3405例产前诊断的指证及其结果评价

目的:分析产前诊断指证与胎儿染色体检测结果的关系。方法:3405例有产前诊断指证的孕妇,进行羊膜腔穿刺或脐静脉穿刺术,取羊水细胞或脐血细胞培养,作胎儿染色体核型分析。结果:3405例孕妇共检出胎儿染色体异常88例,染色体异常率为2.6%,显著高于一般人群的异常率(P<0.01)。其中夫妇一方为染色体平衡易位携带者组的胎儿染色体异常率达25.9%(7/27),产前胎儿超声异常标记组、孕母血清唐氏筛查阳性组和高龄孕妇组的异常率分别为6.2%(49/778)、1.7%(22/1283)和1.1%(7/664)。18-或21-三体儿妊娠史组、体外受精组、本次妊娠有先兆流产史组和孕期不良因素接触组,均未检出胎儿染色体异常。结论:出现胎儿染色体异常率最高的指证,依次为夫妇一方染色体平衡易位携带者、产前超声发现胎儿异常标记、孕母血清唐氏筛查阳性和高龄孕妇。有针对性地进行产前诊断,可有效地控制和减少出生缺陷的发生。     

234例羊膜腔穿刺诊断胎儿染色体异常的研究

目的评价羊水穿刺术在产前诊断胎儿染色体异常中的应用。方法对234例有产前诊断指征的孕妇在超声引导下经腹羊膜腔穿刺抽取羊水检查染色体核型,并比较不同产前诊断指征分组的异常染色体检出率。结果全部病例穿刺均成功,羊水细胞培养成功率97.86%,染色体异常检出率5.68%。其中超声示胎儿异常组染色体异常检出率(33.33%)明显高于21-三体高风险组(4.54%)、不良孕产史组的检出率(9.09%)(P<0.05)。结论超声引导下经腹羊膜腔穿刺抽取羊水在产前诊断中是成熟有效的操作技术,孕妇血清学筛查异常、不良孕产史、超声示胎儿异常是有效的穿刺指征,其中胎儿异常的超声监测对产前诊断提示胎儿染色体异常具有较好的预测性。     

不同指征介入性产前诊断的异常染色体检出率及其安全性分析

目的 探讨不同指征介入性产前诊断(羊膜腔穿刺和脐血管穿刺)的异常染色体检出率以及介入性产前诊断技术的安全性. 方法回顾性分析本中心1264例介入性产前诊断(1082例羊膜腔穿刺和182例脐血管穿刺)的手术指征、不同指征的异常染色体检出率及穿刺相关并发症.结果 1264例介入性产前诊断中,穿刺指征分别为:血清学筛查高风险651例(51.5%)、孕妇高龄(年龄≥35岁)318例(25.2%)、超声胎儿结构异常136例(10.8%)、不良妊娠史88例(6.9%)、血清学筛查一项或两项标志物MoM值异常52例(4.1%)和夫妇一方染色体平衡易位携带19例(1.5%).共检出有临床意义的染色体异常37例,其穿刺指征依次为:超声提示胎儿结构异常20例(20/136,14.7%),血清学筛查高风险12例(12/651,1.8%),至少一项标志物MoM值异常1例(1/52,1.9%),不良妊娠史1例(1/88,1.1%),夫妇一方染色体平衡易位携带3例(3/19,15.8%),孕妇年龄≥35岁者未检出有临床意义的染色体异常(0/318).1264例介入性产前诊断中共有5例自然流产,其中与羊膜腔穿刺相关的胎儿丢失率为0.28%(3/1082),与脐血管穿刺相关的胎儿丢失率为1.09%(2/182),两者相比差异无统计学意义(P=0.154).脐血管穿刺后孕妇心慌、腹痛以及胎心减慢等并发症的发生率明显高于羊膜腔穿刺组(9.89%和0.18%,P=0.001). 结论超声发现胎儿结构异常应常规检查胎儿核型;单纯高龄作为介入性产前诊断的指征值得商榷;介入性产前诊断从安全性角度应首选羊膜腔穿刺术.     

