X线胸片阴性肺癌的纤维支气管镜检查

目的 探讨纤维支气管镜（纤支镜）对X线胸片均阴性肺癌的诊断价值。方法 分析19例X线胸片均阴性肺癌的临床特点及纤支镜表现。结果 主要临床表现为咳嗽、咳痰、咯血、活动后气急和胸闷。镜下主要表现为沿气管、支气管腔内生长的息肉样或颗粒状新生物2例，管壁浸润狭窄8例，肿物腔内生长＋管壁浸润9例；病理分型：鳞癌12例，腺癌1例，未分类6例。结论 纤支镜是诊断X线胸片阴性肺癌的重要方法。     

原发性中叶肺癌的诊断与治疗

目的:探讨原发性中叶肺癌的临床诊断和治疗特点。方法:总结10年间手术治疗的65例原发性中叶肺癌的诊治经验。本组UICC分期:Ⅰ期10例、Ⅱ期26例、Ⅲ期29例。行根治性肺叶切除手术54例,其中右肺中叶切除术14例,双肺叶切除15例(含袖式肺叶切除术4例),右肺中叶加受侵邻叶部分切除术8例,全肺叶切除17例。行姑息性肺叶切除11例,结果:右肺中叶肺癌发病率低,易误诊和延误诊断,临床上手术治疗的晚期病例较多。动态的比较胸片、胸部CT检查结果,配合纤维支气管镜检查有助于提高早期诊断率。本组病例 1、3年生存率 81.5％、53.8％。Ⅰ、Ⅱ期病人术后3年生存率69.4％、与Ⅲ期病人术后3年生存率34.5％比较差别有非常显著性意义(P<0.005)。根治手术病例3年生存率61.1％,姑息手术病例3年生存率18.2％,两组比较差异有非常显著性意义(P<0.01)。结论:减少原发性中叶肺癌的误诊和延误诊断,是减少晚期病人的重要因素。手术治疗以肺叶切除术为主。在肺功能允许的条件下对跨叶性病变应选择双肺叶、袖式肺叶切除术或全肺叶切除术,避免做受侵肺叶局部切除术,以减少局部复发。     

肺炎性假瘤复发1例

1病历简介患者男，67岁。1．5年前因咯血一周就医。根据X线胸片、CT、支气管镜检查，均发现左肺肿物，左侧支气管有外在压迫。诊断为左肺中心型肺癌。并建议化疗，但因患者拒绝接受任何抗肿瘤治疗故未实施，咯血经治疗痊愈。现感觉良好，无不适，无消瘦。于1997年2月25日来我院复查。既往吸烟40余年，1989年4月因咯血，在上级医院右肺切除一肿物，病理诊断为炎性假瘤。查体：一般情况良好，头颈部正常，右侧胸壁可见手术切口搬痕，两肺叩诊清音，呼吸音清晰，心脏、腹部、四肢检查未见异常。复查X线胸片，发现左肺门肿物与以往胸片比较，…     

肺叶袖状切除、肺动脉成形术治疗支气管肺癌

目的 研究肺叶袖状切除、肺动脉成形术治疗支气管肺癌的疗效。方法 回顾性总结支气管肺癌手术治疗93例，其中86例行支气管袖状肺叶切除成形术，7例行支气管及肺动脉袖状切除成形术。结果 随访67例，2年生存率64％，5年生存率34．3％。结论 肺叶袖状切除、肺动脉成形术治疗支气管肺癌既可全部切除肿瘤，又能最大限度保留正常肺组织，改善患者的生存质量，远期疗效良好。     

X线胸片阴性的原发性支气管癌

X线胸片阴性是指胸片无肿块、空洞、浸润、肺门增宽、局限性纤维化或广泛性胸膜反应的情况 [1]。 X线胸片阴性的原发性支气管癌 (肺癌 )以早期肺癌居多 ,纤维支气管镜 (纤支镜 )检查弥补了 X线胸片的不足 ,为早期肺癌的诊断提供了有力依据。本文分析报告九例 X线阴性的肺癌病例 ,以求教于同道。1　临床资料1.1　一般资料　本文收集我院 1993～ 1999年资料完整、X线胸片阴性而经纤支镜检查证实为肺癌的 9例 ,均为男性 ;年龄 4 2～ 72岁 ,平均 6 0 .8岁 ,有吸烟史 5例 ,吸烟指数≥ 4 0 0年支。1.2　临床症状　咳嗽、咳痰 4例 ,咯血或痰血 4…     

