细菌性肝脓肿的病原检测及其诊治

目的分析260例细菌性肝脓肿的病原及其诊治。方法回顾性分析260例细菌性肝脓肿临床特点,病原学分布及诊断与治疗方法。结果肝脓肿的主要临床表现为寒战、发热,肝区疼痛。培养所获细菌96株,其中肺炎克雷伯氏菌、大肠埃希氏菌分别占67.7%和11.5%。内科保守治疗89例,B超引导下肝脓肿穿刺抽脓或置管引流142例,肝脓肿切开引流11例,肝叶切除18例。除1例因合并晚期肿瘤死亡,其余病例均获得良好疗效。结论肺炎克雷伯氏菌、大肠埃希氏菌已成为细菌性肝脓肿的优势菌。胆道疾病是细菌性肝脓肿的主要病因。糖尿病是细菌肝脓肿最重要的危险因素。B超引导下肝脓肿穿刺抽脓或置管引流是主要的治疗手段。     

肺结核合并肺部感染患者的菌群分布特点及其耐药性分析

目的分析肺结核合并肺部感染患者的菌群分布特点及其耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供参考。方法选择2011年3月—2015年4月孝感市中心医院收治的肺结核合并肺部感染患者314例,取患者早晨洗漱后咳出的深部痰或支气管灌洗液进行细菌培养,分析其菌群分布特点及耐药性。结果 314份标本共培养出病原菌414株,其中革兰阳性菌108株(占26.09%)、革兰阴性菌290株(占70.05%)、真菌16株(占3.86%);革兰阳性菌以金黄色葡萄球菌为主(占13.53%),革兰阴性菌以铜绿假单胞菌为主(占22.22%),真菌均为白色假丝酵母菌。药敏试验结果显示,金黄色葡萄球菌和溶血葡萄球菌对青霉素G的耐药率为100.0%,对万古霉素的耐药率均为0;铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林耐药率均为100.0%,肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌和大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率为0,铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率较低,均为15.2%,鲍曼不动杆菌对阿米卡星和头孢哌酮的耐药率较低,分别为18.7%和21.9%。结论肺结核合并肺部感染患者病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,主要革兰阳性菌为金黄色葡萄球菌,主要革兰阴性菌为铜绿假单胞菌。金黄色葡萄球菌和溶血葡萄球菌对万古霉素无耐药,肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌和大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南无耐药,鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮耐药率低。     

2型糖尿病足感染的病原菌分析

235例2型糖尿病足合并感染患者的细菌谱和药敏进行分析.结果共分离出282株病原菌,革兰阳性菌126株,占44.68%;革兰阴性菌150株,占53.19%;真菌6株,占2.13%.其中金黄色葡萄球菌86株,占30.50%;大肠埃希菌72株,占25.54%.耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄菌大于60%,肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌对β-内酰胺类药物耐药率为44%～65%.结论糖尿病足感染主要以金黄色葡萄菌和大肠埃希菌多见,革兰阳性球菌感染呈上升之势.主要病原菌对常用抗菌药耐药率高.     

重症监护病房患者呼吸机相关性肺炎病原学及耐药性分析

目的 分析重症监护病房(ICU)中患者呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)病原学及耐药性,为临床抗菌药物的应用提供参考。方法 收集2013年1月到2015年12月在我院重症监护病房接受呼吸机抢救的患者212例,取痰液标本进行病原学以及耐药性试验,分析病原学资料中病原菌构成比和药敏结果。结果 212例患者的下呼吸道分泌物共检出病原菌280株。革兰阴性菌201株(71.79%),革兰阳性菌66株(23.57%),真菌13株(4.64%)。革兰阴性菌中常见的为:肺炎克雷伯菌41株(14.64%)、鲍曼不动杆菌35株(12.50%)、铜绿假单胞菌34株(12.14%)和大肠埃希菌25株(8.93%);革兰阳性菌中常见的为金黄色葡萄球菌(12.86%);真菌主要为白色念珠菌(2.14%)。肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素敏感,鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌对米诺环素、阿米卡星和庆大霉素等敏感,金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑安等敏感。结论 VAP患者感染以革兰阴性菌为主,金黄色葡萄球菌亦占有很大比例。了解本院病原菌分布和耐药情况,合理使用抗菌药物,有利于减少耐药现象发生,提高治愈率,缩短住院时间,减轻患者经济负担。     

