封堵器介入治疗儿童继发孔房间隔缺损术后房室传导阻滞分析

探讨应用Amplatzer封堵器 （ASO）介入治疗儿童继发孔房间隔缺损（ASD）术后房室传导阻滞（AVB）的发生率、危险因素及防治措施。方法　1998年3月至2005年12月在广东心血管病研究所心儿科450例继发孔ASD患儿接受ASO封堵术。对术前及术后随访的心电图资料进行回顾性分析,统计AVB的发生率及类型,并分析与AVB发生有关的危险因素及防治措施。结果　共有14例发生各种类型的AVB,发生率为3.1%,分别为Ⅰ度AVB 6例,Ⅱ度AVB 4例,Ⅲ度AVB 4例。所有AVB均发生于术后1～2 d内。14例中12例为术后新出现的AVB,2例术前为Ⅰ度AVB术后发展为Ⅱ度和Ⅲ度AVB（各1例）。统计学分析显示,使用过大ASO及小年龄与术后AVB的发生密切相关。AVB发生后常规应用激素等治疗,4例Ⅲ度AVB实施外科手术取出ASO。AVB绝大多数于短期随访内恢复或好转,未见复发。结论　AVB是应用ASO介入治疗儿童继发孔ASD术后的严重并发症。对年龄较小患儿避免置入过大ASO是降低术后AVB的关键。AVB发生后及早给予内科或外科干预,多可于短期内恢复,术后长期随访十分重要。     

经导管膜周部室间隔缺损封堵术并发三尖瓣损伤8例临床分析

摘要：目的　分析经导管膜周部室间隔缺损（PMVSDs）封堵术并发三尖瓣损伤原因,探讨其预防及处理措施。 方法　2002年10月至2009年12月广东省心血管病研究所825例PMVSDs患儿,均进行了经导管介入封堵,其中8例出现三尖瓣损伤。8例患儿中男4例,女4例;年龄3.5～8.0岁。8例三尖瓣损伤患儿中4例出现三尖瓣狭窄,其中2例严重狭窄者行外科手术治疗,术中见封堵器右室盘与三尖瓣腱索缠绕,予松开缠绕、取出封堵器并修补室间隔缺损;2例轻度狭窄者予随诊观察。8例中其余4例出现三尖瓣关闭不全,其中3例反流严重予外科手术治疗,术中见三尖瓣腱索断裂1例,腱索断裂并瓣膜撕裂1例,三尖瓣隔瓣腱索被封堵器牵拉1例。术中将断裂的腱索缝合,取出封堵器并修补室缺,合并三尖瓣撕裂者行三尖瓣整形。余1例三尖瓣隔瓣脱垂并轻至中度反流的病例予随诊。结果　5例外科手术治疗者中,4例三尖瓣功能恢复良好,1例三尖瓣血流速度稍增快。三尖瓣损伤不重未行外科处理的3例病例随诊1月至2年,三尖瓣病变无加重,患儿无明显临床症状。结论　经导管PMVSDS封堵术并发三尖瓣损伤有多方面原因。操作中应避免轨道钢丝穿过三尖瓣腱索,出现腱索与封堵器或输送钢缆缠绕时切勿使用暴力牵拉。三尖瓣损伤严重时应外科手术治疗。     

小儿经皮室间隔缺损封堵术后非阵发性 室性心动过速临床意义分析

目的　总结小儿经皮室间隔缺损（VSD）封堵术后非阵发性室性心动过速（AIVR）的发生情况,探讨其临床意义及可能的发生机制。方法　2002年10月至2011年5月,1179例VSD患儿在广东省心血管病研究所心儿科行经皮VSD封堵术（室缺封堵组）,术后检出AIVR 17例。在我院门诊进行动态心电图检查的1392例非介入治疗患儿（非介入组）以及在我院行房间隔缺损封堵术的患儿988例（房缺封堵组）作为对照。比较室缺封堵组与对照组间AIVR的检出情况。对室缺封堵组9例患儿进行治疗,并对17例患儿进行随访。结果　室缺封堵组术后动态心电图AIVR检出率高于非介入组,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）;次日常规心电图AIVR检出率高于房缺封堵组（P < 0.05）。室缺封堵组所有AIVR患儿封堵术后1个月动态心电图均无AIVR,随访中无不良事件发生,随访心电图无AIVR。结论　室缺封堵组封堵术后AIVR检出率高于对照组,其发生与VSD封堵有关。该病多无自觉症状,预后良好,可能无须治疗。     

