小儿膜周部室间隔缺损介入治疗并发心律失常22例分析

目的探讨经导管介入治疗小儿膜周部室间隔缺损(VSD)发生心律失常的特点及其处理。 方法南京医科大学附属南京市儿童医院心血管科2002 09—2006 03经导管介入治疗VSD 108例，其中发生心律失常的患儿共计22例,动态观察22例患儿封堵术前心电图(ECG)以及封堵后发生心律失常ECG的变化及其处理。 结果22例中2例在术中反复出现Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞(AVB)，被迫中断；8例患儿术后3d内出现加速性交界性或室性自主心律伴干扰性房室分离，经治疗后均转为窦性心律，其中2例患儿1个月后才恢复窦性心律；6例患儿术后3d内出现束支传导阻滞，经治疗后3例恢复正常，3例仍存在不同程度的束支传导阻滞；5例患儿术后3d内发生高度AVB，其中3例经使用激素、维生素C、果糖及静滴异丙肾上腺素和临时起搏器治疗后，均在1周内恢复窦性心律，另2例患儿经治疗后，1例于10d后转为窦性心律，1例于术后2年时仍有完全性右束支阻滞+左前分支阻滞；1例患儿术后1个月随访发现完全性右束支阻滞。 结论术后早期出现的心律失常多能恢复，而后期出现的传导阻滞多为器质性损伤。对已经出现传导阻滞的患儿关键是早期治疗，适当延长术后观察时间。     

彩色多普勒超声心动图在房间隔缺损和室间隔缺损介入治疗中的应用

目的探讨经胸超声心动图(TTE)及实时三维超声心动图在房间隔缺损(ASD)、室间隔缺损(VSD)封堵术中的临床应用价值。 方法应用二维及三维超声心动图对2004 10—2005 10在天津市儿童医院就诊的24例继发孔ASD，10例VSD进行术前检查筛选，术中超声引导及术后随访检查。 结果24例ASD患儿术前经TTE检测ASD直径(15.6±7.9)mm(5~26mm)，所选Mmplatzer封堵器直径为(19.1±5.1)mm(5~32mm)，23例封堵成功。室间隔膜部缺损直径：左室面缺损为5~9mm，右室侧口的直径为2.4~6.0mm，术中选择Amplatzer封堵器型号为4~6mm，10例VSD无残余分流。 结论二维及三维TTE联合应用于ASD、VSD介入治疗具有很好的应用价值。     

先天性心脏病介入治疗与传统外科手术治疗的临床比较

目的对房间隔缺损(ASD)、室间隔缺损(VSD)、动脉导管未闭(PDA)的介入治疗(Amplatzer封堵器)和外科手术治疗的临床疗效进行比较。 方法研究对象为2004 05—2005 05在北京安贞医院小儿心脏科住院患儿80例，符合单一左向右分流畸形ASD、VSD、PDA,根据治疗方法不同分为介入组(40例)和手术组(40例)；比较2组在疗效、费用、并发症、输血量及住院时间等方面的异同；通过放免法测定2组ASD及VSD治疗前后的心钠素(ANP)水平。 结果2组手术成功率均为100%；介入组均未输血,手术组均输血治疗；术后住院时间介入组少于手术组(P<0.01)；治疗费用介入组高于手术组(P<0.01)；ANP水平，外科手术及介入治疗后均较治疗前降低。 结论单一ASD、VSD、PDA的介入治疗与手术治疗临床效果相同；介入组不需输血,术后住院时间短,但治疗费用较昂贵。     

