双腔起搏器结合倾斜训练防治重度血管迷走神经性晕厥的疗效观察

目的探讨双腔起搏器结合倾斜训练防治重度血管迷走神经性晕厥（VVS）的效果。方法 13例直立倾斜试验阳性、反复发作的难治性重度VVS患者（心脏抑制型9例、混合型4例）置入双腔起搏器,其中8例置入频率骤降反应起搏器、5例置入闭环刺激频率适应性起搏器,并结合倾斜训练治疗。出院后1、3、6个月分别随访及程控,观察预防晕厥的疗效。结果患者均无再发晕厥,均出现晕厥发生前不适,但症状均逐渐减轻至消失。结论双腔起搏器结合倾斜训练可有效防止反复发作及以心脏抑制为主的难治性重度VVS患者的晕厥发生。     

心脏抑制型血管迷走性晕厥患者个体化起搏优化治疗

目的 观察基于直立倾斜试验的个体化频率骤降反应(RDR)参数设置在血管迷走性晕厥(VVS)患者起搏治疗中的作用。方法 连续入选2016年1月至2023年4月期间经直立倾斜试验证实为心脏抑制型VVS患者，所有患者均植入具有RDR功能的双腔起搏器。收集其临床基线资料、基线起搏和RDR参数设置。对患者进行定期随访，个体化调整起搏参数和RDR参数，观察调整后患者随访结果。结果 7例患者符合入选标准，中位年龄59岁，男性3例，所有患者均未合并病窦综合征。中位随访时间10(2～51)个月，早期5例患者中4例月均RDR事件大于150次，其中1例因RDR运作次数多出现心悸症状，2例仍有黑矇症状发作。参考直立倾斜试验阳性症状时患者心率下降和恢复的特征个体化调整参数可以减少RDR事件不适当发作；仍有晕厥前兆患者调整RDR骤降频率高于低限起搏频率后患者症状缓解。结论 对于接受具有RDR功能起搏治疗的心脏抑制型VVS患者而言，参考直立倾斜试验阳性症状时心率下降和恢复特征，以及随访过程中的症状发作情况个体化调整起搏参数，既有利于减少RDR事件的不适当发作，又可有效避免晕厥发作。     

闭环刺激双腔起搏器防治血管迷走神经性晕厥的疗效观察

目的:观察植入闭环刺激双腔起搏器防治血管迷走神经性晕厥（VVS）的效果。方法: 将40例经直立倾斜试验确诊为VVS且近期多次发作的患者,分为起搏器组（18例）和药物治疗组（22例）,所有患者均给予口服美托洛尔缓释片（475 mg,1次/d）,起搏器组植入具有闭环刺激功能（CLS）的双腔起搏器,药物治疗组不做其他治疗,两组患者治疗3个月后复查直立倾斜试验并随访观察。结果: 起搏器组直立倾斜试验转阴率94%,药物治疗组直立倾斜试验转阴率29%,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P<001）。两组患者随访观察6～21(13±5)个月,起搏器组所有患者均未再发晕厥,2例有晕厥先兆,但症状较前明显减轻;药物治疗组9例再发晕厥,但发作次数较前减少。两组患者间晕厥复发率差异有统计学意义（P<001）。结论: 具有闭环刺激功能双腔起搏器能有效的防治血管迷走神经性晕厥。     

心内膜心肌收缩峰值加速度传感器治疗血管迷走性晕厥

血管迷走性晕厥（vasovagal syncope，VVS）是晕厥中最常见的类型，通常发生于健康人群中，其发生机制是神经心脏反射和自主神经系统功能失调。对于那些反复发作、有严重心脏抑制、多种治疗无效的病例可以植入心脏起搏器，目前最常应用的是具有频率骤降反应（rate drop response，RDR）的双腔起搏器。选用一种受心肌收缩力感受器驱动有频率适应性起搏器治疗2例VVS患者，现报道如下。     

频率骤降反应起搏器治疗血管迷走性晕厥二例

2例发作频繁、症状严重的血管迷走性晕厥患者倾斜试验均诱发晕厥伴血压心率明显降低,使用具有频率骤降反应功能的起搏器治疗,随访38~46个月均未发生晕厥。频率骤降功能设置:起搏介入频率100次/分,介入时间2min,骤降频率至50~60次/分,骤降幅度25~30次/分,识别时间25s。     

