Post-survey follow-up for human cystic echinococcosis in northwest China

In Hobukesar, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, (China), a mass-screening programme for human cystic echinococcosis (CE)was performed during 1995 and 1996. After the survey 51 cases were followed-up using ultrasound scan and serology for 1-8 years(1996-2003). These included 20 CE cases treated by surgery (endocystectomy), four CE cases treated by percutaneous drainage(PAIR), six untreated CE cases, five ultrasound 'query' cases, eight cases of isolated hepatic calcifications, four previous CE surgery cases whose ultrasound was now normal, and four seropositive cases who exhibited a normal hepatic ultrasound. Follow-up results indicated that in the untreated CE patients, one case exhibited a spontaneous cure within 4 years, another case changed from a hepatic hydatid cyst that contained a floating laminated membrane (type CE3) to a cyst that contained daughter cysts (type CE2)within 1 year of follow-up. In the 20 surgically treated cases, two recurrent CE cases occurred within 4 years, and five cases had had residual cavities for more than 4 or 8 years. Of the 4 PAIR treated cases, two recurrent cases of CE occurred within 4 or 8 years of follow-up. Serological follow-up data showed that specific IgG antibody levels were persistently positive in most CE cases, but exhibited a decreasing tendency in cases that were effectively treated by surgery; In contrast, serum IgG levels in the PAIR group or in the recurrent CE cases after surgery exhibited an increasing tendency. At least one persistent seropositive case with an isolated hepatic calcification was considered to be abortive CE.     

青海省南部高原藏族儿童泡型包虫病流行现状分析

目的调查青海藏区高原的藏族儿童泡型包虫病的流行情况。方法采用影像学和血清学方法对玉树州、果洛州在校小学生开展泡型包虫病流行情况调查。结果 B超共调查儿童19 629人,泡型包虫病总患病率为1.13%(221例);血清学调查9 888人,总阳性率为12.59%(190例)。玉树州和果洛州儿童泡型包虫病总患病率分别为0.42%(31/7454)、1.57%(190/12 175),差异有统计学意义(χ~2=53.42,P0.005);血清学阳性率分别为4.26%(302/7081)、18.56%(1 835/9 888),差异有统计学意义(χ~2=765.77,P0.005)。儿童患病率最高的3个县为果洛州的达日县4.31%(106/2461)、班玛县1.92%(26/1 351)和玉树州的称多县1.11%(18/1 612)。男童和女童泡型包虫病总患病率分别为0.91%(91/9 954)、1.34%(130/12 175),差异有统计学意义(χ~2=7.35,P0.005);男童和女童血清学总阳性率为12.10%(1 037/8 568)、13.09%(1 100/8 406),差异无统计学意义(χ~2=3.63,P0.05)。不同年龄组间儿童患病率差异无统计学意义(χ~2=2.73,P0.05)。泡型包虫病患者P1a型占67.76%(145/214),P1b型占10.75%(23/214)、P2型占16.36%(35/214)。患者病灶直径5cm者占87.38%(187/214),10 cm者仅占2.80%(6/214)。结论青海南部藏区高原儿童存在泡型包虫病的严重流行,但多数患者为泡型包虫病早期,应加大儿童泡型包虫病的筛查力度,及早进行诊断和治疗。     

Survey on cystic echinococcosis in Tibetans,West China

Human cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a serious public health problem in West China. The Tibetan has a nature relation with these definitive and intermediate hosts in West China. Although Tibet is CE endemic, a few community studies have been reported. Eight hundred and eighty two Tibetans residing in the three rural communes of Tianzhu County, Gansu province of West China were investigated by serology and ultrasound scanning. 11.2% serum antibody positive rate in ELISA test was found out, and a 12.1% ultrasound rate of hepatic CE was found in the sero-positive population. Seropositivity rates varied for communes between 7.6 and 13.7%. Overall, females had a significantly greater risk of infection than males-ratio was about 2:1. The local behaviors were investigated and showed that family dog and grazing could not effect the infectious rates, but the number of sheep owned a family had a positive correlation with the infection rates. The infectious rate of hunting population was significantly higher than that of no-hunting population. The educated level of Tibetans in school had no effect on the infected rates.     