第二代动脉导管未闭封堵器封堵 特殊类型室间隔缺损2例报告

目的　总结分析应用第二代动脉导管未闭封堵器（ADO-Ⅱ）对特殊类型室间隔缺损（VSD）封堵的技巧。方法　研究对象为2011年8月至9月在上海交通大学医学院附属上海儿童医学中心行介入治疗的患儿2例,因应用常规VSD封堵器封堵困难,遂选取ADO-Ⅱ进行治疗。常规建立动静脉轨迹后,采用主动脉内释放,然后行左室、升主动脉造影和心脏超声检查,如封堵器位置好,无残余分流、瓣膜反流则释放。结果　例1左室造影显示为膜周VSD,左室面7.6 mm,较大假性室隔瘤形成,右室分流口弥散,最大约2.3 mm,缺损上缘距主动脉为6.1 mm。导丝建轨后,7 F长鞘无法通过分流口,最后选用5F长鞘,“6 mm×4 mm”的ADO-Ⅱ封堵成功,术后心脏超声三尖瓣轻微分流。例2心室造影为肌部VSD,左室面6.3 mm,右室分流口为2 mm,上缘距主动脉16 mm。因VSD走行异常且分流口小,最终选冠脉导丝建轨成功,应用4 F长鞘,“4 mm×4 mm”ADO-Ⅱ封堵成功。2例患儿术后1d复查心脏超声和心电图,无异常,观察5 d后出院随访,并口服阿司匹林［3～5 mg/（kg·d）］。结论　对于一些形态较特殊的VSD,常规VSD封堵器无法成功封堵时,可选择ADO-Ⅱ进行封堵,手术操作简单、安全、可靠而并发症少。     

封堵器介入治疗儿童继发孔房间隔缺损术后房室传导阻滞分析

探讨应用Amplatzer封堵器 （ASO）介入治疗儿童继发孔房间隔缺损（ASD）术后房室传导阻滞（AVB）的发生率、危险因素及防治措施。方法　1998年3月至2005年12月在广东心血管病研究所心儿科450例继发孔ASD患儿接受ASO封堵术。对术前及术后随访的心电图资料进行回顾性分析,统计AVB的发生率及类型,并分析与AVB发生有关的危险因素及防治措施。结果　共有14例发生各种类型的AVB,发生率为3.1%,分别为Ⅰ度AVB 6例,Ⅱ度AVB 4例,Ⅲ度AVB 4例。所有AVB均发生于术后1～2 d内。14例中12例为术后新出现的AVB,2例术前为Ⅰ度AVB术后发展为Ⅱ度和Ⅲ度AVB（各1例）。统计学分析显示,使用过大ASO及小年龄与术后AVB的发生密切相关。AVB发生后常规应用激素等治疗,4例Ⅲ度AVB实施外科手术取出ASO。AVB绝大多数于短期随访内恢复或好转,未见复发。结论　AVB是应用ASO介入治疗儿童继发孔ASD术后的严重并发症。对年龄较小患儿避免置入过大ASO是降低术后AVB的关键。AVB发生后及早给予内科或外科干预,多可于短期内恢复,术后长期随访十分重要。     

小儿经皮室间隔缺损封堵术后非阵发性 室性心动过速临床意义分析

目的　总结小儿经皮室间隔缺损（VSD）封堵术后非阵发性室性心动过速（AIVR）的发生情况,探讨其临床意义及可能的发生机制。方法　2002年10月至2011年5月,1179例VSD患儿在广东省心血管病研究所心儿科行经皮VSD封堵术（室缺封堵组）,术后检出AIVR 17例。在我院门诊进行动态心电图检查的1392例非介入治疗患儿（非介入组）以及在我院行房间隔缺损封堵术的患儿988例（房缺封堵组）作为对照。比较室缺封堵组与对照组间AIVR的检出情况。对室缺封堵组9例患儿进行治疗,并对17例患儿进行随访。结果　室缺封堵组术后动态心电图AIVR检出率高于非介入组,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）;次日常规心电图AIVR检出率高于房缺封堵组（P < 0.05）。室缺封堵组所有AIVR患儿封堵术后1个月动态心电图均无AIVR,随访中无不良事件发生,随访心电图无AIVR。结论　室缺封堵组封堵术后AIVR检出率高于对照组,其发生与VSD封堵有关。该病多无自觉症状,预后良好,可能无须治疗。     