重症医学科中心静脉导管相关性血行感染患者病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的分析重症医学科中心静脉导管相关性血行感染(CRBSI)患者病原菌分布及其耐药性。方法选择2011—2013年入住河北医科大学附属哈励逊国际和平医院重症医学科并留置中心静脉导管的患者1 821例,其中82例患者发生CRBSI,分析其病原菌分布及其耐药性。结果 82例CRBSI患者共培养出病原菌82株,主要为革兰阴性杆菌(占56.1%),其次为革兰阳性球菌(占31.7%)、真菌(占12.2%)。药敏试验结果显示,革兰阴性杆菌耐药率高,最常见的病原菌为鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌,其中鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮舒巴坦的耐药率为7.7%,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌对美罗培南的耐药率为0;革兰阳性球菌主要为屎肠球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌和溶血性葡萄球菌,其对替考拉宁和利奈唑胺耐药率均为0。结论 CRBSI的致病菌主要为革兰阴性杆菌,其次为革兰阳性球菌,革兰阴性杆菌对头孢哌酮舒巴坦和美罗培南的敏感性高,革兰阳性球菌对替考拉宁和利奈唑胺的敏感性高。     

220例AECOPD痰致病菌检测及其临床意义

目的分析AECOPD痰致病菌的类型、构成和耐药情况,以指导临床治疗。方法选择我院收治COPD患者220名作为研究对象,通过采集痰液并做致病菌检测和耐药性试验,以指导临床实践。结果本组共检出致病菌117株,其中:真菌17株(均为白色念珠菌)、革兰阴性菌66株(以铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌为主)、革兰阳性菌34株(以金黄色葡萄球菌为主)。耐药性结果表明:白色念珠菌对两性霉素B和5-氟胞嘧啶的耐药性最低(分别为5.88%和17.64%);大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南的耐药性最低(分别为8.33%和6.67%);铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和阿米卡星的耐药率最低(分别为3.57%和7.14%);金黄色葡萄球菌对呋喃妥因和万古霉素的耐药率最低(分别为8.00%和0)。结论革兰阴性菌和革兰阳性菌是导致慢性阻塞性肺疾病的主要致病菌,大多数致病菌对多种药物具有较强的耐药性。     

成人细菌性皮肤病的病原菌分布与耐药性研究

目的研究成人细菌性皮肤病的病原菌分布特点与耐药性,为该病的治疗提供参考依据。方法从本院皮肤科患者感染伤口中分离258株病原菌进行相应病原菌鉴定和药敏试验,采用VITEK-AMS60微生物鉴定仪,产超广谱β-内酰胺酶菌(ESBLs)鉴定选择CLSI2013年新折点作筛选与确证;病原菌的耐药性采用K-B法,耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌的鉴定采用CLSI头孢西丁纸片法。结果分离培养得到的258株病原菌,其中革兰阳性菌168株,占65.12%;革兰阴性菌78株,占30.23%;真菌12株,占4.65%。革兰阳性菌中的金黄色葡萄球菌121株,占46.89%,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌19株,占7.36%;革兰阴性菌中的铜绿假单胞菌32株,占12.40%,肺炎克雷伯菌21株,占8.14%,大肠埃希菌16株,占6.20%。药敏试验显示,链球菌对13种受试药物的耐药性均在20%以上。168株革兰阳性菌检出耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌98株,占58.33%;在肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌中检出ESBLs菌80株,占31.01%;耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌(IRPA)分离率为46.87%。革兰阳性球菌对糖肽类药物100%敏感,革兰阴性杆菌对磺胺类抗菌药物耐药率在56.25%及以上。结论成人皮肤病患者感染病原菌的耐药性呈现上升趋势,因此应及时进行病原菌的检查和耐药性检测,根据耐药性选择治疗药物,同时严格控制病原菌在医院和患者之间的传播。     