我国非青藏高原流行区囊型棘球蚴病聚类分析

目的 目的 对我国非青藏高原流行区囊型棘球蚴病以县 （市、 区、 旗） 为单位, 进行综合评判并分类, 了解该地区囊型 棘球蚴病的流行特点及规律, 为提出针对性的预防控制措施提供依据。 方法 方法 根据2012年全国包虫病流行情况调查数 据库中174个非青藏高原县 （市、 区、 旗） 囊型棘球蚴病调查资料, 综合人群患病率、 家畜感染率、 犬棘球绦虫粪抗原阳性率 等指标, 采用样本聚类法进行分析。 结果 结果 174个囊型棘球蚴病非青藏高原县 （市、 区、 旗） 可分为4类主要的空间分布区 域。其中第一类区域包括3县, 其人群患病率高, 家畜感染率低, 犬棘球绦虫粪抗原阳性率低; 第二类区域包括20县 （市、 区）, 其人群患病率低, 家畜感染率高, 犬棘球绦虫粪抗原阳性率低; 第三类区域包括39县 （市、 区、 旗）, 其人群患病率低, 家 畜感染率低, 犬棘球绦虫粪抗原阳性率高, 第四类区域包括112县, 以上3个指标值均较低。 结论 结论 聚类结果与我国囊型 棘球蚴病非青藏高原地区流行区情况相符, 4类地区的流行特点及地理分布可为该区域棘球蚴病防治工作的分类管理与 指导提供依据。     

A hospital-based retrospective survey of human cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, PR China

A retrospective study of in-patient records for the period 1985-2001 collected from 11 hospitals in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (NHAR), China revealed a total of 2216 cases of echinococcosis. The survey showed that cystic echinococcosis (CE) occurs throughout NHAR but that human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) cases were only located in a confluence area of three counties, Xiji, Haiyuan and Guyuan. Incidence rates between counties within southern NHAR showed a highly heterogeneous distribution of cases, suggestive of different echinococcal transmission patterns. There was a significant difference in incidence between males and females, and farm labourers accounted for the majority of cases. Radical surgery with or without albendazole/mebendazole drug treatment was the major method of treatment for CE and repeat surgery was common; drug treatment alone was used mainly for AE. Epigastric pain was the main reason for patients seeking medical advice, the liver was the primary location of echinococcosis lesions and the majority of echinococcosis cases were diagnosed by ultrasound. Over a 12 year period, the average bed utilization rate in the Second Provincial Hospital of NHAR for patients with echinococcosis was 78% and echinococcosis cases accounted, on average, for 0.7% among the total hospital in-patients. Taking inflation into account, charges for echinococcosis hospitalization and treatment increased three-fold over the period 1994-2002. This study indicates that echinococcosisis is a significant public health problem in NHAR, especially in the south. The data from the hospital retrospective study are clearly underestimates and community surveys are required to determine the true echinococcosis prevalence levels, especially in the more remote areas of NHAR.     

Expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans

The earlier recommendations of the WHO-Informal Working Group on Echinococcosis (WHO-IWGE) for the treatment of human echinococcosis have had considerable impact in different settings worldwide, but the last major revision was published more than 10 years ago. Advances in classification and treatment of echinococcosis prompted experts from different continents to review the current literature, discuss recent achievements and provide a consensus on diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Among the recognized species, two are of medical importance - Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis - causing cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE), respectively.For CE, consensus has been obtained on an image-based, stage-specific approach, which is helpful for choosing one of the following options: (1) percutaneous treatment, (2) surgery, (3) anti-infective drug treatment or (4) watch and wait. Clinical decision-making depends also on setting-specific aspects. The usage of an imaging-based classification system is highly recommended.For AE, early diagnosis and radical (tumour-like) surgery followed by anti-infective prophylaxis with albendazole remains one of the key elements. However, most patients with AE are diagnosed at a later stage, when radical surgery (distance of larval to liver tissue of >2 cm) cannot be achieved. The backbone of AE treatment remains the continuous medical treatment with albendazole, and if necessary, individualized interventional measures. With this approach, the prognosis can be improved for the majority of patients with AE.The consensus of experts under the aegis of the WHO-IWGE will help promote studies that provide missing evidence to be included in the next update.     