经导管膜周部室间隔缺损封堵术并发三尖瓣损伤8例临床分析

摘要：目的　分析经导管膜周部室间隔缺损（PMVSDs）封堵术并发三尖瓣损伤原因，探讨其预防及处理措施。 方法　2002年10月至2009年12月广东省心血管病研究所825例PMVSDs患儿，均进行了经导管介入封堵，其中8例出现三尖瓣损伤。8例患儿中男4例，女4例；年龄3.5～8.0岁。8例三尖瓣损伤患儿中4例出现三尖瓣狭窄，其中2例严重狭窄者行外科手术治疗，术中见封堵器右室盘与三尖瓣腱索缠绕，予松开缠绕、取出封堵器并修补室间隔缺损；2例轻度狭窄者予随诊观察。8例中其余4例出现三尖瓣关闭不全，其中3例反流严重予外科手术治疗，术中见三尖瓣腱索断裂1例，腱索断裂并瓣膜撕裂1例，三尖瓣隔瓣腱索被封堵器牵拉1例。术中将断裂的腱索缝合，取出封堵器并修补室缺，合并三尖瓣撕裂者行三尖瓣整形。余1例三尖瓣隔瓣脱垂并轻至中度反流的病例予随诊。结果　5例外科手术治疗者中，4例三尖瓣功能恢复良好，1例三尖瓣血流速度稍增快。三尖瓣损伤不重未行外科处理的3例病例随诊1月至2年，三尖瓣病变无加重，患儿无明显临床症状。结论　经导管PMVSDS封堵术并发三尖瓣损伤有多方面原因。操作中应避免轨道钢丝穿过三尖瓣腱索，出现腱索与封堵器或输送钢缆缠绕时切勿使用暴力牵拉。三尖瓣损伤严重时应外科手术治疗。     

经胸超声心动图在先天性心脏病封堵术中的应用价值

目的：探讨超声心动图在常见先天性心脏病封堵术中的应用价值。方法：本组先天性心脏病152例中,ASD77例、PDA21例及VSD54例,经胸或/和经食道超声心动图检查符合条件而行经导管以封堵器封堵术治疗。结果：152例中,除3例患者因双孔或单ASD最大伸展径较大（〉34mm）而放弃封堵外,余149例患者在超声指导下封堵成功,均无残余分流,成功率为98.03%（149/152）。结论：采用封堵器封堵治疗常见先天性心脏病时,超声心动图对于术前病例选择、术中指导监测、封堵器型号的选择以及术后疗效评价等,均有较大的临床价值。     

心肌炎所致小儿完全性房室传导阻滞17例临床分析

目的分析感染性心肌炎所致小儿完全性房室传导阻滞(CAVB)的临床特点及治疗，以提高对该病的认识。 方法对1984-08—2005-03上海市交通大学附属儿童医院收治的感染性心肌炎所致CAVB17例进行回顾性分析。 结果17例CAVB患儿出现阿斯综合征者8例，心功能不全者5例。17例胸片检查心影增大13例。13例心脏超声检查示均有左心室增大。心电图示平均心室率为(528±104)/min。急重症心肌炎6例，均予甲基泼尼松龙静脉冲击和营养心肌治疗，3例安置临时起搏器进行治疗;其余患儿都以改善传导、增快心室率药物治疗。治愈6例，好转5例，仍为CAVB 5例，死亡1例。 结论急重症心肌炎发生CAVB可以是致命的，如果能早期诊断、及时应用大剂量肾上腺皮质激素及给予急诊临时起搏器处理，将会取得较好的预后。在随访心肌炎所致房室传导阻滞患儿时，如并有束支传导阻滞者、QRS波增宽、结性逸搏时要高度警惕其可能进展为CAVB。     

产后颅内出血一例

一、病例摘要 患者27岁,因"第一胎孕38+4周,胸闷心慌1周"于2012年7月30日入住宁夏自治区人民医院.患者平素月经规律,末次月经:2011年11月2日,停经40 d出现恶心呕吐等早孕反应,持续至7个月好转.孕期无药物及毒物接触史,孕晚期无头晕眼花症状.于1周前因情绪因素出现间断性胸闷、心慌,无咳嗽、咳痰,3d前于当地医院行心脏超声检查:室间隔缺损修补术后,双房增大,肺动脉增宽、三尖瓣返流(大量);心电图检查:窦性心律,电轴左偏,不完全性右束支传导阻滞.     

