正常人群血铅水平的研究

本文对绍兴市正常人群的血铅水平作了研究，在严格的质控条件下选取１０１例正常人作为研究对象，研究结果，正常人群的血铅呈对数正态分布，其几何平均值为０．４０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，与上海市中学教师水平（０．４０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）相似，高于全国中学教师血铅水平（０．３２μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）。     

深圳市龙岗区无偿献血职业人群中血镉血铅含量调查

目的：了解龙岗区无偿献血者中有接触镉、铅等有毒重金属的人群血铅、血镉的含量。方法：选取2002-2004年无偿献血者血样，采用原子吸收法检测血铅、血镉含量。结果：部分接触镉、铅因素的人群中血液重金属（血镉、血铅）超出生物限值（下简称超值），与非接触的无偿献血者有显著性差异。血镉、血铅的含量与年龄无关，与接触有毒重金属的工龄、从事的工种或岗位有关。结论：加强有毒有害职业因素企业的经常性卫生监督十分重要，职业人群的无偿献血者血液中重金属含量值得关注，对接触有毒重金属的无偿献血者进行献血前的咨询并进行筛查非常必要。     

成都市正常人群麻疹抗体水平调查

目的：了解成都市正常人群麻疹抗体水平，为有针对性地开展麻疹的科学防治提供依据。方法：采用分层随机抽样方法，于2003年对成都市4个年龄组正常人群进行麻疹抗体水平检测。结果：人群麻疹IgG抗体水平比较高，但随着年龄的增长其阳性率和GMT呈下降趋势。结论：该市应加强麻疹免疫接种工作，同时在成人中开展麻疹疫苗接种工作。     

贵阳市非职业性接触人群血铅镉含量水平调查

对贵阳市１９４名非职业性接触人群进行了血铅、血镉测定，其范围及均值分别为，血铅：１８．０～１９３．０μｇ／Ｌ、７０．６μｇ／Ｌ；血镉：０．３０～１０．９０μｇ／Ｌ、１．３９μｇ／Ｌ。在调查人群具有代表性、数据准确的基础上，提出贵阳市非职业性接触人群血铅、血镉的正常值上界，即血铅１７０．０μｇ／Ｌ、血镉５．９０μｇ／Ｌ。     

深圳市龙岗区农民工无偿献血者血铅、血镉的检测分析

目的了解龙岗区接触镉、铅等有毒重金属农民工无偿献血者血镉和铅的含量,为提出干预措施提供依据。方法选取2006—2007年该区农民工无偿献血者血样,采用原子吸收法检测血铅、血镉含量,并进行分析。结果接触铅的献血者血样超标率高于非接触者,其超标率分别为3.85%、1.47%;接触镉的献血者血样超标率高于非接触者,其超标率分别为3.5%、0.87%。结论接触铅、镉的农民工无偿献血者的血液影响供血质量,应采取干预措施。     

儿童1490例血铅、血镉水平分析

[目的]了解门诊儿童血铅及血镉水平,为防治血铅,血镉水平过高提供参考依据.[方法]用钨舟原子吸收光谱法,对东莞市1490例门诊儿童进行血铅、血镉测定.[结果]血铅水平为(0.36±0.20)μmol/L,铅中毒的检出率为23.56%;血镉水平为(2.24±2.50)μg/L,镉中毒的检出率为6.64%.[结论]东莞市城区铅、镉污染较严重,特别是镉的污染,应引起各方的重视.     

吕梁地区正常人群白喉免疫水平调查

本文对我区２８２名正常人群进行白喉抗体水平调查，结果：白喉抗毒素达保护水平占５９．９３％，ＧＭＴ为０．０２５Ｉｕ／ｍｌ；其中兴县白抗毒素达保护水平占７３．４１％，ＧＭＴ为０．０３６１ｕ／ｍｌ，汾阳市白喉抗毒素达保护水平占３８．５３％，ＧＭＴ为０．０１４１ｕ／ｍｌ，两县间抗体水平有非常显著差异；各年龄组间白喉抗体水平以小年龄组为高，达保护水平者分别占６５．８２％、６７．３５％，ＧＭＴ分别为０．０４５     