经胸超声心动图在先天性心脏病封堵术中的应用价值

目的：探讨超声心动图在常见先天性心脏病封堵术中的应用价值。方法：本组先天性心脏病152例中,ASD77例、PDA21例及VSD54例,经胸或/和经食道超声心动图检查符合条件而行经导管以封堵器封堵术治疗。结果：152例中,除3例患者因双孔或单ASD最大伸展径较大（〉34mm）而放弃封堵外,余149例患者在超声指导下封堵成功,均无残余分流,成功率为98.03%（149/152）。结论：采用封堵器封堵治疗常见先天性心脏病时,超声心动图对于术前病例选择、术中指导监测、封堵器型号的选择以及术后疗效评价等,均有较大的临床价值。     

新生儿肌部室间隔缺损的自然转归

随着彩色多普勒超声技术的广泛应用,有关新生儿肌部室间隔缺损的发生率及自然转归的报道逐渐增多。本研究对在我院出生并生后听诊发现心脏杂音的新生儿实施心脏超声检查,对肌部室间隔缺损的发生率及自然转归进行调查。一、资料和方法1.一般资料:1996年1月至2006年1月在我院出生     

选择性输卵管造影术和导管术

选择性经阴道子宫输卵管造影术和输卵管再通术的应用使不孕症的诊断和治疗取得了突破性的进展。选择性经阴道输卵管造影术是先通过子宫腔将导管置放于输卵管口 ,注入造影剂显影 ,用于诊断输卵管痉挛和梗阻及两者的鉴别。输卵管再通是运用导管和导丝将近端梗阻的输卵管通开。输卵管再通术的成功率为 71%～ 92 % ,术后受孕率平均为 30 %左右。选择性经阴道子宫输卵管造影术和再通术的联合应用 ,改善了因输卵管梗阻所致不孕症患者的治疗。目前 ,学者正在探索将此导管技术用于输卵管绝育。现将此技术发展作一综述。     

新生儿双侧室间隔面积正常值及标化空间隔缺损分型

目的寻求适合新生儿室间隔缺损（简称室缺）的分型标准。方法建立摄像求积法,应用2000医学信号图象处理系统对74例非心脏病死亡的新生儿,10例成人心脏标本的双侧室间隔面积及高进行测量。以成人标准标化了新生儿室缺。结果获得两组新生儿室缺的标准。室缺直径标准：≤2kg组：小型空缺＜1．5mm,中型1．5～5．0mm,大型＞5．0mm;＞2kg组：小型室缺＜20mm,中型2.0～6.0mm,大型＞60mm。面积标准：≤2kg组小型室缺＜2.0mm2,中型2.0～20mm2,大型＞20mm2;＞2kg组：小室缺＜3．0mm2,中型3．0～30mm2,大型＞30mm2。结论本研究提出的室缺直径标准和面积标准适合我国新生儿。     