血管迷走性晕厥的起搏治疗

血管迷走性晕厥在临床很常见 ,通常发生于健康人群中 ,其发生机理是神经心脏反射和自主神经系统功能失调。近来 ,永久起搏器在血管迷走性晕厥的防治中取得了肯定的效果。对于那些反复发作、有严重心脏抑制、多种治疗无效的病例可以安置永久心脏起搏器 ,起搏模式目前以具有频率骤降适应功能的双腔起搏模式最为理想。     

单腔起搏对血管迷走性晕厥的疗效探讨

目的:探讨应用单腔起搏器治疗血管迷走性晕厥(VVS)的效果.方法:将确诊为VVS的患者42例,随机分为起搏器组(22例)和药物治疗组(20例)进行疗效对照.起搏器组置入单腔起搏器(VVI 10例,VVIR 12例),药物治疗组口服美托洛尔治疗.2组患者出院后6个月均复查直立倾斜试验并随访,观察对晕厥的预防效果.结果:起...     

闭环刺激起搏在血管迷走性晕厥治疗中的作用

血管迷走性晕厥(VVS)是指心血管反射异常导致的短暂性意识丧失,其特征是心动过缓和血压下降。一般认为VVS是一种良性疾病,但是可反复发作,严重影响患者生活质量,且易造成身体伤害。目前暂无有效方法治疗VVS。起搏治疗的临床获益尚存在争议,仅用于晕厥反复发作和发生心脏停搏的患者。近年来,多项临床试验表明闭环刺激起搏可减少直立倾斜试验过程中心脏抑制型VVS的发生,有望成为治疗VVS的新方法。     

闭环刺激起搏器治疗血管迷走性晕厥(附一例报告)

血管迷走性晕厥一般可以选用药物治疗,其中的心脏抑制型和混合型还可选用带有防止频率骤降功能的起搏器来治疗,但由于其价格昂贵,有一部分患者不能接受.也有入报道可使用普通双腔起搏器来治疗,但其效果并不肯定.我们采用Biotronik公司的INOS2+CLS闭环刺激频率应答起搏器治疗一例血管迷走性晕厥的患者,取得良好效果,现报告如下:     

永久起搏器治疗血管迷走性晕厥:过去、现在和未来

永久起搏器治疗血管迷走性晕厥的原理是通过起搏系统感知晕厥发作前心率的下降反应后立即发放较快频率的心室起搏脉冲,以增加心脏输出量、维持脑血流量,以期预防或在一定程度缓解晕厥发作。在过去20余年,起搏治疗走过一段充满争议的曲折发展历程,临床试验结果的不一致性促使技术的不断革新。由于起搏治疗是一个有创的植入性器械治疗,故在其临床应用中应选择最佳治疗对象、植入具有特殊功能的双腔起搏器、开启相应的功能参数设置。     

Closed loop stimulation in prevention of vasovagal syncope. Inotropy Controlled Pacing in Vasovagal Syncope (INVASY): a multicentre randomized, single blind, controlled study.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether dual-chamber rate-adaptive Closed Loop Stimulation (CLS) could prevent recurrence of Vasovagal Syncope (VVS). BACKGROUND: During VVS, an increase in myocardial contractility associated with a reduction of ventricular filling produces an increase in baroreceptor afferent flow and a consequent decrease in the heart rate. The CLS algorithm is a form of rate-adaptive pacing, which responds to myocardial contraction dynamics, by measuring variations in right ventricular intracardiac impedance: during an incipient VVS it could increase paced heart rate and avoid bradycardia, arterial hypotension and syncope. METHODS: Fifty patients (27 males, mean age 59+/-18 year) with severe and recurrent vasovagal syncope and positive Head Up Tilt Test (HUTT) with cardioinhibition, received a CLS pacemaker (INOS2, Biotronik GmbH Co., Germany). The primary end point was recurrence of two VVSs during a minimum of 1 year of follow-up. Randomization between DDD-CLS and DDI mode (40 bpm) pacing was performed only during the first stage of the study (first year): 9/26 randomized to DDI mode (control group) and 17/26 in DDD-CLS mode. All the 24 patients recruited in the second stage of the study (second year) were programmed in DDD-CLS mode. RESULTS: Of the nine patients randomized to the DDI mode, seven had recurrences of syncope during the first year. At the end of the first year the nine patients were reprogrammed to the CLS mode and no syncope occurred after reprogramming. The 41 patients programmed to CLS had a mean follow-up of 19+/-4 months: none reported VVS, only four (10%) reported occasional presyncope and their quality of life greatly improved. Positive HUTT at the end of the first year failed to predict the clinical response to CLS pacing. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrates the effectiveness of CLS pacing in preventing cardioinhibitory VVS. A possible placebo effect of pacemaker implantation occurred in 22% of patients.     