Fenced pasture: a possible risk factor for human alveolar echinococcosis in Tibetan pastoralist communities of Sichuan, China

Alveolar echinococcosis, infection caused by the parasitic helminth Echinococcus multilocularis, is a zoonosis strongly linked to climatic and ecological factors. Cross-sectional survey data were used to test a hypothesis that partial fencing of pastures could promote alveolar echinococcosis transmission in semi-nomadic pastoral communities of the Tibetan plateau, PR China. Using multiple stepwise logistic regression with consideration of factors of age and gender, it was shown that partial fencing around the settlements in winter pasture was significantly and independently associated with the risk of human alveolar echinococcosis in the surveyed villages (P=0.021). The underlying reason may lie in overgrazing, an assumed cause of population outbreaks of small mammal intermediate hosts of the parasite on the Tibetan plateau. Overgrazing may have been exacerbated by the reduction of communal pastures nearby the settlements due to introduction of partial fencing around group tenure pastures acquired by Tibetan pastoralist families.     

Performance characteristics and quality control of community based ultrasound surveys for cystic and alveolar echinococcosis

The probability of disease given the results of a test, is called the predictive value of the test. The predictive value of a test is not a property of the test itself but will vary according to the prevalence of the disease in the studied population. The positive predictive value (PPV) is the probability that the subject tested has the disease given that a positive result is obtained. The negative predictive value (NPV) is the probability that the subject tested is normal given that a negative result is obtained. As the prevalence of a disease in a population approaches zero so does the PPV and most of the positive cases will be 'false positives'. Conversely the NPV will be very high at low prevalences and there will be few 'false negative' results. The sensitivity and specificity of a test are properties of the test and do not vary with prevalence. The higher the sensitivity and specificity of a particular test the greater the predictive values will be at any given prevalence of the disease. Ultrasound (US) is increasingly used for detecting lesions due to cystic and alveolar echinococcosis (CE and AE) and portable US scanners facilitate community based mass screening surveys in remote rural communities. Screening is justified with AE and CE in endemic areas as diagnosis at an early stage can lead to a better prognosis following treatment. The sensitivity and specificity of US has been reported to be between 88-98% and 95-100% respectively for CE and the sensitivity is a little higher for AE. Both species have pathognomonic signs on US and the technique is considered to be the 'gold standard' although it is still an imperfect test. Clinical, laboratory and epidemiological data also play an important role in the diagnosis of CE and AE. US results where possible, should be evaluated in relation to these findings. Suspected CE and AE images, may benefit from the use of other imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging, computerised tomography and in the case of AE angiography or cholangiography. Immunological tests or molecular biological techniques also provide a useful back up, especially for AE. As sensitivity and specificity are properties of the US diagnostic test they should not vary if the case mix reported in different studies remains the same. The use of the WHO standardised US classifications for CE and AE should be used so that the properties of the test are standardised. Quality control of field based studies will depend on geographical variations in the case mix and the relative proportions of cyst types without pathognomonic signs. The latter will have the most bearing on variations in specificity, as would the use of different classifications. Inter- and intra-observer variability and differences in prevalence will affect the performance of US in different endemic settings. Community based surveys must adhere to the highest ethical standards and the outcome of surveys should result in appropriate treatment and follow-up strategies for all infected individuals and suspected cases found during the surveys.     

A correlative study of ultrasound with serology in an area in China co-endemic for human alveolar and cystic echinococcosis

We correlated ultrasound (US) imaging classifications for human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE) with serology (ELISA and immunoblotting (IB) incorporating native and recombinant/purified echinococcal antigens) in community surveys (2001-2003) and follow-up (2002 and 2003) of US-confirmed cases in Ningxia, China. One hundred and seventy-one cases (96 with AE, 75 with CE) were identified; of these, US classification and serological data were obtained for 142 and 112 cases, respectively. Seropositive-rates increased in CE patients with highly viable unilocular cyst lesions (Types CL, CE 1 or CE 2) to degenerating primary lesions (CE 3), but then decreased in subjects with inactive (CE 4) or dead (CE 5) cysts. In contrast, there was a constant increase in seropositivity from the early (P1, P2) to the advanced stages (P3, P4) with AE cases. For US-confirmed cases, follow-up by US combined with serology is invaluable for studying the clinical progression of echinococcosis and for detecting recurrent cysts or reinfection post-treatment.     