Acquired heart block: a possible complication of patent ductus arteriosus in a preterm infant

A large patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a frequently encountered clinical problem in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants. It leads to an increased pulmonary blood flow and in a decreased or reversed diastolic flow in the systemic circulation, resulting in complications. Here we report a possible complication of PDA not previously published. On day 8 of life, a male ELBW infant (birth weight 650 g) born at a gestational age of 23 weeks and 3 days developed an atrioventricular block (AV block). The heart rate dropped from 168/min to 90/min, and the ECG showed a Wenckebach second-degree AV block and intraventricular conduction disturbances. Echocardiography demonstrated a PDA with a large left-to-right shunt and large left atrium and left ventricle with high contractility. Within several minutes after surgical closure of the PDA, the heart rate increased, and after 30 min the AV block had improved to a 1:1 conduction ratio. Echocardiography after 2 h revealed a significant decrease of the left ventricular and atrial dimensions. Within 12 h, the AV block completely reversed together with the intraventricular conduction disturbances. We suggest that PDA with a large left-to-right shunt and left ventricular volume overload may lead to an AV block in an ELBW infant. Surgical closure of the PDA may be indicated.     

Peripartum cardiomyopathy: echocardiographic features in five cases

Five cases of peripartum cardiomyopathy are presented. All patients were aged less than 35 years, and four were multiparous. Two cases followed twin deliveries. Pulmonary embolism was diagnosed in four patients. Electrocardiograms showed left ventricular hypertrophy or left bundle branch block. On echocardiography, left ventricular minor axis dimensions were increased (diastolic, 67 +/- 7 mm; systolic, 59 +/- 7 mm) and mean fractional shortening was reduced (13% +/- 5%). All patients had hypokinesis or akinesis of the left ventricular segments and two had right ventricular dilatation. Gallium scanning performed in three patients was negative. Viral serologic testing was negative in all cases. All patients died within 5 years, three within 5 months. Survival duration was closely correlated with left ventricular fractional shortening. Autopsy in three patients confirmed the diagnosis of a dilated cardiomyopathy.     

Amplatzer septal occluder-induced transient complete atrioventricular block.

Percutaneous transcatheter atrial septal defect (ASD) closure is a widely used technique that has replaced open-heart surgical closure in many centers. The most common implant is the Amplatzer septal occluder which seems to be a highly effective and safe device. However, there are reports of complications associated with its implantation. We report a 9-year-old boy who presented with complete atrioventricular block after undergoing percutaneous closure of a large secundum ASD with an Amplatzer septal occluder. We treated the patient with oral prednisolone. The patients atrioventricular conduction improved to second-degree Mobitz type 1 block on post-procedure day 24 and first-degree block on day 35. We conclude that patients with Amplatzer septal occluder-induced complete atrioventricular block generally have a good outcome, although it may take several weeks for improvement.     