支气管结核纤维支气管镜表现与临床诊断分析

目的：分析支气管结核纤维支气管镜表现与确诊前的临床诊断。方法：选择纤维支气管镜活检病理确诊前未能诊断的支气管结核患者145例，对其镜下表现与确诊前和临床诊断情况进行回顾性分析。结果：145例支气管结核患者纤维支气管镜检查主要特征为支气管粘膜充血、水肿伴表面糜烂、坏死物复盖或肉芽肿、管壁肿块突起，致管腔不同程度狭窄。47％的患者病理确诊前诊断为肺癌；30％的患者因X线胸片显示的病变不在结核好发部位而诊断为细菌性肺炎；7．5％的患者因慢性咳，X线胸片又无明显异常而诊断为慢性支气管炎。结论：支气管结核的临床诊断并不容易，对临床及胸部X线表现可疑者，应及时纤维支气管镜检查与活检病理诊断，以免漏诊和误诊。     

支气管袖状切除术治疗中央型肺癌42例分析

目的：总结分析我院1992～2006年3月间42例中央型肺癌行支气管袖状成形术的治疗经验。方法：1992年～2006年3月，对42例中央型肺癌患者施行以支气管袖状成形肺叶切除术为核心的多种切除重建手术。支气管环状切除成形及支气管袖状成形肺叶切除术35例；支气管肺动脉双袖状成形肺叶切除术2例；气管隆突及半隆突切除重建合并肺叶切除术5例。结果：本组42例无手术死亡，亦未出现严重的手术并发症。最常见的术后并发症为肺不张（共3例），均发生在段支气管袖状肺切除术。经协助咳痰、吸痰、抗炎治疗而治愈。术后1、3、5和10年生存率分别为78．5％，59．5％，35．4％，17．7％。结论：以支气管袖状成形肺叶切除术为核心的多种切除重建术式能最大限度保护了肺功能，提高了中央型肺癌的治愈率和远期生存率。     

隆突、支气管及肺动脉成形术治疗中央型肺癌28例报告

198 7年 1 2月～ 1 997年 1 2月作者施行肺癌切除手术 639例 ,对其中部分中央型肺癌用隆突、支气管及肺动脉成形等手术方式治疗的有 2 8例 ,占 4.5% ,取得较好的效果 ,现报告如下。1　临床资料本组 2 8例 ,男 2 6例 ,女 2例。年龄 40～ 74岁 ,平均 61 3岁。鳞癌 1 8例 ,腺癌 9例 ,鳞腺混合癌 1例。临床症状及Ｘ线胸片均为典型的中央型肺癌表现 ,其手术方式为 :右全肺气管隆突切除重建 2例 ,右上肺叶切除右主支气管袖式 (楔形 )切除 1 0例 ,右下肺叶切除右中间段支气管袖式 (楔形 )切除 8例 ,左上肺叶切除左主支气管袖式 (楔形 )切除 3例 ,…     

146例肺癌纤维支气管镜检查资料分析

目的：确定病理诊断早期肺癌的可靠方法。方法：对X线胸片或CT片有异常表现，或临床有咳嗽、血痰的可疑肺癌患者进行肺纤维支气管镜检查并进行组织学或细胞学取材进行病理诊断。结果：146倒肺癌中鳞癌95倒，呈粉红桑葚状的腺癌23饲，沿支气管长轴生长、黏膜呈糜烂状的小细胞癌15例，未分型癌9例，肺泡细胞癌3倒，甲状腺癌肺转移1例。结论：对临床表现或其他影像学诊断为肺癌或疑似肺癌患者应及早进行肺纤维支气管镜检查，取得病理学或细胞学依据，对肺癌早期诊断、治疗具有重要意义。     

与纤支镜检对照分析支气管体层片的临床意义——附100例分析

本文收集纤维支气管镜检查的100例胸部疾病,均有胸部X线正侧位及支气管体层片,并经病理证实(内手术19例)。有支气管肺癌78例。结核9例,余13例为其他肺、支气管及纵隔病变。两者均误诊1例。支气管体层误诊11例,纤支镜检有误者4例,本文看重讨论了支气管体层有误的12例。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.