藏区人群细粒棘球蚴病患病影响因素的病例对照研究

目的 了解藏区人群细粒棘球蚴病患病的影响因素,为制定相关的防治策略提供依据。 方法 于2017年8-9月,在环境、海拔相似的西藏那曲县和四川石渠县共选择4个细粒棘球蚴病患病率较高的乡,采用1∶1病例对照的研究方法,通过入户问卷方式调查影响当地人群患细粒棘球蚴病的相关因素并进行统计分析。 结果 共调查了378人,病例组和对照组各189人。单因素分析发现,养狗年数（OR = 1.032,P < 0.05）、养狗数量（OR = 1.260, P < 0.05）、养狗方式（OR = 1.434,P < 0.05）、是否喂狗内脏（OR = 1.531,P < 0.05）、周围是否有流浪狗（OR = 1.946, P < 0.05）是患细粒棘球蚴病的危险因素。多因素分析中,是否喂狗内脏、周围是否有流浪狗、饮水来源等3个变量纳入了多因素回归模型。 结论 喂狗内脏、周围有流浪狗、饮用河水均是人群患棘球蚴病的危险因素。     

A community-based study to examine the epidemiology of human cystic echinococcosis in Rio Negro Province,Argentina

Although cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an important public health problem in Rio Negro Province, current epidemiological data for CE, in this region of Argentina, are not available. Therefore, a community-based study, which incorporated diagnostic imaging and a questionnaire, was conducted in Ingeniero Jacobacci, a small town in southern Rio Negro Province. This study sought to assess the prevalence of human CE, in the study population, and to evaluate epidemiologic factors associated with CE transmission within the study area. Of the 560 individuals who volunteered to participate in the study, 189 (34%) were children and 371 (66%) were adults. All study participants were screened for CE using abdominal ultrasound scanning, with CE-positive or suspect individuals also receiving thoracic radiographs. The overall prevalence of CE was 7.1% (40/560), with 1.6% (3/189) of children, and 10% (37/371) of adults diagnosed as CE-positive. Although 92.5% (37/40) of the CE-positive individuals had only hepatic lesions, two participants had both hepatic and pulmonary lesions, and one participant had a single renal lesion. Approximately 92% (340/371) of the adult study participants completed the questionnaire, which was used to identify factors associated with an increased risk for human infection. Age, level of education, dog ownership, and contact with sheep were found to be significantly associated with CE status. This study demonstrated that CE continues to be highly endemic in this region of Rio Negro Province, Argentina. In addition, community-based ultrasound screening surveys are a noninvasive, effective approach to case detection at the community level.     

2016—2020年青藏高原东部地区棘球蚴病空间聚集性分析

目的 探索2016—2020年青藏高原东部地区棘球蚴病的空间分布特征,为棘球蚴病防治策略制定提供科学依据。方法 通过全国传染病监测报告数据库收集2016—2020年青海省玉树州、果洛州和四川省甘孜州、阿坝州的棘球蚴病发病数据,对发病率进行全局空间自相关分析、局部空间自相关分析和热点分析。结果 2016—2020年青藏高原东部地区平均年发病率为0.032%,发病率随时间呈下降趋势(χ²=802.991,P<0.05)。全局空间自相关分析显示,2016—2018年全局Moran′s I值分别为0.005、0.088、-0.046(Z=0.281、1.196、-0.046,P均>0.05),2019、2020年全局Moran′s I值为0.179、0.166(Z=2.273、2.316,P均<0.05)。局部空间自相关分析显示,2019—2020年青藏高原东部地区棘球蚴病发病率呈一定聚集趋势,存在“高-高”“高-低”和“低-高”聚集区域。局部Getis-Ord Gi~*热点分析结果显示,2019年棘球蚴病发病率热点区域位于青海省治多县、杂多县、玉树市,...     

A province-based study using sampling method to investigate the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis among primary school children in Manisa, Turkey

A province-based field study using a portable ultrasound scanner (US) was performed for the first time using sampling method to investigate the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis (CE) in primary school children in Manisa, Turkey. A total of 6093 children from 37 primary schools was selected as the representative sample of the total number of 166,766 primary school children, and examined by the US. Prevalence was found to be 0.15%, as nine children were diagnosed with CE, seven new and two previously operated. A questionnaire applied to the children revealed no significant relationship between the risk factors and the infection (P > 0.05). In conclusion, it would be advisable to repeat the study at the same schools in eight years’ time, in order to evaluate the efficacy of the control programs, since nearly all students involved in this study will have graduated by then. Besides, it is recommended to choose a sampling group to find the prevalence of an infection in a defined region.     