淄川区正常人群戊肝抗体水平调查

戊型肝炎属肠道传染病,在第三世界国家流行广泛。为了解我区戊型肝炎的发病流行特征及发展趋势,制定预防和控制戊型肝炎防治对策提供资料和科学依据,我们对我区的部分正常人群进行了HEV(戊型肝炎病毒)抗体水平的血清流行病学调查,现将结果报告如下。     

正常人群白喉免疫水平调查分析

通山县自1967年正式开展在易感人群中进行有计划地使用百白破三联菌苗及吸附精制白喉类毒素等制品的预防接种以来,白喉的发病率已有显著下降。1983年以后全县又实施了冷链,计划免疫制品的接种工作由以往的每年冬季1次转入每2月1次。为了考核预防接种工作质量和正常人群对白喉的免疫水平,于2001年6月在城乡开展了正常人群的白喉免疫水平调查。     

Risk factors for high blood lead levels among the general populationin Taiwan

Purpose: Environmental and occupational lead pollution is a common problem in both developing and industrialized countries. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the risk factors for high blood lead levels among the general population in Taiwan. Methods: After multi-stage sampling, we randomly selected 2803 subjects (1471 males and 1332 females) for this study. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the risk of high blood lead. To control for differences in age and gender, all analyses were with age-adjusted and gender-stratified. Results: Among males, the mean age is 46 years (15 to 85 years), mean and median blood lead levels is 7.3 and 6.3g/dl, respectively. Among females, the mean age is 43 years (15 to 84 years), mean and median blood lead level is 5.7 and 4.8g/dl, respectively. Among males, the history of herbal drug use, drinking water from well or spring sources, and occupational lead exposure are significantly different between relatively high and normal blood lead level subjects. The history of occupational lead exposure, history of herbal drug use, and well or spring sources of drinking water are the major risk factors for high blood lead with odds ratio of 4.62 (95% CI: 2.82–7.55), 3.09 (95% CI: 1.60–5.97), 2.06 (95% CI: 1.13–3.76), and 2.37 (95% CI: 1.39–4.04), respectively. Among females, these characteristics remain important except the sources of drinking water. The history of herbal drug use and occupational lead exposure become the major risk factors for high blood lead with odds ratio of 2.94 (95% CI: 1.26–6.88) and 7.72 (95% CI: 3.51–16.99), respectively. In multivariate logistic regression analyses, we find that the risk factors for high blood lead in both genders include a history of herbal drug use and occupational lead exposure. Among males, the drinking water sources and factories in the neighboring areas are also significant factors for high blood lead. Conclusions: For the goal of reducing prevalence of high blood lead by the year 2000, the improvement and monitoring of the working environment, the careful attention to herbal drug use and the lead-free drinking water sources should be executed as thoroughly as possible to reduce the probability of lead pollution.     

Examining the association between blood manganese and lead levels in schoolchildren in four selected regions of South Africa

This study assessed the possibility of relationship between manganese and lead levels in blood in schoolchildren residing in different geographical regions of South Africa. A cross-sectional survey was carried out in schools of three cities: Cape Town (11 schools), Johannesburg (10 schools), Kimberley (six schools) and in the Northern Cape in three rural sites (four schools). A total of 1282 venous blood samples were collected from grade one children. The relationships between blood manganese and blood lead levels (treating each in turn as the response variable in order to adjust for the effect of confounding variables) were investigated by fitting mixed models. Mixed models were fitted with natural log (manganese concentration) as the response variable, and blood lead level as the principal explanatory factor. The model also included terms for centre and a centre by lead interaction and examined potential confounders. The important confounders were found to be gender, race and whether there was paint peeling from the outside walls. There was a significant centre by lead interaction (P<0.0001) with the effect of lead on ln(Mn) being different in the various centres. Mixed models fitted with blood lead level as the response variable and blood manganese as the principal explanatory factor, with terms for centre, a centre by manganese interaction and potential confounders, again found overwhelming evidence (P<0.0001) of a centre by manganese interaction. The study found great variability in both blood lead and manganese levels, both within and between sites, and there was not a consistent relationship between the two metals in the four sites.     