血清学筛查与胎儿超声检查在18、13三体综合征产前诊断中的应用

目的:探讨利用孕妇血清学筛查和胎儿超声检查进行18、13三体综合征胎儿产前诊断的有效性。方法:①对78例(A组)产前血清学筛查18、13三体高风险孕妇,拒绝进行产前诊断的孕妇进行随访观察。②对56例(B组)首诊主诉胎儿超声检查有结构异常的孕妇、134例(C组)首诊主诉为产前血清学筛查胎儿18三体高风险的孕妇,于孕18～32周行羊膜腔穿刺羊水细胞培养,或脐血管穿刺脐血细胞培养染色体分析。结果:A组的18三体筛查高风险孕妇有2例出现B超检查结构异常而放弃妊娠,1例产后检查新生儿先天性心脏病。B组发现18三体3例,13三体3例,其他染色体异常7例,异常发现率23.21%(13/56);其中2例18三体合并有血清学筛查高风险。C组发现胎儿异常4例,其中2例确诊为18三体,异常发现率2.99%(4/134)。结论:孕妇血清生化指标筛查结合胎儿超声检查是产前检出18、13三体综合征胎儿的有效检查方法。     

283例脐血管穿刺诊断胎儿染色体异常临床分析

目的:评价超声引导下脐血管穿刺术在产前诊断中的应用,探讨胎儿染色体异常的临床高危因素,提高脐血管穿刺对胎儿异常染色体核型的检出率.方法:选取在我院超声引导下经腹脐血管穿刺并行染色体检查的孕妇283例,进行染色体核型分析,比较不同产前诊断指征组的异常染色体检出率及相关因素分析.结果:穿刺成功率100%,胎儿脐血管穿刺的主要并发症为穿刺点出血33例(11.66%),胎心心动过缓5例(1.77%).共检出异常染色体核型25例,检出率8.83%.发现夫妇中有染色体异常与胎儿染色体异常存在相关性(r=22.348,P=0.000).结论:超声引导下经腹脐血管穿刺抽取脐血在产前诊断中是较成熟有效的操作技术.夫妇双方有染色体异常是进行产前诊断的必要指征.     

羊水细胞染色体产前诊断3495例结果分析

目的 探讨各种细胞遗传学产前诊断指征与胎儿染色体异常的关系。方法 2011年1月至2013年4月于重庆医科大学附属第一医院妇产科在知情同意的前提下,由超声引导对3495例孕中期高危孕妇（孕16~21+6周）行羊膜腔穿刺术,抽取适量羊水进行细胞培养及染色体核型分析。比较不同产前诊断指征与胎儿染色体异常核型检出率的关系。 结果 羊水培养成功3494例,成功率99.97%。检出异常核型120例,异常率为3.43%（120/3494）,其中染色体数目异常70例,结构异常31例,其他异常19例。各种产前诊断指征中,单纯高龄（分娩时孕妇年龄≥35岁）1498例,检出异常核型47例,异常检出率为3.14%;母血清学筛查高风险1560例,异常核型38例,检出率2.44%;无创产前DNA检测高风险38例,异常核型30例,检出率78.95%,后者检出率分别与前两者相比差异有统计学意义（P<0.05)。结论 掌握好各种产前诊断指征,对高危孕妇进行羊膜腔穿刺及染色体核型分析可有效提高胎儿染色体病的检出率,减少出生缺陷的发生。     

细菌人工染色体标记-微球鉴别/分离法在产前诊断中的临床应用价值

目的:探讨细菌人工染色体标记-微球鉴别/分离法(BoBs)在产前诊断中的临床应用价值。方法:对2015年1月至2018年4月空军军医大学第一附属医院4882例有产前诊断指征的孕妇羊水细胞行染色体核型分析和BoBs检测,检测结果进行比较分析。结果:4882例羊水中共检出胎儿染色体异常289例,异常检出率5.92%。其中染色体核型分析检出271例,BoBs检出266例。不同产前诊断指征下,无创产前检测高风险组的染色体异常检出率最高,占56.00%。289例异常核型中,染色体非整倍体239例,BoBs检测结果与染色体核型分析结果吻合;染色体微缺失/微重复综合征21例,染色体核型分析仅检出3例;性染色体嵌合11例,BoBs检出6例;染色体结构异常18例,BoBs均未检出。结论:BoBs技术是一种可靠的检测技术,可以全面快速检测胎儿染色体非整倍体及9种常见的微缺失/微重复综合征,与染色体核型分析联合可以提高产前诊断的效率及准确性,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