甘南藏族自治州中间宿主牦牛、绵羊棘球蚴感染状况调查

目的掌握甘南藏族自治州中间宿主棘球蚴感染状况,为本地区包虫病的传播动力学研究及开展大规模包虫病防治做好前期工作。方法对碌曲县和玛曲县当地牦牛、绵羊作包虫病病原学检查,记录囊肿大小、数量、寄生部位及性质等,并用10%甲醛溶液固定,做病理切片检查。结果剖检绵羊4309头,细粒棘球蚴感染率为10.61%（457/4309）,多房棘球蚴感染率为0.14%（6/4309）;剖检牦牛3645头,细粒棘球蚴感染率为9.16%（334/3645）,多房棘球蚴感染率为0.14%（5/3645）。结论该地区牦牛及绵羊细粒棘球蚴感染率较高,并有多房棘球蚴感染。     

青海省少年儿童肝多房棘球蚴病与胆囊并发症发生的相关因素分析

目的 分析青海省少年儿童肝多房棘球蚴病患者中胆囊相关疾病的分布特征及相关因素。方法 收集2012年1月-2017年12月青海省人民医院住院的未满18周岁的肝多房棘球蚴病患者临床资料,分析经手术治疗的患者中胆囊相关并发症发生的影响因素。结果 共收集51例少年儿童肝多房棘球蚴病患者。按照WHO棘球蚴病PNM影像学分型标准,P1、P2、P3型分别占37.25%（19/51）、41.18%（21/51）和19.60%（10/51）。按照《包虫病诊断标准》（WS 257-2006）诊断标准,51例患者中浸润型、钙化型、液化空洞型分别占66.67%（34/51）、21.57%（11/51）和11.76%（6/51）。患者中术前有胆道系统临床症状者占78.43%（40/51）,有胆囊相关并发症者占58.82% （30/51）。对40例多房棘球蚴病患者实施手术,术后有并发症者占77.50%（31/40）。Logistic回归分析结果表明,WHO影像学分型、《包虫病诊断标准》（WS 257-2006）分型、病灶位置、病灶肝段分布、病灶大小、病灶数量等是少年儿童肝多房棘球蚴病胆囊相关并发症发生的危险因素。结论 青海省少年儿童肝多房棘球蚴病患者中胆囊相关并发症的发生率较高,对患者手术方式、术后并发症的发生及预后影响较大,早期诊断和治疗尤为重要。     

四川省石渠县人群细粒棘球蚴病影响因素的 病例对照研究

目的　探索四川省石渠县人群细粒型棘球蚴病的主要影响因素，为制定相应的防治策略提供参考依据。方法 　2015年11月-2017年6月，随机抽取四川省石渠县细粒棘球蚴病患者（病例组）和健康者（对照组）作为调查对象，通过问卷调查患者年龄、性别、民族、职业、宗教信仰、居住方式、文化程度等人口学特征，以及家庭饲养犬、牛、羊数以及庭院内犬粪便密度等信息，建立logistic回归模型分析居民患细粒棘球蚴病的主要影响因素。结果　单因素logistic回归分析结果显示，细粒棘球蚴病患者危险因素在病例组和对照组有统计学意义的有7项，年龄、居住方式、养牛数、养羊数、养犬数、庭院内犬粪便密度等6个因素进入了多因素logistic回归模型，OR值分别为1.026、4.792、1.067、1.022、1.709、1.095。结论　高年龄组、游牧生活方式、养牛数多、养羊数多、养犬数多、庭院内犬粪便密度大等因素与四川省石渠县居民患细粒棘球蚴病高度相关。     

四川省石渠县人群细粒棘球蚴病影响因素的 病例对照研究

目的　探索四川省石渠县人群细粒型棘球蚴病的主要影响因素，为制定相应的防治策略提供参考依据。方法 　2015年11月-2017年6月，随机抽取四川省石渠县细粒棘球蚴病患者（病例组）和健康者（对照组）作为调查对象，通过问卷调查患者年龄、性别、民族、职业、宗教信仰、居住方式、文化程度等人口学特征，以及家庭饲养犬、牛、羊数以及庭院内犬粪便密度等信息，建立logistic回归模型分析居民患细粒棘球蚴病的主要影响因素。结果　单因素logistic回归分析结果显示，细粒棘球蚴病患者危险因素在病例组和对照组有统计学意义的有7项，年龄、居住方式、养牛数、养羊数、养犬数、庭院内犬粪便密度等6个因素进入了多因素logistic回归模型，OR值分别为1.026、4.792、1.067、1.022、1.709、1.095。结论　高年龄组、游牧生活方式、养牛数多、养羊数多、养犬数多、庭院内犬粪便密度大等因素与四川省石渠县居民患细粒棘球蚴病高度相关。     