下呼吸道感染细菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解安徽医科大学第一附属医院住院患者2009-2013年下呼吸道感染主要病原菌的分布和耐药性,为临床合理应用抗菌药物提供依据。方法收集我院住院患者痰培养及药敏结果,分析下呼吸道感染主要病原菌的分布和耐药性。结果我院下呼吸道感染常见病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,占90.6%,主要病原菌为鲍曼不动杆菌(22.2%),铜绿假单胞菌(19.9%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(15.3%)、大肠埃希菌(7.5%)、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌(6.2%)、阴沟肠杆菌(5.2%);革兰阳性菌占9.4%,主要病原菌为金黄色葡萄球菌(7.6%)、肺炎链球菌(1.2%)、屎肠球菌(0.2%)。耐药性分析结果显示:鲍曼不动杆菌对米诺环素、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率27%;铜绿假单胞菌对哌拉西林耐药率高达98.5%,对头孢吡肟、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、阿米卡星耐药率19%;嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对左氧氟沙星、米诺环素耐药率在15%左右;大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌对β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复方制剂具有较高的敏感性,耐药率在15%左右,大肠埃希菌对碳青霉烯类耐药率5%,肺炎克雷伯杆菌对碳青霉烯类耐药率10%;葡萄球菌属对氨基苷类、喹诺酮类、头孢菌素类抗生素耐药率60%,未发现万古霉素、利奈唑胺、替加环素耐药株。结论下呼吸道感染病原菌以革兰氏阴性菌为主,耐药率高,应根据药敏结果合理选择抗生素指导治疗,以提高疗效及减少耐药菌株的产生。     

妇科恶性肿瘤患者尿路感染病原菌及耐药性分析

目的 分析妇科恶性肿瘤患者尿路感染病原菌分布及病原菌对常见抗菌药物的敏感性,从而为制定患者干预方案、提高患者生活质量提供参考依据。方法 以经病理确诊的127例妇科恶性肿瘤患者为研究对象,采集患者尿液样本。采用BD Phoenix-100全自动微生物鉴定及药敏分析仪鉴定尿液中的病原菌种类,采用Mueller-Hinton琼脂平板和Kirby-Bauer纸片扩散法测定尿液中分离的主要病原菌菌株对常见抗菌药物的敏感性。结果 累计开展尿液培养638次,阳性219次,阳性率为34.33%。累计培养出病原菌273株,以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为主。大肠埃希菌对厄他培南100%敏感,对美罗培南、阿米卡星、亚胺培南敏感性均>95%,对氨苄西林、哌拉西林耐药性均>85%;肺炎克雷伯菌对美罗培南、阿米卡星100%敏感,对头孢唑啉耐药性较高;金黄色葡萄球菌对苯唑西林、阿莫西林克拉维酸、庆大霉素、万古霉素、替考拉宁、呋喃妥因、复方新诺明、利奈唑胺、利福平100%敏感,对氨苄西林、青霉素和环丙沙星100%耐药。结论 大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和金黄色葡萄球菌是引发妇科恶性肿瘤患者尿路感...     

