厌恶启动后水平空间隐喻加工的时间特征:来自事件相关电位(ERPs)的证据

目的:使用语义启动范式并结合事件相关电位技术,探究个体在道德厌恶启动后水平空间隐喻加工的特征及其神经机制。方法:先呈现启动词(道德厌恶词或非道德厌恶词),再呈现目标词(屏幕左侧词语或屏幕右侧词语),被试需判断目标词能否构成词语。通过比较启动词与目标词的不同组合在脑电指标上的差异来考察其加工特征。结果:正确率结果显示启动词与目标词交互作用显著(F=9.37,P0.05)。脑电结果显示(F=7.18,P0.01),道德厌恶启动后,屏幕左侧呈现目标刺激时诱发的N400波幅[(-4.97±0.60)μV]大于非道德厌恶启动后屏幕左侧呈现刺激时诱发的N400波幅[(-3.83±0.56)μV]。结论:道德厌恶与隐喻着道德概念的水平位置(右侧)语义连接程度更高,与隐喻着不道德概念的水平位置(左侧)语义连接程度更低。个体在道德厌恶启动后,会通过倾向选择隐喻着道德概念的"右侧"水平位置来缓解厌恶感。     

不同依恋类型下积极情绪与成人创造性的关系

目的:探讨不同依恋类型下,积极情绪与成人创造性的关系。方法:采用问卷法与安全基地启动技术相结合的方法,随机选取60名大学生被试,探究不同启动条件下个体创造性的差异。进一步随机选取120名大学生被试,使用情绪启动技术探究不同依恋类型下积极情绪与成人创造性的关系。结果:1依恋启动组个体创造性显著高于认识启动组(t=11.647,P0.001);2安全型个体创造性显著高于非安全型(F=26.647,P0.001);3积极情绪下个体创造性显著高于中性情绪(F=13.744,P0.001);4依恋类型与情绪交互作用显著(F=5.074,P0.05)。结论:不同依恋类型下,积极情绪都能够提高个体的创造性。     

大学生网络社会支持对网络欺负的影响:道德推脱的中介作用

目的:研究大学生网络社会支持对网络欺负的影响,并检验道德推脱在大学生网络社会支持与网络欺负的关系中的中介作用是否显著。方法:采用问卷调查法,收集有效问卷309份。结果:网络社会支持与网络欺负呈显著负相关(r=-0.187,P0.01),网络社会支持与道德推脱呈显著负相关(r=-0.166,P0.01),道德推脱与网络欺负呈显著正相关(r=0.361,P0.01)。分层回归分析结果表明网络社会支持(F=11.083,P=0.001)和道德推脱(F=45.971,P0.001)均能显著预测大学生的网络欺负,道德推脱在网络社会支持和网络欺负的关系中起部分中介作用。结论:大学生网络社会支持既可以直接影响网络欺负,也可以通过道德推脱的中介作用对网络欺负产生间接影响。     

道德自我调节对亲社会倾向的影响及其年龄效应

目的道德自我调节对亲社会倾向的影响及年龄效应。方法 139名初中生和77名大学生,分别随机分为3组,运用不同道德效价的形容词和非道德形容词撰写一篇记叙文。之后填写青少年亲社会倾向量表(PTM),考察其亲社会倾向。结果青少年不道德事件启动组被试的亲社会倾向显著高于道德事件启动组(t=0.56,P0.01)和对照组的亲社会倾向(t=0.42,P0.05);成人不道德事件启动组被试的亲社会倾向显著高于对照组(t=0.19,P0.05),而道德事件启动组的亲社会倾向显著低于对照组(t=-0.18,P0.05)。结论道德净化效应出现在青年期和成年早期,而道德心理许可效应只出现于成年早期,说明青少年时期是道德自我的发展时期,道德自我成熟于成年早期。     

大学生性别角色对失恋应对方式的影响

目的了解大学生性别角色以及失恋应对方式的特点,探讨大学生性别角色对失恋应对方式的影响。方法以274名大学生为研究对象,采用大学生性别角色量表和大学生失恋应对方式问卷进行调查研究。结果未分化的大学生在攻击因子上显著高于其他性别角色大学生(F=13.159,P0.001),在认知重建因子上显著低于其他性别角色大学生(F=11.465,P0.001);未分化的大学生在逃避因子上显著高于双性化的大学生(F=5.425),在寻求转移因子上显著低于双性化大学生(F=3.943);女性化的大学生在情绪宣泄因子上显著高于其他性别角色大学生(F=6.728,P0.01)。结论双性化的大学生应对方式积极,未分化大学生应对方式消极,女性化较多采用情绪宣泄的方式。     

