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)得分的差异。采用Logistic回归方法分析CysC与认知功能障碍的相关性。结果高水平血清CysC组较中、低水平血清CysC组的MMSE得分更低(21.98±6.08 vs.25.02±4.69 vs.25.10±3.95),ADAS-cog得分更高(17.73±14.23 vs.12.51±10.39 vs.10.67±7.53),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。随着血清CysC升高,SCr逐渐升高,e GFR逐渐减低(P0.05)。CysC(0.93±0.21 vs.1.10±0.45 vs.1.34±0.58)、MMSE、ADAS-cog在认知正常组、VaMCI组和VaD三组间两两比较差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05),认知损害越重,CysC越高。多元Logistic回归分析显示CysC的回归系数为7.06(P0.05)。结论血清CysC升高是小血管病变所致急性腔隙性脑梗死患者认知功能障碍的危险因素之一,且与认知障碍的严重程度相关。     

血清高敏C反应蛋白水平与脑梗死关系的研究

目的探讨血清高敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP)水平与脑梗死病情及预后的关系。方法测定90例急性脑梗死患者入院时血清hsCRP含量,观察梗死灶大小不同、神经功能缺损程度不同时含量变化,应用美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)及Barthel指数(BI)分别对患者入院时及治疗6个月后进行评分,并将血清hsCRP水平与NIHSS及BI评分进行相关性分析。同时选取80例健康体检人员血清hsCRP含量进行对照。结果脑梗死患者血清hsCRP含量明显高于健康对照组(P<0.01);脑梗死血清hsCRP水平越高,梗死灶越大,神经功能缺损程度越重;患者血清hsCRP水平与入院时NIHSS呈显著正相关(P<0.01),与6个月后BI评分呈显著负相关(P<0.01)。结论血清hsCRP水平是临床评价脑梗死严重程度和预后的一个重要生物学指标。     

尼莫地平对急性大脑中动脉M1段闭塞及其侧枝循环的研究

目的观察尼莫地平注射液对急性大脑中动脉(MCA)M1段闭塞脑梗死的治疗及其对侧枝循环建立的有效性。方法纳入诊断明确MCA Ml段闭塞所致的急性脑梗死患者67例,随机分为尼莫地平治疗组(n=34)和常规治疗对照组(n=33),在治疗前,治疗2w、8w后分别对两组患者进行临床疗效(NIHSS评分及BI评分)及侧枝循环开放程度进行比较。结果治疗2w后治疗组的NIHSS评分及BI评分均优于常规治疗组(15.02±3.07 vs 17.81±3.26,P<0.01;51.57±11.05 vs 45.26±11.21,P=0.03),治疗8w后治疗组的NIHSS评分及BI评分仍优于常规治疗组(7.26±1.97 vs 12.46±2.33,P<0.01;77.35±9.81 vs 66.91±11.54,P<0.01),治疗2w及8w后治疗组比常规治疗组有更好的侧枝循环(RVACA:1.75±0.25 vs 1.21±0.26,P<0.01;1.71±0.27 vs 1.21±0.23,P<0.01)。结论尼莫地平治疗急性大脑中动脉(MCA)M1段闭塞的脑梗死有效且有利于对侧枝循环的建立,从而改善急性大脑中动脉(MCA)M1段闭塞的大面积脑梗死的预后。     

慢性阻塞性肺病对急性脑梗死患者预后的影响

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺病对急性脑梗死患者预后的影响。方法采用美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)和Barthel指数(BI)对慢性阻塞性肺病合并急性脑梗死(COPD组)患者发病不同阶段(入院时、治疗第14和28天)神经功能缺损程度和日常生活活动能力进行评分,与单纯急性脑梗死(对照组)患者进行比较,评价其预后。结果治疗前两组一般情况、NIHSS和BI评分差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗第14天时,COPD组患者NIHSS评分升高[(9.47±3.43)分]、BI评分降低[(33.83±15.68)分],但与对照组[NIHSS评分:(8.37±3.50)分,BI评分:(37.83±17.25)分]比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.224,0.351)。治疗第28天时,COPD组患者NIHSS评分[(6.93±2.59)分]高于、BI评分[(54.00±15.45)分]低于对照组[NIHSS评分:(5.43±2.13)分,BI评分:(65.67±16.33)分],差异具有统计学意义(P=0.017,0.006)。结论慢性阻塞性肺病合并急性脑梗死患者发病后预后不良可能与病程中始终存在的系统性炎症和氧化应激有关。     