Lead concentrations in blood among the general population of Korea

The purpose of this survey was to obtain information on the overall blood lead concentrations of the Korean population due to environmental exposure. Five hundred and twenty-five Korean adults from four provinces who had no previous occupational exposure to lead were chosen by random sampling to represent the general (normal) population. Blood lead determinations were performed by atomic absorption spectrometry with a graphite furnace. Interlaboratory quality control for analysis of blood lead was carried out in seven laboratories in Korea and Europe. The geometric mean were 6.36 g/dl for males and 5.09 g/dl for females. There was no correlation between blood lead concentration and age. The mean concentration of blood lead in smokers was higher than that in nonsmokers (P < 0.0005). The mean blood lead concentration in male nonsmokers was higher than that in female nonsmokers (P < 0.0005). Differences in mean blood lead values according to residential area were observed, and this result showed good agreement with the results of ambient monitoring.     

Exposure sources and reasons for testing among women with low blood lead levels

Previous research has focused on highly elevated blood lead (PbB). This study examined reasons for testing and potential sources of exposure among women with PbBs less than 0.72 μmol/l (15 μg/dl). A questionnaire was mailed to 18- to 49-year-old women in upstate New York, USA, who were PbB tested in 2007. The most common testing reason was pregnancy among 125 women who returned the questionnaire. Among women tested for PbB during pregnancy, doctors ordered approximately 80% of tests regardless of lead level. Few women with PbBs less than 0.24 μmol/l (5 μg/dl) reported a potential source of lead exposure. However, among women with PbBs of 0.24-0.71 μmol/L (5-14.9 μg/dl), 29.2% had a job and 21.2% had a hobby with potential lead exposure. There are systematic differences in reasons for testing and exposure sources among women with PbBs less than 0.72 μmol/l and these differences have implications for screening.     

Associations of toenail arsenic, cadmium, mercury, manganese, and lead with blood pressure in the normative aging study

Background: Arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead are associated with cardiovascular disease in epidemiologic research. These associations may be mediated by direct effects of the metals on blood pressure (BP) elevation. Manganese is associated with cardiovascular dysfunction and hypotension in occupational cohorts.Objectives: We hypothesized that chronic arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead exposures elevate BP and that manganese lowers BP.Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of associations between toenail metals and BP among older men from the Normative Aging Study (n = 639), using linear regression and adjusting for potential confounders.Results: An interquartile range increase in toenail arsenic was associated with higher systolic BP [0.93 mmHg; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.25, 1.62] and pulse pressure (0.76 mmHg; 95% CI: 0.22, 1.30). Positive associations between arsenic and BP and negative associations between manganese and BP were strengthened in models adjusted for other toenail metals.Conclusions: Our findings suggest associations between BP and arsenic and manganese. This may be of public health importance because of prevalence of both metal exposure and cardiovascular disease. Results should be interpreted cautiously given potential limitations of toenails as biomarkers of metal exposure.     

Blood lead levels in the adult Victorian population: results from the Victorian Health Monitor

Objective : To estimate blood lead levels (BLLs) in the adult Victorian population and compare the distribution of BLLs with the current national reference level to better inform public health prevention and management of lead toxicity. Methods : Population‐based cross‐sectional health measurement survey of 50 randomly selected Census Collection Districts (CDs) throughout Victoria. The Victorian Health Monitor (VHM) was conducted over 12 months from May 2009 to April 2010. One eligible person (aged 18–75 years) from each household selected within each CD was randomly selected to participate. Persons with an intellectual disability and pregnant women were excluded from the sampling frame. BLLs were obtained from 3,622 of the 3,653 (99%) VHM participants. Results : The geometric mean and median BLLs from the adult sample were 0.070 μmol/L (95%CI, 0.068–0.073) and 0.05 μmol/L (range: 0.05 to 1.22 μmol/L), respectively. Elevated BLLs (≥0.483 μmol/L or ≥10 μg/dL) were identified in 19 participants (0.7%; 95%CI, 0.3–1.6). Additionally, 86 participants (1.8%; 95%CI, 1.3–2.4) were identified with BLLs between 0.242 and <0.483 μmol/L (5 to <10 μg/dL). The geometric mean BLL was significantly higher for males, compared with females (0.077 μmol/L vs 0.064 μmol/L; p<0.001). BLLs increased significantly with age for both sexes. Conclusions : The first population estimates of BLLs in Victorian adults indicate the average adult BLL to be well below the current national reference level. However, some groups of the population have BLLs at which adverse effects may occur. Implications : The results provide baseline estimates for future population health surveillance and comparison with studies of at‐risk groups.     