Complete heart block. Studies of atrial and ventricular pacemaker site and function.

Atrial and ventricular pacemaker function was studied in 20 patients with idiopathic chronic complete heart block using the rate response to an intravenous bolus dose of isoprenaline (5 mug/70 kg bodyweight). Pacemaker responses were compared with those of 16 normal control subjects. None of the patients was having syncopal attacks at the time of admission and they were therefore selected in that none required immediate pacing. Ten of the patients had His bundle electrograms; all were shown to have a pre-His type of atrioventricular block. Two major groups emerge from the responses to isoprenaline. (a) High risk group: 11 of the 14 patients with reduced ventricular pacemaker responses had frequent syncopal attacks; 8 of the patients with Adams-Stokes syncope had a bundle-branch block pattern, while 3 had a narrow QRS. These patients require pacing. (b) Low risk group: a low risk asymptomatic group (5 patients) was identified with atrial and ventricular responses to isoprenaline within normal range. One of these patients had a bundle-branch block pattern, while 4 had a narrow QRS. These patients might be managed without pacing. The atrial response to isoprenaline was reduced in 12 of the 20 cases, 10 of whom also had reduced ventricular responses. All 9 patients with bundle-branch block had reduced ventricular responses, while 7 had reduced atrial responses. This evidence indicates that cardiac conducting tissue pathophysiology is widespread in complete heart bolck. The present work suggests that consideration of the ventricular pacemaker function is important in assessing liability to syncope in complete heart block. While patients with Adams-Stokes attacks require pacing it is suggested that all asymptomatic patients with complete heart block and those with minor symptoms are assessed using studies of both ventricular pacemaker function and site. A low risk group not requiring a pacemaker may emerge after sufficient follow-up assessment.     

Complete heart block. Studies of atrial and ventricular pacemaker site and function.

Atrial and ventricular pacemaker function was studied in 20 patients with idiopathic chronic complete heart block using the rate response to an intravenous bolus dose of isoprenaline (5 mug/70 kg bodyweight). Pacemaker responses were compared with those of 16 normal control subjects. None of the patients was having syncopal attacks at the time of admission and they were therefore selected in that none required immediate pacing. Ten of the patients had His bundle electrograms; all were shown to have a pre-His type of atrioventricular block. Two major groups emerge from the responses to isoprenaline. (a) High risk group: 11 of the 14 patients with reduced ventricular pacemaker responses had frequent syncopal attacks; 8 of the patients with Adams-Stokes syncope had a bundle-branch block pattern, while 3 had a narrow QRS. These patients require pacing. (b) Low risk group: a low risk asymptomatic group (5 patients) was identified with atrial and ventricular responses to isoprenaline within normal range. One of these patients had a bundle-branch block pattern, while 4 had a narrow QRS. These patients might be managed without pacing. The atrial response to isoprenaline was reduced in 12 of the 20 cases, 10 of whom also had reduced ventricular responses. All 9 patients with bundle-branch block had reduced ventricular responses, while 7 had reduced atrial responses. This evidence indicates that cardiac conducting tissue pathophysiology is widespread in complete heart bolck. The present work suggests that consideration of the ventricular pacemaker function is important in assessing liability to syncope in complete heart block. While patients with Adams-Stokes attacks require pacing it is suggested that all asymptomatic patients with complete heart block and those with minor symptoms are assessed using studies of both ventricular pacemaker function and site. A low risk group not requiring a pacemaker may emerge after sufficient follow-up assessment.     