Ultrasonographic diagnosis and medical treatment of human cystic echinococcosis in asymptomatic school age carriers: 5 years of follow-up

Hydatidosis or cystic echinococcosis (CE) caused by Echinococcus granulosus is endemic in the Province of Río Negro, Argentina. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the results of a program carried out in endemic areas of the Province of Río Negro, Argentina, in the years 1997-2002. Abdominal ultrasonography was used, classifying the cases detected according to WHO guidelines. A treatment algorithm was defined which included observation, albendazol therapy, PAIR or surgery, according to cyst type and size. A total of 5745 schoolchildren were evaluated, detecting hydatid cyst carriers in 70 (1.2%). Of these; 40 (57.1%) were included in follow-up protocol, 25 (35.7%) in treatment protocol with albendazol, 2 (2.9%) with PAIR and 3 (4.3%) with conventional surgery. After a mean of 44 months, among 25 cases treated with albendazol, in 2 (8%) cysts underwent total involution, in 17 (68%) they presented positive changes, in one (4%) they remained unchanged and in 4 (16%) they progressed to type II, while 1 (4%) displayed negative evolutionary changes. Out of 39 cases under observation alone protocol, in 8 cases (21%) cysts underwent total involution, in 7 (18%) they presented positive changes, in 11 (28%) they remained unchanged, in 2 (5%) they progressed to Type II and in 11 (28%) they presented negative evolutionary changes and had to be included in the other protocol types. In this study, conventional surgery, was applied to 10% of detected cases. The combination of ultrasonographic screening and albendazol treatment showed promising results.     

Profile of cytokine production within the periparasitic granuloma in human alveolar echinococcosis

Th2 responses, especially IL-10 secretion by circulating mononuclear cells are associated with the progressive form of AE and Th1 responses with resistance. The HLA B8, DR3, DQ2 haplotype is associated with the severity of AE in humans through immune-mediated mechanisms including an elevated production of Interleukin-10 (IL-10). Granulomatous infiltration of mononuclear cells around the parasitic vesicles is a hallmark of this disease; however, cytokine production by granuloma cells has never been studied. Tissue samples were taken in the periparasitic area and in the central area of the periparasitic granulomatous lesions from a patient with a progressive AE at surgery. Six pieces for each zone were incubated in culture medium with antibiotics and IL-2, together with irradiated autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells as feeder cells. After four days the dead feeder cells were removed by density gradient centrifugation. Lymphocytes were stimulated with Echinococcus multilocularis vesicular fluid antigen (Emf) or PHA to study IL-10, IFN-, and IL-4 production in the supernatant. Emf-stimulated mononuclear cells from the central part of the lesions secreted more IL-10 and less IFN-gamma than cells from the periphery of the granuloma. At the basal level, IL-10 secretion by the locally infiltrating cells was also high and this confirms at the local granuloma level our previous results obtained from cultures of circulating mononuclear cells. The present study confirms that IL-10 secretion is a key feature of the immune response against E. multilocularis in humans. The location of the cells which produce the highest amount of IL-10, those in contact with parasitic structures, suggests that the parasite itself is able to modulate the immune response of the host so that the infiltrating cells cannot participate in the effector phase of the cellular immune response. The nature of the parasitic structures involved and the mechanisms which lead to an imbalanced cytokine production remain to be elucidated.     

青海地区肝细粒棘球蚴病患者术后炎性因子变化及乌司他丁干预作用的临床研究

目的 观察青海地区肝细粒棘球蚴病患者术后炎性因子变化,评价乌司他丁对肝棘球蚴病患者术后炎性因子的干预作用。方法 选取60例肝细粒棘球蚴病患者,随机分为两组,干预组术后使用乌司他丁,对照组不使用。所有患者于术前、术后第1、3、5天及第7天抽取外周静脉血,应用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测白细胞介素?6（IL?6）、IL?8、IL?9、IL?10含量,并分析乌司他丁干预的效果。结果 乌司他丁干预组术后不同时间点IL?6、IL?8、IL?9和IL?10水平变化趋势不同。乌司他丁干预组IL?6、IL?8、IL?9、IL?10水平与对照组在术前、术后第1、3天比较差异均无统计学意义（t = -1.15 ~ 1.82,P均> 0.05）;而在术后第5、7 天低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（t = 3.22、23.51,P均< 0.05）。结论 乌司他丁在抑制肝细粒棘球蚴病患者机体炎症因子方面有很好效果,对术后肝损伤可以起到保护和治疗作用。