孕妇X染色体异常对其外周血游离DNA产前筛查的影响

目的探讨孕妇X染色体异常对于其外周血游离DNA(cf-DNA)产前筛查的影响。方法收集2016年4月1日至2019年5月31日于中国医学科学院北京协和医院就诊且cf-DNA产前筛查提示胎儿性染色体非整倍体异常(SCA)高风险的孕妇共124例,遗传咨询后行侵入性产前诊断。对于侵入性产前诊断结果与cf-DNA产前筛查结果不相符者,取孕妇白细胞、提取孕妇DNA进行大规模平行测序,以检测孕妇X染色体是否存在数量异常或拷贝数变异。结果124例cf-DNA产前筛查提示胎儿SCA高风险的孕妇中,除9例拒绝诊断,余115例均行侵入性产前诊断,其中41例与cf-DNA产前筛查结果相符,74例不相符。在结果不相符的74例孕妇中,孕妇DNA大规模平行测序发现孕妇X染色体数目异常或携带拷贝数变异者19例,占SCA假阳性孕妇的比例为25.7%(19/74),占总SCA高风险病例的15.3%(19/124)。结论孕妇X染色体数目异常、嵌合或携带拷贝数变异会影响cf-DNA产前筛查的结果,导致假阳性或假阴性结果;对于cf-DNA产前筛查提示胎儿SCA高风险的孕妇,应强调该结果可能受孕妇X染色体异常的影响。对于侵入性产前诊断和cf-DNA产前筛查结果不一致的孕妇,推荐对孕妇染色体进行检测,以明确假阳性或假阴性的原因;而对已明确X染色体数目异常或携带拷贝数变异的孕妇,则不推荐进行cf-DNA产前筛查。     

产前诊断指征在胎儿染色体异常诊断中的价值探讨

目的:探讨产前诊断指征在胎儿染色体异常诊断中的价值及其对妊娠结局的指导意义.方法:对439例有产前诊断指征的孕妇,在超声引导下经腹羊膜腔穿刺抽取羊水检查染色体核型,比较不同产前诊断指征的胎儿染色体异常检出率,分析各组染色体异常类型与妊娠结局的关系.结果:①胎儿染色体异常检出15例,总的异常检出率3.42%.夫妇平衡易位组胎儿染色体异常检出率最高为66.67%,与高龄组、唐氏高危组、不良孕产史(夫妇染色体检查正常)组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而高龄组、唐氏高危组、不良孕产史组和超声检查异常组的胎儿染色体异常检出率分别为5.22%、2.28%、1.54%、16.67%、,组间两两比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).②15例染色体异常中.高龄组占40.00%,唐氏高危组占33.33%.染色体数目异常6例,5例行孕中期引产;结构异常7例,1例行孕中期引产,1例流产;嵌合体2例均行孕中期引产;余6例足月分娩.结论:对具有产前诊断指征的孕妇进行羊水细胞培养及染色体核型分析,不仅能及时发现胎儿染色体异常,为孕妇是否继续妊娠提供科学依据,而且有利于降低出生缺陷发生率.     

妊娠中期羊水染色体检查662例临床分析

目的 分析妊娠中期染色体病高危胎儿染色体病的发生状况.方法 对2003年9月至2007年3月间中国医科大学附属盛京医院662例染色体病高危孕妇进行羊膜腔穿刺,采取羊水细胞培养,制备中期染色体,分析胎儿核型,进行产前诊断.结果 发现染色体异常21例,异常率3.2%,其中数目异常11例,结构异常10例,不同产前诊断指征分组中的异常率不同,以夫妇双方之一为平衡易位携带者组异常率最高,为53.8%.结论 妊娠中期对染色体病高危孕妇进行羊水细胞培养染色体核型分析是产前诊断的重要手段,孕母血清筛查阳性、高龄、超声检查异常及染色体平衡易位携带者是羊水染色体检查的指征.     