细菌性阴道炎感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 研究细菌性阴道炎(Bacterial vaginosis, BV)患者感染病原菌的分布情况并总结其耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供有价值的参考。方法 选取本院2020年3月至2022年10月收治的符合纳入标准的360例BV患者为研究对象,取研究对象的阴道分泌物并送检,细菌菌种鉴定采用梅里埃公司细菌鉴定系统进行分析,并对主要的细菌菌株进行药敏试验研究。结果 360例BV患者的阴道分泌物共分离出390株致病菌株,主要菌株包括140株革兰氏阴性菌(35.90%)以及250株革兰氏阳性菌(64.10%),金黄色葡萄球菌以及凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对青霉素、红霉素耐药率相对较高,对于万古霉素、利福平、磷霉素等耐药率较低;超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)阳性大肠埃希菌以及阳性肺炎克雷伯菌呈多药耐药,而ESBLs阴性大肠埃希菌以及肺炎克雷伯菌多则对多数抗菌药物呈敏感性。结论 细菌性阴道炎致病菌以革兰阳性菌为主,其耐药性复杂,需对病原菌的耐药性进行分析,并合理用药。     

Biological activity of bacterial surface components: Bacterial extracts and defined bacterial cell wall components as immunomodulators

Bacterial extracts obtained from pathogenic strains occurring in lung infections (Broncho Vaxom) or urogenital infections (Urovaxom) as well as defined surface components of Gram-negative bacteria purified from bacteria or obtained by chemical synthesis were tested for their immunomodulatory properties in a murine system. The bacterial extracts were able to act as immunogens inducing an antigen-specific response. Both the bacterial extracts and the purified bacterial cell wall components constituted polyclonal activators of murine splenic B cells, as demonstrated by proliferation assays measuring the incorporation of [³H]thymidine into DNA. They were also able to act as immunoadjuvants increasing the SRBC and the BSA-TNP specific immune response, and could induce tumor cytotoxicity in bone marrow-derived macrophages. The results show that bacterial extracts and defined bacterial surface components constitute immunogens as well as immunomodulators in vitro and in vivo.     

Complications of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: Bacterial infections

Bacterial infections remain a common complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), especially in the pre-engraftment phase. The risk of bacterial infections is mainly related to neutropenia, mucositis, and the presence of vascular lines. Most parts of the world have witnessed a shift in epidemiology toward Gram-negative bacteria; a large proportion of which are resistant to fluoroquinolones, extended-spectrum beta-lactams, carbapenems, and in some units even colistin. Meticulous infection control practices are essential for prevention of bacterial infections in HSCT. The role of routine prophylactic antibiotics is limited in settings with high rates of bacterial resistance. If used, prophylactic antibiotics should be limited to high-risk patients, and the agents are selected based on local resistance profiles. Neutropenic fever is a medical emergency in most HSCT recipients. Prompt clinical evaluation is paramount, along with the intravenous administration of appropriate empiric antimicrobials, typically an antipseudomonal beta-lactam agent. Glycopeptides should only be considered if the patient is hemodynamically unstable or Gram-positive infection is suspected. Additional Gram-negative agents, such as colistin or aminoglycosides, may be added if extensive Gram-negative resistance is expected. To mitigate increasing bacterial resistance, empiric antibiotic regimens should be rationalized or discontinued as soon as possible.     

注射用阿奇霉素治疗呼吸道细菌感染52例

目的 评价注射用阿奇霉素治疗呼吸道感染的疗效与安全性。方法 随机将104例呼吸道感染患。分为两组(每组52例)。治疗组用阿奇霉素500mg。静脉滴。每日一次，5～7日为1个疗程。对照组用乳糖酸红霉素500mg加入5％葡萄糖注射液500ml。静滴，每日2次，5～7日为1个疗程。结果 治疗组痊愈率61．5％、有效率96．1％及细菌清除率90．3％。均显高于对照组(28．8％。75．0％，75．0％)。试验组不良反应率15．3％。显低于对照组(32．6％)。结论 阿奇霉素是治疗院外获得性呼吸道感染的有效和安全的药物     