15000名大学生强迫症状调查

目的:调查大学生强迫症状的现状,为大学生心理健康教育与咨询提供参考。方法:采用大学生强迫症状问卷(OBCSS)测试15064名1~4年级大学生。结果:大学生强迫症状的检出率为12.4%,在性别(χ~2=69.653,P0.001)、年级(χ~2=1289.233,P0.001)分布上存在显著差异。具体表现为,男生更多性强迫观念(t=34.332,P0.001),而女生更多完美化强迫信念(t=-3.158,P0.001),但一般强迫思维和强迫行为习惯的性别差异不显著(P0.05)。方差分析表明,无论是量表总分(F=106.073,P0.001),还是一般强迫思维(F=140.192,P0.001)、完美强迫信念(F=45.449,P0.001)、强迫行为习惯(F=38.740,P0.001)、性强迫观念(F=39.061,P0.001)等因子得分上,大一年级都比高年级更严重。结论:大学生是强迫症状的高发人群,应引起普遍关注。     

抑郁状态大学生的反刍思维和心智游移关系

目的:研究抑郁状态大学生心智游移的内容和特点,以及与反刍思维的关系.方法:采用贝克抑郁量表法对569名大学生的抑郁状态进行调查,选出60名抑郁状态大学生和非抑郁大学生采用实验法(思维取样法)和问卷法进行研究.结果:抑郁组在实验室任务(t = 5.32,P＜0.001)与 日常生活(t = 3.83,P＜0.001)中心智游移频率显著高于非抑郁组,心智游移内容与组别交互作用显著,抑郁组多为生活事件(F= 50.99,P＜0.001),抑郁组心智游移时间指向不明确(t = 2.07,P＜0.01)显著高于非抑郁组,反刍思维与心智游移时间指向过去相关(r = 0.40,P＜0.05),反刍思维可以显著预测抑郁(r=0.55,P＜0.001).结论:①抑郁状态群体在实验室任务与 日常生活中都表现出更高的心智游移频率,内容多为日常生活事件,时间指向并不明确,与当前关注联系较小.非抑郁大学生心智游移内容往往指向未来事件的问题解决;②抑郁个体反刍思维高于非抑郁个体,而且反刍内容多指向过去经历.     

大学生感戴状况分析

目的分析中国大学生的感戴现状。方法通过修订Watkins等人编制的GRAT感戴量表,用于测量中国大学生的感戴倾向。对陕西师范大学、曲阜师范大学、长江大学3所院校的240名大学生进行施测,对收集的数据进行描述性统计分析。结果通过分析发现,女大学生的感戴倾向显著高于男大学生(t=-3.95,P<0.001;t=-3.14,P<0.01),有共产主义信仰的大学生的感戴倾向显著高于无信仰的大学生(F=4.49,P=0.004;F=2.98,P=0.033);大学生对父母和家人的感戴倾向显著高于其他对象(F=16.63,P<0.001);大学生在"对自然事物的感激"上的平均分显著高于"对社会的感激"和"剥夺感缺失"(F=29.56,P<0.001)。结论中国大学生在感戴倾向上存在性别差异和个人信仰差异;他们把对父母和家人的感戴放在首位;相比较"对社会的感激"和"剥夺感的缺失",大学生更易对大自然产生感激之情。     

大学生人际交往目标与宿舍人际关系的关系:冲突应对方式的中介作用

目的:研究大学生的人际交往目标、冲突应对方式和宿舍人际关系三者间的关系,为促进大学生身心发展提供依据。方法:于2019年10月-11月,采用人际交往目标量表、大学生宿舍冲突应对方式问卷、大学生宿舍人际关系问卷以及Marlowe-Crowne社会赞许性量表,对方便抽取的粤西地区4所高校309名大学生进行调查。结果:关爱他人目标得分显著高于自我形象得分(t=15.46,P0.001),文史类专业学生的关爱他人目标与自我形象目标的得分显著高于理工类专业学生(t=3.25,2.27;P0.01);不同冲突应对方式得分存在显著差异(F=494.82,P0.001),从高到低分别为合作、顺从、竞争、回避,两两之间差异显著(P0.001),大一学生的合作得分显著高于大三和大四学生(F=6.31,P0.001);在控制了社会赞许性和另一个人际交往目标后,关爱他人目标与宿舍人际关系显著正相关(P0.001),与冲突应对方式中的合作和顺从显著正相关(P0.001),与竞争、回避显著负相关(P0.01),自我形象目标与宿舍人际关系不存在显著相关关系(P0.05);中介效应分析发现,合作和回避在关爱他人目标和宿舍人际关系之间起中介作用。结论:大学生的人际交往目标、冲突应对方式和宿舍人际关系三者之间关系密切,可通过培养大学生建立关爱他人目标以及掌握积极的人际冲突应对方式,改善其宿舍人际关系。     

