垂体腺瘤手术入路的解剖学观察

目的为垂体腺瘤的显微外科手术提供解剖学参考依据。方法采用30具成人尸体头颅,按经蝶入路、经额入路、经翼点入路三种手术入路方式逐层解剖入路的邻近血管、神经并进行解剖学观测。结果颈内动脉内口间距(21.73±3.72)mm、视神经管内口间距(11.77±3.34)mm、海绵窦间距(20.92±4.58)mm、鞍底横径(13.57±4.21)mm、鞍底纵径(13.61±3.18)mm、蝶窦前壁至鼻孔的深度(92.91±17.81)mm、眉弓上缘中点到鞍结节的距离(62.24±14.17)mm、眉上缘中点到同侧视神经管内口距离(53.45±16.91)mm、眉上缘中点到对侧视神经管内口距离(62.24±20.80)mm、眉弓上缘中点到同侧颈内动脉入口的距离(69.81±21.96)mm、眉弓上缘中点到对侧颈内动脉入口的距离(78.40±27.46)mm、眉弓上缘中点到同侧颈内动脉膝部的距离(56.43±15.31)mm、眉弓上缘中点到对侧颈内动脉膝部的距离(64.53±17.01)mm、翼点到垂体柄末端距离(59.24±17.17)mm、翼点到前床突的距离(45.51±10.55)mm、翼点到海绵窦的距离(43.72±9.48)mm。结论应用这些解剖学测量结果可指导与鞍区相关的手术,安全显露鞍区解剖结构,不损伤重要的血管和神经。     

幕上、下乙状窦前入路的显微外科解剖学

目的:为幕上、幕下乙状窦前人路提供显微外科解剖学基础。方法:显微镜下对１５例成人尸体头部标本进行观察并测量有关数据。结果:迷路后、经迷路、经耳蜗入路骨质切除范围分别在后半规管最后点、内耳道、耳蜗和乙状窦沟之间。后半规管弓峰、内耳门后缘到乙状窦前缘的距离分别为(９．８±１．９)ｍｍ、(２２．０±２．４)ｍｍ,耳蜗到崖嵴最后点的距离为(２８．６±３．０)ｍｍ,岩嵴到颈静脉窝顶的距离为(１５．１±４．０)ｍｍ。结论:应用此入路能取得岩斜区病变手术治疗满意的结果。     

以上半规管为标记内耳道手术的应用解剖

目的:为颅中窝进路内耳道手术提供解剖学依据。方法:采用福尔马林固定的头颅标本２４具(４８侧),首先寻找弓状隆起并磨出上半规管蓝线,进一步测量其与内耳道及相关结构的位置关系。结果:上半规管拱峰到内耳道后壁的投影距离为(６．１８±０．２５)ｍｍ(５．１１~７．２３ｍｍ),距前壁的投影距离为(１３．２３±０．４７)ｍｍ(１１．２~１４．２１ｍｍ)。上半规管拱峰与内听后壁的直线距离为(７．０３±０．２６)ｍｍ(６．０１~７．８５ｍｍ),距前壁为(１４．４４±０．７６)ｍｍ(１２．０３~１５．７７ｍｍ)。结论:本文测量数值,对临床上进行颅中窝进路的内耳道定位有较大的帮助。     

扩大经蝶窦入路的显微解剖

目的为扩大经蝶窦入路提供显微解剖基础.方法取经10%福尔马林固定、红色乳胶灌注的成年头颅标本20例,显微镜下模拟扩大经蝶窦入路手术,对相关结构进行解剖、观察、测量及照相.结果经蝶骨平板及鞍结节向鞍上扩展,两侧为视神经管,前方有筛后神经血管丛.鞍结节隐窝邻近蝶鞍前壁其下为前海绵间窦.斜坡拓展的下限距鞍底中点距离为(43.6±4.5)mm,咽鼓管圆枕及硬腭阻碍向下扩展;骨性后鼻孔下界为腭骨水平板后缘,外界为翼突内侧板,两者间距(25.9±1.76)mm,颈内动脉鞍底问距(13.8±0.67)mm,向内移动颈内动脉必须松解床突段的远近硬膜环及破裂孔的纤维环,方可显露海绵窦外侧壁的颅神经.结论扩大经蝶窦入路提供了从前方处理累及鞍上、海绵窦及斜坡病变的新途径.     

颞下窝及颅中窝手术入路应用解剖

目的：为颞下窝和颅中窝入路提供相关的解剖依据。方法：测量４０例颅骨,确定颧弓点至颞下窝、翼点至颅中窝内各结构的距离和夹角。结果：测出了颧弓点至颞下窝８项解剖标志、翼点至颅中窝１１项解剖标志的连线长度和各连线与正中矢状面成角。结论：两种手术入路相关数据的测量。有助于设计手术入路,并可为术中准确定位有关结构提供参考依据。     