Logistic回归联合ROC曲线对高龄房颤合并脑梗死患者卒中相关性肺炎的预测价值

目的探讨高龄房颤合并脑梗死患者发生卒中相关性肺炎的危险因素。方法回顾性收集2014-01—2018-01就诊于福建省老年医院的房颤合并脑梗死的高龄患者115例,分为卒中相关性肺炎组和非卒中相关性肺炎组,探讨引起卒中相关性肺炎的危险因素及建立卒中相关性肺炎的评估模型。结果入院NIHSS评分(OR=1.15,P=0.25)、血胆碱酯酶水平(OR=1.09,P=0.047)、吞咽障碍(OR=0.39,P=0.03)是高龄房颤患者脑梗死后发生卒中相关性肺炎的独立危险因素。ROC曲线分析结果提示,综合应用上述3个指标对高龄房颤合并脑梗死患者发生卒中相关性肺炎的预测价值较高(AUC=0.62,P=0.03)。结论血胆碱酯酶、入院NIHSS评分、吞咽困难是高龄房颤合并脑梗死患者卒中相关性肺炎的独立危险因素,综合应用上述3项指标能更好预测高龄房颤合并脑梗死人群发生卒中相关性肺炎的风险。     

营养支持对急性卒中患者血清氨基酸谱和神经功能的影响

目的 探讨不同营养支持因素对急性卒中患者产生的血清氨基酸谱变化及其对神经功能的影响.方法 采用随机数字表法将60例急性卒中伴吞咽困难的患者分为肠内营养组(30例)和对照组(30例),分别检测入院后48 h内、入院后(7±1)d及入院后(14±1)d时患者血清氨基酸谱、血红蛋白、总蛋白、白蛋白、前白蛋白、免疫球蛋白、补体、神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS)及Barthel日常生活能力指数评分(BI)、感染率.随访发生急性卒中后的1、3个月患者的NIHSS及BI评分.结果 肠内组患者入院(7±1)d及(14±1)d的血清氨基酸谱、血红蛋白、总蛋白、白蛋白、前白蛋白、免疫球蛋白、补体、神经功能缺损评分均优于对照组,感染率低于对照组;随访1、3个月,NIHSS评分肠内组(9.0±1.4,7.9±1.3)优于对照组(11.1 ±1.5,10.6±1.4),差异有统计学意义(F=46.042,P＜0.05),而BI评分肠内组(50.1±1.8,52.0±2.4)与对照组(49.0±2.1,51.3±2.8)间差异无统计学意义(F=2.707,P＞0.05).结论 对急性卒中伴吞咽障碍患者早期给予肠内营养支持可改善机体的血清氨基酸水平,从而改善机体的营养状况,减少感染并发症,促进近期神经功能恢复,改善预后.     

超敏C反应蛋白与脑卒中病变程度的相关性分析

目的 研究脑卒中患者超敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP)与脑卒中严重程度的关系.方法 选择急性脑梗死组88例、脑出血组87例、静息性脑梗死87例与非脑卒中组87例分别测定、比较各组间hsCRP水平差异.结果 急性脑梗死组、脑出血组的hsCRP水平,显著高于静息性脑梗死组和非脑卒中组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).NIHSS评分1～9分组及≥10分组血清hsCRP水平比较也有极显著差异(P＜0.01).结论 hsCRP与脑卒中的发生有密切关系,hsCRP水平在一定程度上能反应脑卒中的严重程度.     

肾功能不全与伴非瓣膜性房颤的急性脑梗死患者不良预后的关系

目的 探讨肾功能不全与伴非瓣膜性房颤的急性脑梗死患者不良预后的关系.方法 纳入2013年1月~2015年1月于首都医科大学宣武医院神经内科住院的伴非瓣膜性心房颤动的急性脑梗死患者266例,使用肾脏病饮食改良(MDRD)简化公式计算肾小球滤过率估计值(eGFR),按照eGFR将患者分为肾功能不全组(36例)和无肾功能不全组(230例),出院后1年通过电话或门诊随访,观察不良卒中结局,包括全因死亡、卒中复发、联合终点事件(卒中或死亡)、卒中性残疾.结果 (1)肾功能不全组患者中,年龄≥65岁者的比例高于无肾功能不全组,差异有统计学意义[94.4%(34/36)比70.0%(161/230),P=0.002];(2)肾功不全组和无肾功能不全组比较,出院后1年不良预后结局事件发生率的差异有统计学意义(50.5%比29.6%,P=0.021);(3)多因素Logistic分析显示,肾功能不全为伴非瓣膜性房颤的急性脑梗死患者1年内发生不良卒中结局事件的独立危险因素,随着eGFR下降,患者不良结局事件的发生率增高(OR=1.485,P<0.05).结论 对于伴非瓣膜性房颤的急性脑梗死患者,肾功能随着年龄的增加而下降,肾功能不全是伴非瓣膜性房颤的急性脑梗死患者长期不良预后结局的独立预测因子.     