576例先天畸形儿的染色体核型分析

目的：通过对超声确诊为先天畸形儿的染色体核型进行分析,总结染色体异常与畸形部位和畸形数目的关系,为产前诊断提供依据。方法：2009年1月—2013年12月在广西壮族自治区妇幼保健院行羊水穿刺或脐带血穿刺,产前诊断指征为先天畸形儿的576例胎儿进行染色体核型分析,探讨先天畸形儿与染色体异常的关系及比例。结果：细胞培养成功551例（成功率95.66%）。染色体异常90例（16.33%）,其中常染色体异常63例（占染色体异常的70.00%）,性染色体异常25例（占染色体异常的27.78%）,三倍体1例,标记染色体1例。 染色体异常的畸形儿中,主要为心脏畸形31例（34.44%）,皮肤水肿30例（33.33%）,面颈部异常21例（23.33%）,脑部结构异常20例（22.22%）,消化系统畸形11例（12.22%）。结论：先天畸形儿的染色体异常发生率极高;对超声提示为先天性畸形儿者应行介入性产前诊断,以避免染色体异常患儿的出生。     

产前超声诊断前脑无裂畸形

目的 了解产前超声诊断前脑无裂畸形(HPE)的特征,加强对此类畸形的认识. 方法回顾性分析我院2001年5月至2007年11月,产前超声诊断与疑似诊断HPE 30例,超声重点观察颅内结构、颜面部畸形及脑与面部以外的结构畸形,部分病例行染色体和产前MRI检查.结果 30例产前诊断或疑似HPE病倒中经尸检、引产后MRI或CT确诊25例,男10例,女15例;误诊5例,尸检分别为脑积水、孔洞脑和水脑.无叶型HPE 21例(产前超声与生后尸检、引产后MRI或CT一致);半叶型4例(产前MRI与产后尸检诊断).头颅大小径线改变者占83.3 0A(20/24),双顶径小于正常者占62.5%(15/24).面部以中轴部畸形多见,22例(88.0%)有面部畸形,全部有限距的变化,鼻部异常11例、中央性唇、腭裂11例.合并复杂先天性心脏病10例(40.0%).10例行脐血或羊水染色体检查,核型异常5例,其中4例有复杂先天性心脏病. 结论 产前超声检查是诊断HPE的重要方法,诊断准确率高,但对前脑无裂分型有困难,MRI对分型有肯定价值.HPE均有颅内结构异常,常伴有颜面部畸形,少数不伴有颜面部畸形.脑与面部以外的结构畸形中以复杂先天性心脏病为主.HPE与染色体异常高度相关.     

Prenatal diagnosis of a fetus with distal 10q trisomy.

Distal 10q trisomy is a well-defined but rare syndrome. Most cases are diagnosed in infancy or in childhood and rarely include prenatal findings. We present a case of fetal distal 10q trisomy with abnormal prenatal sonographic findings. A 19-year-old primigravida was referred for genetic counselling at 18 gestational weeks because her husband had a familial history of congenital anomalies. Genetic amniocentesis was thus performed and showed fetal distal 10q trisomy (10q24.1-->qter), 46,XX,der(22)t(10;22)(q24.1;p11.2)pat, resulting from paternal t(10;22) reciprocal translocation. Level II ultrasonograms further demonstrated bilateral hydronephrosis, ventricular septal defect and facial dysmorphism ascertained by three-dimensional ultrasound. The pregnancy was terminated at 22 gestational weeks. Post-mortem autopsy confirmed the sonographic findings. We suggest that abnormal prenatal sonographic findings such as cardio-vascular, renal and facial malformations should alert cytogeneticists to search for subtle chromosomal abnormalities.     

Prenatal diagnosis in the first trimester of pregnancy

In the past 2 decades, the second trimester of pregnancy has been the most common time for prenatal diagnosis of fetal anomalies and chromosomal aneuploidies. More recently, screening for and diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities are increasingly being performed in the first trimester. With improvements and technological advances in ultrasound, it is now possible to identify many fetal structural anomalies at 11 to 13 6/7 weeks' gestation. At 10 to 11 weeks' gestation, biochemical markers in serum-PAPP-A, free beta-hCG, AFP, and uE3-combined with sonographic measurement of nuchal translucency and the presence/absence of the nasal bone can achieve a Down syndrome detection rate of 97.5% at a false-positive rate of 5%. Structural anomalies of the central nervous system, and the cardiac, renal, and gastrointestinal tracts can now be diagnosed by either transabdominal or transvaginal scanning, achieving detection of up to 80% of CNS anomalies by 13 weeks' gestation. In future, the emphasis in prenatal diagnosis will likely be in the first trimester. TARGET AUDIENCE: Obstetricians & Gynecologists, Family Physicians. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: After completion of this article, the reader should be able to explain the rationale for first trimester combined ultrasound and serum analyte screening for fetal Down syndrome, describe the fetal anatomic structures that can be seen and evaluated in the first trimester, provide patient counseling about the relative benefits of genetic amniocentesis versus chorionic villous sampling, and discuss the application of Doppler technology to the evaluation of a first trimester fetus.     

Prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis in amniocentesis.

From 1982 to 1990, cytogenetic studies were successfully conducted in 2,975 (96.19%) of the 3,096 pregnant women who underwent amniocentesis. The average maternal age was 33.7 years and the average gestational age was 18.1 weeks. Common indications of amniocentesis included advanced maternal age (AMA) (54.76%), previous fetus with chromosomal aberrations (6.82%) or gross anomalies (5.01%), intrauterine gross anomaly (4.97%) and maternal exposure to drugs or radiation (5.28%). Among the 89 cases (2.99%) with detected chromosomal aberrations, 53 were numeric (31 trisomies, 21 sex chromosome aberrations and one tripoidy) and 36 were structural (six de novo and 30 hereditary structural rearrangement). The incidence of chromosomal aberrations was 2.03% in cases with AMA. While only four of the 143 cases with previous fetal trisomy 21 had recurrence, the recurrent rate was 90.91% in 11 cases with previous fetal chromosomal translocation. Thirty (20.27%) of the 148 cases with abnormal sonograms showed chromosomal aberrations. Certain congenital anomalies are closely associated with cytogenetic changes: duodenal atresia and trisomy 21; cystic hygroma and 45,X; and polyhydramnios and trisomy 18. Only two of the 157 cases with indications of drug or radiation exposure had abnormal cytogenetic studies. Two of the 53 cases with detected numerical aberrations (47,XXY and 47,XXX) and 27 cases with hereditary structural rearrangement elected to continue their pregnancies. All of these babies were delivered without gross anomalies. This study suggests that for prenatal diagnosis. However, complementary measures, such as routine antenatal ultrasound and maternal serum alphafetoprotein, should be added to increase the efficacy of genetic amniocentesis.     

Choroid plexus cysts in the fetus: a benign anatomic variant or pathologic entity? Report of 41 cases and review of the literature

During a 22-month period, 6288 women undergoing prenatal sonographic studies in the second and third trimesters were evaluated prospectively to determine the incidence of choroid plexus cysts in the fetus, to follow the natural course of these cysts in intrauterine life, and to determine the association of chromosomal and anatomic anomalies in these fetuses. We diagnosed choroid plexus cysts in 41 fetuses, an incidence of 0.65%. Unilateral and bilateral cysts were equally frequent, and in most cases diagnosed by 21 weeks' gestation. On follow-up scans, the cysts had completely disappeared by 23-24 weeks in 80% of the cases, and by 28 weeks in another 10%. Once resolved, the cysts did not recur, and a normal sonogram in the late second trimester predicted normal scans in late pregnancy and in the neonate. One fetus had a chromosomal abnormality (trisomy 18). Associated anatomic anomalies were detected in three fetuses, including the one with trisomy 18. We believe that in the great majority of cases, fetal choroid plexus cysts are benign transient variants of normal intracranial anatomy. It is, however, important to conduct a careful sonographic search for associated anomalies. Chromosomal studies are strongly recommended whenever associated anatomic abnormalities are detected and when the choroid plexus cysts are large, bilateral, and persistent beyond 20-22 weeks' gestation.     

圆锥动脉干畸形胎儿297例的产前诊断和临床结局分析

目的:分析圆锥动脉干畸形（CTD）胎儿的产前诊断结果及临床结局,探讨CTD与染色体异常的相关性。方法:收集2011年1月1日至2019年12月31日在广州市妇女儿童医疗中心产前诊断中心因CTD进行介入性产前诊断及染色体分析的胎儿297例。根据超声诊断将CTD胎儿分为法洛四联症（109例）、肺动脉（干）闭锁（30例）、大...