经鼻腔内窥镜蝶窦鞍区手术解剖及其临床应用

目的：为经鼻内窥镜蝶窦鞍区手术提供解剖学参数和临床经验。方法：在２０个尸头标本上观测蝶窦及周围重要解剖结构。结果：７７．５％的蝶窦口内窥镜直接窥见,窦口距离蝶窦顶壁、外壁、蝶腭动脉孔、鞍前壁、鼻中隔后端分别为 ８． ６±３． １ｍｍ、９． ２±１． ８ ｍｍ、 １１． １±１． ６ ｍｍ、 １４． ７±３． ６ ｍｍ、３． ６±０． ５ｍｍ,距离鼻小柱根部前缘 ６１．６ ± ３．７ ｍｍ,与鼻底夹角 ３１．８° ± ５． ２°。视神经管和颈内动脉在蝶窦外侧上隆起率分别为２５％和７２．５％。６９％蝶窦中隔非正中位。海绵窦前、下、后间窦出现率分别是８０％、５５％、３５％。结论：进行内窥镜蝶窦鞍区手术时注意蝶窦口、蝶窦外侧壁和蝶鞍底壁与周围结构关系,避免损伤重要血管神经。     

基底动脉顶端相关手术入路的显微解剖研究

目的 研究基底动脉顶端的相关手术入路的显微解剖,评价其显露范围.方法 显微解剖10例(20侧)成人尸颅标本,通过翼点入路、颞下经小脑幕入路及乙状窦前入路三种方法显露基底动脉顶端,测量各自显露的距离和范围.显露范围由术者在显微镜下行主观评分.结果 翼点入路开颅骨窗到基底动脉顶端的最短距离为(63.85±2.54)mm,颞下经小脑幕入路到基底动脉顶端的距离为(66.58±2.03 )mm,乙状窦前入路到基底动脉顶端的距离为(66.01±1.41)mm,三种方法翼点入路显露距离最短,而显露范围无显著统计学差异.结论 翼点入路可使基底动脉顶端获得最佳显露.     

内窥镜蝶窦及蝶鞍区手术应用解剖学研究

１１０个头部标本和蝶窦解剖观察测量表明，蝶窦双侧气比相同占４１．８％，不同占５８．２％，前鼻棘玛蝶窦口和鞍底的距离分别为５４．６ｍｍ和７１．３ｍｍ蝶窦口和鞍底与鼻底的角度分别为３２．６°３３．１°，视神经管和颈内动脉在蝶窦内形成隆起的比率分别是５２．７％５０．９％，中讨论了蝶窦气化类型，蝶窦膜性开口和中隔，以及蝶窦与视神经管和颈内动脉的毗邻关系在内窥镜蝶窦及蝶鞍区手术时的意义。     

神经内镜经蝶窦入路的解剖标志研究及其临床应用

目的:探讨神经内镜下经鼻蝶窦入路的解剖标志,并将其应用于神经内镜经蝶垂体瘤手术.方法:8具成人尸头标本,模拟内镜下经鼻蝶窦入路,鼻腔、蝶窦和鞍底分阶段观察并测量解剖标志;指导临床实施内镜下经鼻蝶窦垂体瘤手术10例.结果:内镜下经蝶入路可清晰显露各阶段解剖标志,蝶窦开口下缘距后鼻孔上缘为(15.4±1.8)mm;蝶窦开口中心点至鞍底中心点相距(13.4±2.1)mm;双侧视神经颈内动脉隐窝(OCR)连线中点至鞍底中心点距离(11.0±2.8)mm;鞍底均位于中线部位,以鞍底为中心,可看到鞍底前外方的视神经隆突,侧下方的颈内动脉隆突,前上方可见鞍结节,后方可见斜坡凹陷.10例内镜经蝶垂体瘤手术患者,肿瘤全切除7例(70%),次全切除3例(30%);术后患者临床症状都得到明显改善.结论:熟悉蝶鞍区结构的内镜下解剖关系有助于手术中准确定位,避免损伤重要的神经、血管结构,以提高手术成功率,减少并发症的发生.     

局部麻醉下隆乳术应用解剖

目的:为局部麻醉下隆乳术提供解剖学依据。方法:对２６具成年女性的５２例标本胸部进行解剖,观测第２~６肋间神经外侧皮支(ＬＣＩＮ)和第２~６肋间神经前皮支(ＡＣＩＮ)的分支分布。结果:第２~６肋间神经外侧皮支穿出点横径依次递减,Ｔ２为(２．１２±０．２６)ｍｍ,Ｔ６为(０．９４±０．２５)ｍｍ;穿出点至前正中线的距离逐渐增大,Ｔ２为(８．８７± ０．５７)ｃｍ,Ｔ６为(１０．１７± ０．８３)ｃｍ;穿出点至腋前线距离亦逐渐增大,Ｔ２为(１．９４±０．９１)ｃｍ,Ｔ６为(１．０６±０．１８)ｃｍ。第２~６肋间神经前皮支(ＡＣＩＮ)在胸骨旁穿出点位置恒定。且肋间神经呈重叠性、节段性分布于乳房区的皮肤。结论:乳房的神经支配主要有锁骨上神经分支和Ｔ２~６ＬＣＩＮ的乳房支及Ｔ２~６ＡＣＩＮ的乳房支。采用阻滞ＬＣＩＮ和ＡＣＩＮ完全可以满足隆乳术的镇痛要求。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.