心房纤颤对急性脑梗死患者静脉溶栓近远期疗效的影响

目的探讨心房纤颤(房颤)对急性脑梗死患者静脉溶栓近远期疗效的影响。方法收集发病4.5 h内(后循环梗死延长至6 h)给予阿替普酶静脉溶栓治疗的急性脑梗死患者共60例作为研究对象,根据ECG结果分为房颤组及无房颤组。分别采用美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分及改良的Rankin(mRS)评分评价早期疗效及远期预后。结果房颤组与无房颤组相比,病前卒中或TIA发病率更高(P=0.042),发病时NIHSS评分更高(P=0.023);房颤组和无房颤组根据NIHSS评分在7 d疗效有效率分别为68.42%和70.73%(P=0.58),根据mRs评分在90 d时预后良好率分别为63.15%和63.41%(P=0.47),早期疗效和晚期预后差别均无统计学意义。结论合并房颤的卒中患者能够在静脉溶栓治疗中获益,房颤对急性脑梗死静脉溶栓治疗患者的近远期疗效无显著影响。     

脑卒中急性期患者卒中后抑郁的发生率及其危险因素

目的 探讨脑卒中急性期患者卒中后抑郁(PSD)的发生率及其危险因素.方法 连续入组的发病24 h内入院的急性脑卒中患者127例,根据入院14 d内汉密尔顿抑郁量表(17项)和蒙哥马利抑郁量表评分分为PSD组和非PSD组,分析PSD与性别、婚姻状况、年龄、文化程度、卒中类型、病灶部位、脑梗死容积、高血压、糖尿病、冠心病、吸烟、饮酒、体质量指数(BMI)、卒中家族史、卒中病史、颈动脉斑块、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分、Barthel指数(BI)和简易精神状态检查(MMSE)量表评分等临床因素的关系.结果 本组PSD发生率为37.0%(47例).PSD组脑梗死比率、伴高血压病比率、脑梗死容积、入院时NIHSS评分均明显高于非PSD组,BI和MMSE评分均明显低于非PSD组(P＜0.05～0.01).多因素Logistic回归分析显示脑梗死、高血压和入院时BI与PSD独立相关(OR=5.084,95%CI:1.255～20.592,P=0.023;OR=4.846,95%CI:1.447～16.225,P=0.010;OR=0.966,95%CI:0.951～0.981,P＜0.001).结论 脑卒中急性期患者PSD的发生率较高,脑梗死、高血压和入院时BI是PSD的独立危险因素.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

The organization of the connections between the cortex and the claustrum in the monkey

The distribution of labelled cells and of extracellular granules in the claustrum has been studied after injections of horseradish peroxidase in several areas of the neocortex. The frontal and parietal lobes are related to the anterior and posterior halves respectively of the claustrum, and the occipital and temporal cortex to the posterior and inferior margins. Parts of the claustrum related to areas of the cortex in the frontal lobe overlap considerably in the antero-posterior dimension with parts related to widely separated but interconnected areas of the parieto-temporal cortex. Areas of cortex within one lobe which are interconnected are related to parts of the claustrum which overlap in the dorsoventral dimension.     

Experimental study of the projections of the nucleus of the tractus solitarius and the area postrema in the cat

Projections from the area postrema and adjacent parts of the medial solitary nucleus are demonstrated with the Nauta method following lesions limited exclusively to these structures. Experiments are controlled with lesions involving adjacent bulbar regions, cerebellum, and spinal cord. Ascending pathways in the dorsal and lateral columns of the spinal cord project ipsilaterally to the area postrema and bilaterally to a para-alar nucleus in the ventral periphery of the nucleus gracilis. Neurons in the area postrema project mainly inspilaterally to the dorsal and medial regions of the medial solitary nucleus. Neurons in the posterior half of the medical solitary nucleus project ipsilaterally to the lateral solitary nucleus, dorsal vagal nucleus, ambigus, retrofacial nucleus, and dorsal and lateral bulbar reticular formation. Projections to nuclei intercalatus and prepositus hypoglossi, bilaterally, and to the ipsilateral dorsal tegmental nucleus by way of the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus are also shown. No direct projections to the diencephalon are demonstrated. Control lesions in the dorsal column nuclei reveal projections to the contralateral inferior olive and thalamic reticular and ventrobasal nuclei, but not to the projection sites of the solitary nucleus. Evidence is given to support the hypothesis that ascening visceral pathways are interruped in the bulbar reticular formation and dorsal tegmental nucleus before reaching the diencephalon. Correlations are suggested with functional aspects of the central autonomic and reticular activating systems.