围生期心肌病和妊娠期高血压疾病性心脏病患者的鉴别诊断要点探讨

目的探讨围生期心肌病和妊娠期高血压疾病性心脏病的鉴别诊断要点。方法选择2001年1月至2010年10月间北京大学人民医院住院患者中,出院主要诊断为围生期心肌病（peripartumcardiomyopathy,PPCM;36例,PPCM组）和妊娠期高血压疾病性心脏病（26例,妊高心组）的患者,对与诊断相关的临床资料进行分析。结果 PPCM组以产后发病为主（86.11%,31/36）,妊高心组以孕期发病为主（76.92%,20/26）;超声心动图检查：PPCM组左心室舒张末期内径（left ventricular end-diastolic dimension,LVEDd）[（60.90±6.56）mm]高于妊高心组[（52.97±6.73）mm],PPCM组左心室射血分数（left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF）[（32.44±7.95）%]则低于妊高心组（56.95±10.07）%],可合并右心改变（包括右房大、右室大、三尖瓣返流）;胸片检查：PPCM组肺淤血比例（44.44%,12/27）高于妊高心组（0,0/15）,妊高心组肺水肿比例（60.00%,9/15）高于PPCM组（14.81%,4/27）;心电图检查：除窦性心动过速、ST-T改变外,PPCM组有7例患者合并其他心律失常（包括完全性右束支传导阻滞3例,房性心动过速、室性早搏、室性心动过速/室颤及Ⅱ度房室传导阻滞各1例）,而妊高心组无1例发生;PPCM组B型脑利钠肽（B-type natriuretic peptide,BNP）水平[（1828.89±1220.06）pg/ml]高于妊高心组[（909.42±466.87）pg/ml]。结论与妊娠期高血压疾病性心脏病相比,PPCM以产后发病为主,超声心动图提示左心室扩大和功能减退更严重,胸片提示肺淤血为主,心电图除窦性心动过速、ST-T改变以外可合并其他的心律失常,BNP水平更高。     

Transesophageal echocardiographic monitoring for transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect (ASD) is generally performed under fluoroscopy alone. Recently, we have used transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) monitoring as an aid in performing this procedure. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and complications associated with this use of TEE. METHODS: Transcatheter closure of ASD was accomplished under TEE guidance simultaneously with fluoroscopic imaging in 11 patients aged 3 to 33 years (weight, 15.4-62.9 kg). TEE was successfully performed in all patients after endotracheal general anesthesia. The ASDs were reexamined before catheterization. The appropriate placement of the occluder device was evaluated. RESULTS: Seven cases were uneventful with successful ASD occluder implantation, but one failed because of a large ASD (24.7 mm). In three cases, transcatheter closure was aborted after TEE examination, one with a large ASD (27.05 mm), one with an ASD that was too small, and one with multiple fenestrated ASDs. CONCLUSIONS: Routine TEE monitoring for transcatheter closure of ASDs is effective for evaluation of ASD before implantation of an occluder, to ensure the proper seating of the occluder after the defect occlusion is complete.     

Spontaneous closure of ventricular septal defects in the first year of life.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The recent increase in the prevalence of ventricular septal defect (VSD) has been ascribed to the improved detection of small defects with echocardiography and the wider use of screening. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and timing of spontaneous closure of specific types of VSD in neonates using echocardiographic screening and follow-up. METHODS: Two-dimensional color Doppler echocardiography was performed in 3,472 clinically normal full-term neonates born at Cathay General Hospital to detect isolated VSD. The relative prevalence of muscular versus perimembranous defects and their outcome in the first year of life were evaluated. RESULTS: VSD was found in 74 neonates (34 male, 40 female), resulting in a prevalence of 21.3/1,000 live births. There were 48 muscular, 25 perimembranous, and one subpulmonic defects. Of the 74 patients, 11 were lost to follow-up. Within the observation period of 12 months, spontaneous closure occurred in 40 patients in the muscular group and in six patients in the perimembranous group. The overall rate of spontaneous closure was 73% by the end of the first year. Only five patients with perimembranous defects received digoxin therapy. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of VSD in this series of neonates was 21.3/1,000 live births. The most common location of VSD in the neonatal period was in the region of the muscular septum. Muscular defects were more likely to close spontaneously than perimembranous defects. Most muscular defects underwent spontaneous closure during the 12-month follow-up period.     

Late atrioventricular block after heart transplantation.

Bradyarrhythmia requiring permanent pacing after heart transplantation remains a common problem. Sinus node dysfunction is the most common indication, and late onset of atrioventricular (AV) block has rarely been reported. We report the case of a patient who developed advanced AV block at 41 months after transplantation. Right bundle branch block with progressive increase of QRS complex duration was noted in serial electrocardiograms. At the time of late AV block development, the patient did not have acute rejection and coronary angiogram was normal. The mechanism of late onset of AV block is unclear, but it may be caused by progressive conduction.