地方大学和军事院校大学生人际信任情况的比较

目的 对地方院校大学生和军校大学生的人际信任情况进行比较.方法 采用Rotter的人际信任量表(ITS)为研究工具,对地方大学和军事院校232名大学生人际信任情况进行考察,其中包括147名地方大学学生和85名军事院校学生.结果 大学生的人际信任度平均值约为71.5,略低于中间值75;方差分析显示,不同年级大学的人际信任差异显著(F=5.89,P=0.001),大一学生的人际信任度显著低于大二、大三和大四的学生.女生的人际信任度显著高于男生(F=40.764,P=0.000);军事院校大学生的人际信任度高于地方院校大学生(F=20.354,P=0.000).结论 军事院校大学生的人际信任度高于地方大学生,人际信任存在显著的性别和年级差异.     

Extension and integration of the gene ontology (GO): combining GO vocabularies with external vocabularies

Structured vocabulary development enhances the management of information in biological databases. As information grows, handling the complexity of vocabularies becomes difficult. Defined methods are needed to manipulate, expand and integrate complex vocabularies. The Gene Ontology (GO) project provides the scientific community with a set of structured vocabularies to describe domains of molecular biology. The vocabularies are used for annotation of gene products and for computational annotation of sequence data sets. The vocabularies focus on three concepts universal to living systems, biological process, molecular function and cellular component. As the vocabularies expand to incorporate terms needed by diverse annotation communities, species-specific terms become problematic. In particular, the use of species-specific anatomical concepts remains unresolved. We present a method for expansion of GO into areas outside of the three original universal concept domains. We combine concepts from two orthogonal vocabularies to generate a larger, more specific vocabulary. The example of mammalian heart development is presented because it addresses two issues that challenge GO; inclusion of organism-specific anatomical terms, and proliferation of terms and relationships. The combination of concepts from orthogonal vocabularies provides a robust representation of relevant terms and an opportunity for evaluation of hypothetical concepts.     

How attitude strength and information influence moral decision making: Evidence from event‐related potentials

Moral judgments are based on complex processing. This study aimed to investigate neural correlates of moral decisions. Participants (N = 32) were asked to express their opinion on various moral issues while ERPs were recorded. After reading texts containing either confirming or contradicting arguments regarding the issues, participants were asked to express their opinion again. A higher N400 amplitude and a higher amplitude of the late positive potential for value‐incongruent words compared to value‐congruent words could be observed. Furthermore, after participants had read conflicting arguments, slower responses and larger N400 differences (value‐incongruent minus value‐congruent) were observed. These results showed that language processing for a moral context is influenced by the subjective value system, and it can be assumed that a demanding cognitive elaboration contributed to the observed RT and N400 priming effects. This is the first ERP study comparing moral judgments before and after reading confirming or conflicting information; it revealed that evaluative reasoning can influence neural processing for moral decisions.     

The time course of indirect moral judgment in gossip processing modulated by different agents

Previous studies have investigated personal moral violations with different references (i.e., the protagonists in moral scenarios are the participants themselves or unknown other individuals). However, the roles of various agents in moral judgments have remained unclear. In the present study, ERPs were used to investigate moral judgments when the participants viewed gossip that described (im)moral behaviors committed by different agents (self, friend, celebrity). The results demonstrate that the P2 and late positive component (LPC) correspond to two successive processes of indirect moral judgment when individuals process gossip. Specifically, the P2 amplitude in the celebrity condition was more sensitive in distinguishing immoral behaviors from moral behaviors than that in the other two conditions, whereas the moral valence effect on the LPC was predominately driven by the self‐reference. These findings expand our current understanding of moral judgments in a gossip evaluation task and demonstrate that the early processing of gossip depends on both the entertainment value of the agent and the salience of moral behaviors. Processing in the later stage reflects reactions to intensified affective stimuli, or reflects cognitive effort that was required to resolve the conflict between negative gossip about self and the self‐positivity bias.     

Representations of health concepts: a cognitive perspective

OBJECTIVE: This paper studies the differences between controlled medical vocabularies that are designed as external artifacts and the mental concepts that are inside users' heads and used by users for reasoning, decision making, diagnosis, and treatment. DESIGN: The major theories of concept representations developed in cognitive science were reviewed, analyzed, and compared with the major controlled medical vocabularies developed in medicine. RESULTS: It was found that there are significant mismatches between controlled medical vocabularies that are designed as external artifacts and the mental concepts that are inside users' heads and used by users for reasoning, decision making, diagnosis, and treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Controlled medical vocabularies should be designed with systematical considerations of the cognitive structures and processes of the users. Without such considerations, the designed vocabularies will not be appropriate for people because they are hard to use, although they may or may not be appropriate for machine processing.     