起搏器治疗血管迷走性晕厥

血管迷走性晕厥是常见的良性晕厥,表现为血压下降及心率减慢。起搏器通过高频起搏增加心率及心输出量,在一定程度上能够缓解及预防晕厥的发生,适用于反复晕厥伴心脏抑制的中老年患者。目前起搏器治疗血管迷走性晕厥在患者筛查、疗效评估及模式选择上存在一定的争议,仍需进一步的研究指导临床实践。     

Cardiac pacing in cardioinhibitory syncope in children

Introduction: Reflex vasovagal—or cardioinhibitory syncope is known to be a major cause of recurrent syncope in children. The mechanism of vasovagal syncope (VVS) is an interaction between a vagally mediated bradycardia or asystole and a more or less manifest vasodilatory component. Although pacing is not advisable as a standard approach in patients with VVS, it remains a treatment option of last resort in excep‐ tionally severe cases, or patients with contraindication or refractoriness to drug ther‐ apy and life style changes. To effectively avoid VVS in these patients, the pacemaker has to both prevent bradycardia and to compensate for the vasodilatory component. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate a simple pacemaker setting (VVI pacing with hysteresis) with the potential to prevent VVS in affected children.
Methods: Clinical data of patients, who were presented to the Department for Pediatric Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig, in the period of 2001‐2017 for cardiac pacemaker implantation for cardioinhibitory syncope or pallid breath‐holding spells, were collected retrospectively.
Results: Eleven pediatric patients, median age 2.7 (0.8‐17) years, were included. Pacemaker settings are depicted. In 10 out of 11 patients, an entire abolishment of syncope could be achieved (P = .002).
Conclusion: The presented VVI pacing with hysteresis seems to be a promising pace‐ maker setting in pediatric patients with cardioinhibitory syncope who need a pace‐ maker. Unnecessary ventricular stimulation is effectively avoided, while cardiac output is preserved during cardioinhibition, by providing a sufficient paced heart rate, com‐ pensating for the often present vasodilatory component.     

Usefulness of physiologic dual-chamber pacing in drug-resistant idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy

The beneficial effects of physiologic dual-chamber (DDD) pacing in the treatment of end-stage idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy were evaluated in 16 patients in whom conventional drug therapy had failed. Candidates for cardiac transplantation as well as patients not accepted for transplantation participated. During DDD pacing at an atrioventricular delay of 100 ms, left ventricular ejection fraction increased from 16.0 +/- 8.4 to 25.6 +/- 8.6% (p less than 0.001) accompanied by a striking improvement in clinical symptoms, such as severe dyspnea at rest and pulmonary edema. The New York Heart Association class decreased from 3.6 +/- 0.4 to 2.1 +/- 0.5 (p less than 0.001). The decrease in cardiothoracic ratio from 0.60 +/- 0.06 to 0.56 +/- 0.05 (p less than 0.001) coincided with a decrease in left atrial and right ventricular echocardiographic dimensions, indicating a decrease in preload. Systolic blood pressure increased from 108 +/- 29 to 126 +/- 21 mm Hg (p less than 0.01) and diastolic blood pressure from 67 +/- 15 to 80 +/- 11 mm Hg (p less than 0.01). Normalization of heart rate was achieved. No major complications developed as a consequence of DDD pacing. All patients could be discharged from the hospital within 3 weeks after pacemaker implantation and return to a relatively normal life. Within 1 year after onset of DDD pacing only 4 of the patients died (from either sudden death or stroke). DDD pacing could represent an alternative approach to the management of chronic heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy, especially for heart transplant candidates and patients who are not accepted for cardiac transplantation, but no longer respond to drug therapy.     

The DDDR closed loop stimulation for the prevention of vasovagal syncope: results from the INVASY prospective feasibility registry.