胎儿心脏超声对室间隔缺损的诊断价值

目的 探讨产前胎儿心脏超声检查对室间隔缺损(ventricular septal defect,VSD)的诊断价值及局限性. 方法 2009年1月1日至2010月10月31日,在复旦大学附属妇产科医院进行系统产前检查的孕妇于妊娠20～24周进行胎儿心脏超声检查,产后48 h新生儿接受心脏超声检查;引产终止妊娠者行胎儿尸体解剖以明确心脏畸形的诊断,共纳入孕妇4392例(1例双胎妊娠,胎儿4393例).计算产前超声对于VSD的检出率及漏诊率. 结果 (1)复杂性VSD检出情况:产前胎儿心脏超声检查共检出23例复杂性VSD,其中1例合并部分性心内膜垫缺损,但产后新生儿心脏超声未见异常,另22例均引产终止妊娠,引产胎儿尸体解剖证实产前诊断.(2)单纯性VSD检出情况:产前胎儿心脏超声检出16例单纯性VSD,其中15例产后新生儿心脏超声未见异常,另1例产后新生儿心脏超声证实为单纯性VSD.(3)检出率:产前胎儿心脏超声检查中未检出VSD的4354例胎儿中,产后新生儿心脏超声检出54例VSD,均为单纯性.产前检出产后证实的及产后诊断的VSD共77例,发生率为1.8％ (77/4393),单纯性VSD发生率为1.3％(55/4393),复杂性VSD发生率为0.5％(22/4393).产前胎儿心脏超声检查对于复杂性VSD的检出率为100.0％(22/22),漏诊率为0.0％(0/22),误诊率为0.2‰(1/4371).产前单纯性VSD的检出率为1.8％(1/55),漏诊率较高(98.2％,54/55),误诊率为3.5‰(15/4338). 结论 产前胎儿心脏超声检查对于合并有其他心脏结构异常的复杂性VSD的检出率及准确率高;而对于单纯性VSD,有较高的漏诊率及误诊率.     

小儿动脉导管未闭封堵术患者的护理

目的：总结封堵器介入治疗动脉导管未闭（PDA）患者的护理及预防并发症的方法。方法：对11例接受介入治疗的PDA患者进行回顾行分析,并针对各自的并发症实施相应护理。结果：11例患者介入治疗技术成功率100%。术中5例室早,表现为出血短阵室速的患者有4例患者,给予患者停止应用,患者的情况得到恢复,患者手术之后没有出现其他并发症,患者的恢复情况很好。结论：准确的术前决策,充分的术前准备,积极的术中、术后监护处理,对保证患者手术顺利、预防或减少并发症发生有重要意义。     

圆锥动脉干畸形室间隔缺损的三维超声定量研究

目的 探讨三维超声心动图(3DE)在圆锥动脉干畸形(CTD)室间隔缺损(VSD)定量研究中的准确性及其临床意义。 方法 2000年5月至2003年11月在上海儿童医学中心住院且二维超声心动图(2DE)、经胸3DE、心血管造影及手术等定量测量结果完整的CTD患儿共63例，将3DE测量结果与2DE、造影及手术测值对比。 结果 方差分析、SNK均数间两两比较及相关分析显示，3DE VSD长径测值为1.69cm(从右室面)和1.63cm(从左室面)，虽较手术测值(1.84cm)低估，但低估程度小于2DE测值(1.27cm)及造影测值(1.12cm)；3DE与手术测值的相关性(r=0.74)明显高于2DE(r=0.39)及造影测值(r=0.25)。3DE VSD短径测值与造影测值相接近，两者比较无统计学差异(P＞0.05)。3DE VSD短径测值与2DE及造影测值的相关性(r=0.45，r=0.54)高于3DE VSD长径测值与2DE及造影测值的相关性(r=0.37，r=0.44)。3DE VSD面积测值与手术测值呈良好相关(r=0.57)。 结论 3DE可作为CTD VSD定量分析的又一无创手段，能提供较2DE更准确的定量诊断。 Abstract Objective To evaluate the accuracy and clinical value of transthoracic three dimensional echocardiographic (3DE) quantitative analysis in ventricular septal defect (VSD) of conotruncal defects (CTD).Methods From May 2000 to November 2003 in Shanghai Children Medical Center,there were 63 inpatients of CTD with all quantitative findings measured by 3DE,two dimensional echocardiography (2DE),angiocardiography and surgical findings.Their measurements of VSD sizes and areas with 3DE were compared with those with 2DE,angiocardiography and surgical findings.Results From the analysis of variance,Student Newman Keuls (SNK) test and correlation analysis,the measurements of VSD long diameter (mean 1.69cm in en face view of ventricular septa from right ventricle and 1.63 cm in en face view of ventricular septa from left ventricle) with 3DE was less than the measurements of VSD diameter (mean 1.84 cm) with surgical findings,but they were better correlated with those with surgical findings (r=0.74) than the measurements of VSD diameter (mean 1.27 cm) with 2DE (r=0.39) and those (mean 1.12 cm) with angiocardiography (r=0.25).However,the measurements of VSD short diameter with 3DE was close to those with angiocardiography,and there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between them.The measurements of VSD short diameter with 3DE were better correlated with those with 2DE and angiocardiography than the measurements of VSD long diameter with 3DE.Meanwhile,the measurements of VSD area with 3DE were well correlated with the measurements of VSD diameter with surgical findings (r=0.57).Conclusion 3DE can provide more accurate quantitative diagnosis in CTD VSD than 2DE. Key words Conotruncal defects;Three dimensional echocardiography;Two dimensional echocardiography;Ventricular septal defect     