胃酸减少导致不同鼠龄大鼠胃内细菌过度生长及逆向定植

目的 研究大鼠胃内pH值的变化与胃及肺部细菌数量变化的关系,观察是否存在大鼠胃内细菌到肺部的逆向定植.方法 3月龄Wister大鼠20只,22月龄Wister大鼠12只,各分为2组,老龄、非老龄奥美拉唑组,老龄、非老龄对照组.奥美拉唑组以奥美拉唑灌胃(30 mg·kg-1·d-1),对照组以等量的生理盐水灌胃.第4 d开始,连续10 d给大鼠灌饲含质粒pGEX-4T-1-EGFP的大肠杆菌DH5a(10 mL/kg,1次/d).第14d测胃内pH值,取胃及肺组织做细菌培养.应用荧光显微镜和质粒酶切电泳鉴定细菌的来源.结果 荧光显微镜下观察大鼠的胃及肺部分离的大肠杆菌,可见明确的绿色荧光.胃和肺分离出的细菌经质粒酶切电泳鉴定.可见目的 条带.非老龄奥美拉唑组大鼠胃内pH值和胃内大肠杆菌数均高于非老龄对照组(P<0.01),肺部大肠杆菌数无统计学差异(P>0.05).老龄奥美拉唑组大鼠胃内pH值(P<0.01)及胃(P<0.01)和肺部大肠杆菌数(P<0.05)均高于老龄对照组.老龄奥美拉唑组大鼠胃内pH值(P>0.05)及胃内大肠杆菌数(P>0.05)与非老龄奥美拉唑组相比无统计学差异,但肺内大肠杆菌数(P<0.01)明显高于非老龄奥美拉唑组.结论 随胃内pH值升高,大鼠胃内大肠杆菌数量增加,推测大鼠胃内含pGEX-4T-1-EGFP的大肠杆菌可以转移到肺部.随胃内pH值升高,老龄大鼠肺部的大肠杆菌数增高,且高于非老龄大鼠.     

国产注射用阿奇霉素治疗急性细菌性疾病的临床研究

目的　评价国产阿奇霉素 (AZM)针剂对细菌性疾病的疗效及其不良反应。方法　对湖北瑞康药业有限公司生产的 AZM粉针剂进行了临床验证。结果　 AZM对呼吸道、泌尿道、其他部位感染的痊愈率和总有效率分别为 5 3.1%、89.7% ;80 .0 %、92 .0 % ;44 .4%、81.4%。对上述三种部位感染的细菌清除率分别为 80 .0 %、88.0 %、74.7%。对照试验表明 ,注射用 AZM对中、重度感染的疗效优于 AZM胶囊 (P值分别 <0 .0 1和 0 .0 5 )。结论　 AZM粉针剂对常见细菌性疾病有良好的疗效 ,不良反应轻     

Protective effects of terminal ileostomy against bacterial translocation in a rat model of intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury

AIM: To investigate the effects of terminal ileostomy on bacterial translocation (BT) and systemic inflammation after intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats.METHODS: Thirty-two rats were assigned to either the sham-operated group, I/R group, I/R + resection and anastomosis group, or the I/R + ileostomy group. The superior mesenteric artery was occluded for 60 min. After 4 h, tissue samples were collected for analysis. BT was assessed by bacteriologic cultures, intestinal permeability and serum levels of endotoxin; systemic inflammation was assessed by serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10, as well as by the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and by intestinal histopathology.RESULTS: Intestinal I/R injury not only caused morphologic damage to ileal mucosa, but also induced BT, increased MPO activity and promoted the release of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 in serum. BT and ileal mucosa injuries were significantly improved and levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in serum were decreased in the I/R + ileostomy group compared with the I/R + resection and anastomosis group.CONCLUSION: Terminal ileostomy can prevent the detrimental effects of intestinal I/R injury on BT, intestinal tissue, and inflammation.     

IS ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION ON HAEMODIALYSIS RO WATER BENEFICIAL?