婴幼儿血铅水平与出生前后铅暴露关系的队列研究

[目的]了解婴幼儿血铅水平与出生前后铅暴露的关系,为防治和减轻铅暴露对婴幼儿的不利影响提供科学依据。[方法]采用前瞻性队列研究的方法,在环境铅污染区建立新婚夫妇研究队列,分别在女方怀孕前、孕中期、分娩时以及子代婴幼儿期采集血样,并用石墨炉原子吸收法测定血铅水平;纵向分析出生前后铅暴露对婴幼儿血铅水平的影响。[结果]基线血铅明显高于孕中血铅和脐带血铅,且孕中血铅、脐带血铅与基线血铅高度相关(P<0.01);婴幼儿血铅要明显高于母亲基线血铅、孕中血铅和脐带血铅(P<0.01),且婴幼儿血铅与母亲基线血和脐带血血铅均呈正相关,但差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。[结论]婴幼儿血铅水平与出生前宫内暴露和出生后环境暴露均有关,但与后者关系可能更密切。     

Blood lead levels in the Kinshasa population: a pilot study

Objective

Leaded gasoline and lead paints are still in use in the Democratic Republic of Congo but data on blood lead levels in the general population are not available. We evaluated the Pb impregnation in children and adults (0 - 70 years old) in Kinshasa.

Methods

Blood lead was measured by atomic absorption in a sample of 485 healthy people (268 men and 217 women) living in Kinshasa between May 2003 and June 2004.

Results

Geometric mean blood lead was 120 µg/L (95% CI: 115-125), with a higher concentration in men than in women (127 vs 114 µg/L, p = 0.01). Sixty-three percent of children aged less than 6 years old presented blood lead levels above the 100 µg threshold. In the adult population, occupations with a potential risk of exposure to gasoline (car mechanics or garage owners, taxi drivers, conveyors and gas pump attendants) were associated with an extra blood lead of about 65µg/L.

Conclusion

This study indicates a relatively important Pb impregnation of the Kinshasa population. It demonstrates the existence of a major public health issue requiring corrective actions and the implementation of an appropriate regulation.

     

Impact of lead transport on children's blood and environmental lead levels

Introduction: A lead monitoring project was established in 1996 to monitor the environmental and health effects of lead being transported through a remote town in tarpaulin‐covered trucks. Methods: Dust samples from sites on the transport route were collected at 3–6 monthly intervals between 1996 and 1999. Annual blood lead testing clinics, offering voluntary testing to children, were conducted from 1997 to 1999. Results: Of the 55 dust samples analysed, only nine contained particles of lead concentrate and these were present at very low levels. During the project 167 children were tested. The geometic mean of blood lead levels in 1997, 1998 and 1999 were 4.5 μg/dL, 5.0 μg/dL and 5.1 μg/dL, respectively (all within the normal range). Residence on the transport route was not associated with higher lead levels (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Lead transport was not associated with any detectable environmental contamination or increase in children's blood lead levels.     

湖北三个不同空气污染地区孕妇血铅、乳铅的动态观察

在严格质量控制条件下,对湖北省的繁华城区（武汉市）、矿区（大冶）及乡村（宜都）３个不同空气污染地区非职业铅接触的１０５名非孕妇女血铅和９６名孕妇血铅和乳铅含量进行了追踪调查。结果乡村非孕妇女的血铅水平低于城区和矿区,但城区乳铅水平及孕末期血铅水平低于矿区及乡村。对这种差别的影响因素进行了讨论。结论认为,乡村妇女铅暴露水平低于城市和工矿区,但不可忽视极低浓度的铅污染对孕妇存在的潜在危害。