Atrial and ventricular septal defects - epidemiology and spontaneous closure.

OBJECTIVE: To present data on the epidemiology and spontaneous closure for septal defects (secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) and/or ventricular septal defect (VSD)). METHODS: Data from the EUROCAT Registry of Congenital Malformations for Funen County, Denmark were analyzed. All infants born from 1986 to 1998, diagnosed with a secundum ASD and/or a VSD as the only cardiac malformation, were included. RESULTS: There were 78 infants with an ASD, 195 with a VSD, and 19 had both an ASD and a VSD. The overall prevalence of septal defects was 4.1 per 1000 livebirths. Among the VSDs 45% were perimembranous and 55% were muscular defects. Associated non-cardiac malformations, syndromes, or karyotype anomalies were present in 54 cases (19% of total) but with a significantly lower proportion among cases with muscular VSDs (7%, p < 0.05). Eighty-one percent of the cases had an isolated cardiac malformation. Five of 61 cases (8%) with isolated ASD were closed surgically before five years of age and 43 (70%) closed spontaneously within the first five years of life. Of the 65 cases with isolated perimembranous VSDs, 13 were closed surgically (20%) and 13 closed spontaneously (20%). Of the 99 cases with isolated muscular VSDs no defects were closed by surgery and 64 (65%) closed spontaneously. The rate of spontaneous closure for perimembranous and muscular VSDs were significantly different (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Secundum ASD has a high rate of spontaneous closure. Perimembranous and muscular VSDs seem to be two different diseases with different epidemiology and natural history.     

Spontaneous closure of ventricular septal defects in the first year of life.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The recent increase in the prevalence of ventricular septal defect (VSD) has been ascribed to the improved detection of small defects with echocardiography and the wider use of screening. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and timing of spontaneous closure of specific types of VSD in neonates using echocardiographic screening and follow-up. METHODS: Two-dimensional color Doppler echocardiography was performed in 3,472 clinically normal full-term neonates born at Cathay General Hospital to detect isolated VSD. The relative prevalence of muscular versus perimembranous defects and their outcome in the first year of life were evaluated. RESULTS: VSD was found in 74 neonates (34 male, 40 female), resulting in a prevalence of 21.3/1,000 live births. There were 48 muscular, 25 perimembranous, and one subpulmonic defects. Of the 74 patients, 11 were lost to follow-up. Within the observation period of 12 months, spontaneous closure occurred in 40 patients in the muscular group and in six patients in the perimembranous group. The overall rate of spontaneous closure was 73% by the end of the first year. Only five patients with perimembranous defects received digoxin therapy. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of VSD in this series of neonates was 21.3/1,000 live births. The most common location of VSD in the neonatal period was in the region of the muscular septum. Muscular defects were more likely to close spontaneously than perimembranous defects. Most muscular defects underwent spontaneous closure during the 12-month follow-up period.     