BACKGROUND: The contraction dynamics of the ventricular myocardium are affected before and during vasovagal fainting suggesting that the Closed Loop Stimulation (CLS) pacemaker could be useful for the treatment of these patients. CLS is a new concept of heart rate modulation in cardiac pacing. The pacemaker INOS(2) CLS (Biotronik, Germany) derives its information for heart rate optimization from myocardial contraction dynamics, by measuring right ventricular intracardiac impedance. The pacemaker becomes an integral part of the circulatory regulation and, therefore, reacts appropriately to different cardiovascular demands. METHODS: In a prospective registry, 34 patients with a history of recurrent vasovagal syncopal events were implanted with INOS(2) DDDR CLS pacemakers. The aim of the study was to evaluate both long term clinical outcome, including the first recurrence of syncope, with DDDR-CLS pacing and acute precipitation of vasovagal fainting with DDDR-CLS mode compared with DDD during head up tilt testing. RESULTS: During a follow up period of 12-50 months, 30 patients experienced no further syncopal events in daily life; 1 patient had no syncope but night palpitations, which were eliminated by pacemaker reprogramming; 2 patients had presyncopal episodes but not syncopes; 3 syncopal recurrences occurred in one patient in chronic atrial fibrillation, possibly not an ideal candidate for implantation. CONCLUSIONS: Further studies for detailed understanding of the preventive mechanism of DDDR-CLS pacing in vasovagal syncope are warranted. A randomized multicentre prospective new study (INotropy controlled pacing in VAsovagal SYncope: INVASY) is now in progress to confirm the beneficial effect of DDDR-CLS pacing in a larger group of patients with recurrent vasovagal syncope.     

血管迷走性晕厥单中心294例结果分析

目的:对单中心33个月所做的直立倾斜试验(HUTT)结果进行分析并探讨健康教育对HUTT阳性患者再发晕厥次数的影响.方法:收集从2015年2月至2017年11月因反复晕厥或反复出现晕厥前兆在南京医科大学第一附属医院就诊并进行HUTT患者294例.根据HUTT中患者心率与血压的变化,196例HUTT呈阳性,其中混合型血管...     

Artificial cardiac stimulation in the newborn infant with complete congenital atrioventricular block. Study of 16 cases

This is a retrospective study of 16 children with congenital complete atrioventricular block (CAVB) who were fitted with a pacemaker in infancy. All were neonates admitted at the age of 1 to 9 days for bradycardia; 3 had a cardiopathy. In 8 children a permanent pacemaker was implanted in the first two days of life on account of a heart rate slower than 50 beats/min, accompanied with threatening symptoms (heart failure or syncopes) in 4 cases. In 6 children the pacemaker was implanted at the age of 2 to 3 months; in spite of reassuring electrocardiograms, 5 of them were readmitted in an emergency for heart failure or syncope with slow heart rate; the 6th patient had disorders of ventricular excitability. Finally, 2 asymptomatic infants underwent pacing: one at 20 days for bundle branch block, the other at 6 months for slow phase abnormalities. Pacing was epicardial in all patients, the chamber being positioned in the space that separates the kidney from the parietal peritoneum. Ventricular synchronous pacing (VVI) was applied in 14 cases and atrioventricular pacing (DDD) in the two most recent cases. Two children died post-operatively, due to inadequate attachment of the electrode resulting in loss of ventricular capture in one case, and to extensive left atrial thrombosis in the other case. Two children died at a later stage of severe respiratory pathology. The 12 survivors were followed up for a mean period of 3.7 +/- 3.1 years. Three pacemakers were replaced: one at 28 months for infection, the others at 3 and 6 years respectively for running down of the batteries.2 +     

心脏起搏对血浆脑利钠肽影响的临床研究

研究DDD与VVI起搏方式对血浆脑利钠肽 (BNP)水平的影响及其临床意义。 4 7例安装了起搏器心功能II级以上患者 ,分为DDD起搏组与VVI起搏组 ,术前测血浆BNP值及行心脏彩色多普勒超声检查 ,术后 4～ 6月内随访血浆BNP、心脏彩色多普勒超声检查。比较两组患者BNP差别、心脏射血分数 (EF)差异。结果 :DDD起搏组BNP水平较VVI组为低 (5 7.2 3± 19.19pg/mlvs 88.35± 2 3.11pg/ml,P <0 .0 5 ) ;EF值在DDD起搏组较VVI组为高 (0 .5 6± 0 .0 8vs 0 .4 5± 0 .16 ,P <0 .0 5 )。两组患者的BNP与LVEF均呈显著负性相关 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :DDD起搏与VVI起搏方式相比血浆BNP水平较低 ,对慢性心功能不全患者的心脏功能影响较小。