The quality of dialysis fluids has become increasingly important in the treatment of HD patients. Purified water represents over 95% of its volume. Bacterial and endotoxin content of Reverse Osmosis (RO) water is usually kept under control by bacterial filters, inserted in the distribution departure loop, and by monthly disinfection of the distribution circuit; the simpler the circuit, the better. This paper reports 12 years experience during which Ultraviolet Irradiation (UV) has replaced bacterial filters. To keep the bacterial growth under control in a complex RO water circuit (including a tank and multiple loops) a simple UV lamp was inserted in the departure line. It proved sufficient to keep bacterial count within AAMI norms. Failure of the UV lamp was associated with a rise of up to 500 cfu/ml in the last (fourth week) before routine disinfection. Normal levels were again obtained after replacement of the UV lamp. Six years later, a second UV lamp was added on the return loop. Bacterial counts and endotoxin levels in RO water promptly fell to <1 cfu/ml and <0.125 EU, till today. It is concluded that UV lamps should be favoured over bacterial filters in systems that are not disinfected daily, such as the RO water circuit. The principle of UV irradiation is explained and its advantage over bacterial filters is discussed. Future possible applications of UV are presented.     

司帕沙星与氧氟沙星随机对照治疗细菌性感染的临床研究

目的 评价司帕沙星治疗细菌性感染的有效性与安全性。方法 采用多中心随机对照方法,并选用氧氟沙星作为对照。两组共治疗各种感染患者２１２例,其中司帕沙星组１０６例,氧氟沙星组１０６例,均为口服片剂。结果 司帕沙星组与氧氟沙星组痊愈率分别为７４．５％和６９．８％,有效率分别为９１．５％和８８．７％,细菌清除率分别为９０．７％和９０．８％,不良反应发生率分别为９．４３％和８．４９％,以上结果经统计学处理差     

Bacterial infections other than spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis

Cirrhotic patients are immunocompromised with a high risk of infection.Proinflammatory cytokines and hemodynamic circulation derangement further facilitate the development of serious consequences of infections.Other than spontaneous bacterial peritonitis,bacteremia and bacterial infections of other organ systems are frequently observed.Gram-negative enteric bacteria are the most common causative organism.Other bacterial infections,such as enterococci,Vibrio spp.,Aeromonas spp.,Clostridium spp.,Listeria monocytogenes,Plesiomonas shigelloides and Mycobacterium tuberculosis are more prevalent and more virulent.Generally,intravenous third generation cephalosporins are recommended as empirical antibiotic therapy.Increased incidences of gram-positive and drug-resistant organisms have been reported,particularly in hospitalacquired infections and in patients receiving quinolones prophylaxis.This review focuses upon epidemiology,microbiology,clinical features and treatment of infections in cirrhosis other than spontaneous bacterial peritonitis,including pathogen-specific and liver diseasespecific issues.     

108例肝硬化腹水合并自发性细菌性腹膜炎患者腹水病原菌及其耐药性分析

背景：自发性细菌性腹膜炎（SBP）是肝硬化腹水患者的常见严重并发症，临床治疗效果欠佳。目的：探讨肝硬化腹水合并SBP患者腹水病原菌的分布及其耐药情况，为临床合理选用抗生素提供指导。方法：对108例次腹水细菌培养阳性肝硬化腹水合并SBP患者的临床资料以及腹水细菌培养和药物敏感试验结果进行回顾性分析。结果：108例次腹水细菌培养阳性肝硬化腹水合并SBP患者中，共分离出病原菌206株，其中革兰阴性菌占68．9％（142株）．革兰阳性菌占31．1％（64株）。分离菌株的耐药情况比较严重，治疗前单类耐药和多重耐药比例分别为50．9％和27．8％．治疗后多重耐药的比例显著高于治疗前（73．8％对27．8％，P〈0．01）。结论：对肝硬化腹水合并SBP患者．应根据药物敏感试验报告合理选用抗生素，从而达到有效抗菌目的，并抑制或延缓耐药菌株的出现。