经胸超声心动图在继发孔型房间隔缺损介入治疗中的作用

目的研究经胸超声心动图(TTE)在继发孔型房间隔缺损(ASD)介入治疗的病例筛选及封堵器选择方面的应用价值。 方法回顾分析2002-03—2006-03于山东大学山东省立医院小儿心脏科行介入治疗的54例继发孔型ASD患儿，统计其术前TTE所测的ASD的形态、大 小、边缘情况等，对术前TTE测得的ASD最大径、X线测得的球囊腰径及TTE测得的球囊径分别与所用封堵器型号大小进行统计学分析比较，并进 行TTE测得的ASD最大径与封堵器型号大小的相关性分析，计算回归方程。 结果54例均成功封堵，手术时间20~145(57.64±24.89)min，曝光时间3.1~31.5(9.22±7.41)min，住院天数3~10(5.74±1.72)d。其中有15例患 儿存在ASD单一边缘不够标准，均封堵成功。术前TTE测得的ASD最大径［4~33mm,(16.31±7.34)mm］、术中X线测球囊腰径［6.7~28mm,(19.80± 7.24)mm］及TTE测球囊径［9.6~24.8mm,(19.92±6.38)mm］与封堵器大小［5~36mm,(18.85±7.89)mm］差异均无显著性意义(P>0.05)。且术前 TTE测得的ASD最大径与封堵器型号有良好的线性相关(r=0.945，P<0.05)，计算回归方程为：封堵器型号=1.015×(TTE测得的ASD最大径)+2.3mm 。 结论TTE的应用，使ASD介入治疗病例的筛选得到了保证。作为一种无创性影像学诊断方法，对ASD封堵器选择的评估有重要的应用价值。     

彩色多普勒超声心动图在房间隔缺损和室间隔缺损介入治疗中的应用

目的探讨经胸超声心动图(TTE)及实时三维超声心动图在房间隔缺损(ASD)、室间隔缺损(VSD)封堵术中的临床应用价值。 方法应用二维及三维超声心动图对2004 10—2005 10在天津市儿童医院就诊的24例继发孔ASD，10例VSD进行术前检查筛选，术中超声引导及术后随访检查。 结果24例ASD患儿术前经TTE检测ASD直径(15.6±7.9)mm(5~26mm)，所选Mmplatzer封堵器直径为(19.1±5.1)mm(5~32mm)，23例封堵成功。室间隔膜部缺损直径：左室面缺损为5~9mm，右室侧口的直径为2.4~6.0mm，术中选择Amplatzer封堵器型号为4~6mm，10例VSD无残余分流。 结论二维及三维TTE联合应用于ASD、VSD介入治疗具有很好的应用价值。     

Maternal and child health after assisted vaginal delivery: five-year follow up of a randomised controlled study comparing forceps and ventouse.

OBJECTIVE: To undertake a five year follow up of a cohort of women and children delivered by forceps or vacuum extractor in a randomised controlled study. DESIGN: Follow up of a randomised controlled trial. SETTING: District general hospital in the West Midlands. POPULATION: Follow up questionnaires were sent to 306 of the 313 women originally recruited at the North Staffordshire Hospital to a randomised controlled study comparing forceps and vacuum extractor for assisted delivery. Two hundred and twenty-eight women responded (74.5%) and all were included in the study; forceps (n = 115) and vacuum extractor (n = 113). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Bowel and urinary dysfunction, child vision assessment, and child development. RESULTS: Maternal adverse symptoms at long term follow up were relatively common. Urinary incontinence of various severity was reported by 47%, bowel habit urgency was reported by 44% (98/225), and loss of bowel control 'sometimes' or 'frequently' by 20% of women (46/226). No significant differences between instruments were found in terms of either bowel or urinary dysfunction. Overall, 13% (20/158) of children were noted to have visual problems. There was no significant difference in visual function between the two groups: ventouse 11/86 (12.8%), compared with forceps 9/72 (12.5%); odds ratio 0.97, 95% CI 0.38-2.50. Of the 20 children with visual problems, a family history was known in 18, and 17/18 (94%) had a positive family history for visual problems. No significant differences in child development were found between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: There is no evidence to suggest that at five years after delivery use of the ventouse or forceps has specific maternal or child benefits or side effects.