大学生积极心理资本与生活满意度的相关性

目的:探讨大学生积极心理资本与生活满意度的关系。方法:采用积极心理资本量表(PPQ)和生活满意度量表(CSLSS)对来自广西6所高校的597名在校大学生进行测查。结果:1大学生积极心理资本和生活满意度的总体状况良好;2在希望因子、乐观因子和客观满意度因子上存在显著的性别差异(P0.05);3大学生积极心理资本及其各因子与生活满意度及其各因子存在极其显著的正相关(r=0.181~0.391,P0.001);4积极心理资本是客观满意度和生活满意度的有效预测变量,积极心理资本和韧性因子是主观满意度的有效预测变量。结论:大学生积极心理资本对生活满意度有重要影响,培养大学生的积极心理资本有助于提高生活满意度水平。     

高校贫困生自尊水平与心理健康的相关研究

目的 了解贫困生的自尊水平,心理健康现状,重点研究它们之间的相关关系。方法采用自尊量表（SES）和症状自评量表（SCL-90）对福州大学6个学院的321名贫困生的自尊水平和心理健康进行相关研究。结果 贫困生的自尊水平与心理健康存在着较高的负相关,呈显著性水平（P〈0．01）。结论 一方面,贫困生的自尊受到他们的心理健康水平的影响,与自尊水平相关较高的3个SCL-90因子为抑郁、精神病性、人际关系敏感;另一方面,贫困生的自尊也会影响到他们的心理健康水平。     

The intermanual transfer of anticipatory force control in precision grip lifting is not influenced by the perception of weight

Passing objects from one hand to the other occurs frequently in our daily life. What kind of information about the weight of the object is transferred between the holding and lifting hand? To examine this, we asked people to hold (and heft) an object in one hand and then pick it up with the other. The objects were presented in the context of a size–weight illusion: that is, two objects of different sizes but the same weight were used. One group of participants held one of the objects in their left hand and then picked it up with their right. Another group of participants simply picked up the objects from a table. Thus, the former group had on-line information about the weight of the object, whereas the latter did not. Both groups showed a strong and equivalent size–weight illusion throughout the experiment. At the same time, the group that lifted the objects from the hefting hand applied equal grip force to the small and large object right from the start; in contrast, the group lifting the objects from the table, initially applied more grip force to the large than to the small object before eventually applying the same force to both. In two additional groups, a delay period was imposed between the lifting of the first and the second hands. The force parameters employed by these last two groups were virtually identical to those used by the group that lifted the object directly from the other hand. These results suggest that the initial calibration of grip force uses veridical information about the weight of the object provided by the other hand. This veridical information about weight is available on-line and is retained in memory for later access. The perceived weight of the object is basically ignored in forming grasping forces.     

广东高校少数民族学生内在心理资本

目的:为了认清高校少数民族学生内在心理的维度及其内容,以及少数民族学生自我的个人背景和不同维度间的关系。方法:我们以实证的方式对128名广东省高校少数民族学生进行了调查。结果:发现高校少数民族学生内在心理资本存在7个不同维度,希望和乐观因子分别在性别上具有显著差异(F=0.016,P0.01;F=1.894,P0.05);自信因子在是否就读过少数民族院校上具有显著差异(F=0.135,P0.05);负归属和认同因子都在是否就读过少数民族院校和是否居住于少数民族区上分别具有显著差异(F=0.007,1.291,5.331;P0.05;F=0.516,P0.01);婚恋观因子在是否就读过少数民族院校上具有显著性差异(F=0.158,P0.05);此外,除希望和韧性因子,其他因子在文化程度和父母情况上均存在复杂的差异性。结论:最终提供高校少数民族学生完整的内在心理资本图景同时,探讨了学生自我的个人背景和内在心理资本的关系及其背后的原因。     

心理弹性在大学生心理危机预防中的作用

目的:探讨心理弹性在大学生心理危机预防中的作用。方法:应用心理弹性量表(CD-RISC)、大学生危机人格测查问卷、危机脆弱性问卷和自我压弹量表对823名大学生进行团体施测。结果:1大学生在心理弹性总水平上,大四高于大二、大三(P0.05),自我压弹大四高于大二(P0.05)、城市高于农村(t=-2.372,P0.05);2除精神影响因素外,心理弹性其他因素及总分与危机人格各因素及总分、危机脆弱性存在显著负相关(r=-0.104~-0.518,P0.01),与自我压弹存在显著的正相关(r=0.118~0.558,P0.01),高、低心理弹性者在危机人格(t=12.203,P0.01)、危机脆弱性(t=12.134,P0.01)、自我压弹(t=-13.017,P0.01)存在显著差异。结论:心理弹性、自我压弹分别与危机人格、危机脆弱性存在显著的负相关,提高大学生的心理弹性水平可以达到预防大学生心理危机发生的目的。