葛根有效成分的代谢研究——Ⅱ.~(14)C-黄豆甙元在大鼠体内的吸收、分布和消除

本文采用纸片液体闪烁计数法研究了~(14)C-黄豆甙元在大鼠体内的吸收、分布和消除。大鼠口服~(14)C-黄豆甙元30分钟,血液即可测出放射性,6～8小时达高峰,以后缓慢下降。口服给药吸收不完全,由实验推论约有64.6％放射性可被吸收。静脉注射后,血放射性消失曲线分为快、慢两个时相,其生物半衰期分别为13分钟和42分钟。放射性在肾、肝含量最高,血浆、肺、心次之,肌肉、脾、睾丸、脑较低。静脉注射后,~(14)C主要自尿排出(24小时可排出剂量的71.2％),自粪排出17.4％。口服后24小时可自尿排出34.3％,自粪排出33.1％。胆汁也是一条重要排泄途径,静脉注射后24小时可自胆汁排出剂量的47.4％;口服后相应时间内排出39.1％。 本文所得结果与前文应用化学方法所得结果进行比较,表明自消化道、尿、胆汁所回收的放射性主要是黄豆甙元的代谢产物,说明该药在体内的代谢很旺盛。     

3H-莪术醇在正常大鼠及肿瘤小鼠体内的代谢研究

³H-莪术醇自大鼠胃肠道吸收迅速且完全。灌胃后5分钟血中即有放射性,15分钟达高峰,1小时仍保持较高浓度,放射性自血中消失的生物半衰期为11.5小时(t_(1/2)β)。静脉注射后血中放射性的消失分快、慢两相,生物半衰期分别为33分钟(t_(1/2)α)及12.5小时(t_(1/2)β)。放射性在正常大鼠体内分布情况与肿瘤小鼠者相似。肝及肾组织含量约为其它组织的2～2.5倍。肿瘤组织中的分布与其它组织无明显差别;组织中放射性的消失与血浆中者略呈平行关系。放射性与脂肪组织似有较强的亲和力,给药后4小时仍维持较高水平。放射性主要自尿排泄,口服或静脉注射后24小时分别自大鼠尿排出剂量的45.38%及51.91%。胆汁为另一排泄途径,大鼠口服或静脉注射后24小时,分别自胆汁排出36.47%及56.43%,而口服或静脉注射后72小时仅从粪回收6.77%及14.35%,可见,自胆汁排出的放射性大部分均又被重吸收入血。     

三尖杉酯碱的代谢

本文报告³H-三尖杉酯碱在正常及肿瘤鼠体内的吸收、分布和排泄。静脉注射³H-三尖杉酯碱后,大鼠血中放射性迅速降低,快、慢两相的生物半衰期分别为3.5分钟和50分钟。给大鼠静脉注射³H-三尖杉酯硷,注射后15分钟时,药物在各组织中的分布以肾脏为最高,肝、骨髓、肺、心脏、胃肠、脾、肌肉次之,睾丸、血及脑较低。两小时后各组织中的药物浓度均迅速下降,但骨髓的下降较慢,在所有组织中药物浓度居于首位。24小时后则在所测组织中药物浓度均降到相当低的水平。³H-三尖杉酯碱在肿瘤小鼠体内的分布情况与正常大鼠的分布趋势大致相仿。³H-三尖杉酯碱在静脉注射后24小时自大鼠体内排出的总放射性,在尿相当于注射剂量的30.2%,在粪相当于16.6%,其中原型药共占14.5%。此外胆汁也是一条重要排泄途径。静脉注射后24小时可自胆汁排出剂量的24.5%,其中原型药占17.1%。该硷口服给药可迅速吸收入血,但吸收不完全。     

3H-天麻素在大鼠体内的吸收、分布、代谢和排泄

大鼠口服³H-天麻素后,胃肠道放射性消失很快,8h仅剩给药后即刻放射性的1.1%。口服后5min血中放射性已有较高水平,50min左右达高峰。静注或口服后,组织放射性均以肾最高。肝、肺、子宫其次。脑中放射性较低,但变化不同于其他组织,2h达高峰。天麻素血浆蛋白结合率为4.3%,其甙元(对羟基苯甲醇)为69.3%。天麻素在体内主要代谢物是甙元。口服后放射性主要从尿排泄。口服后24h内从尿、粪和胆汁排出的总放射性分别为剂量的66.1,0.63和3.06%.     

高三尖杉酯碱在大鼠及小鼠的代谢

本文报告³H-高三尖杉酯碱在正常大鼠、小鼠和荷瘤小鼠体内的吸收、分布和排泄。给大鼠静注后,t_1/2(α)和(β)分别为2.1和53.7分钟。静注后15分钟,以骨髓、肾和肝的放射性最高。荷瘤小鼠体内的放射性分布情况与正常大鼠的趋势相仿。静注后24小时,自大鼠尿排泄剂量的42.2%,在粪中排出6.3%,其中原形药放射性占剂量的15.9%。静注后48小时,自胆汁排泄剂量的57.7%,其中原形药放射性占剂量的20.2%。该碱经肌注也可被迅速吸收入血。     

N-[C14]甲酰溶肉瘤素在肿瘤病人的吸收和排泄

精原细胞瘤病人口服N[C¹⁴]-甲酰溶肉瘤素15毫克(约30微居里)后72小时内,C¹⁴自尿及大便的总排出量为剂量的68.0-77.4%;其中由尿及大便所排出的放射性各约半量.尿中的放射性绝大部分为给药后前5小时内排出的,大便中的放射性则主要在给药后48小时(两次大便,便秘患者除外)内排出.在服药后24小时内,血液(全血、血浆及血球)、唾液及呼出的二氧化碳仅有痕迹量放射性存在.口服N-甲C¹⁴的同时,口服大量非标记的N-甲,并未显著地影响C¹⁴的排泄.     

黄花夹竹桃次甙乙的药代动力学研究

本文研究[³H]标记的黄花夹竹桃次甙乙(Neriifolin简称次甙乙)在大鼠体内的药代动力学。静脉注射后[³H]-次甙乙在血浆中的消除半衰期(T_1/2β)为5天,分布容积(Vd)为15.3L/kg。药物的主要分布在肝脏、胆汁和胃肠道内。灌胃给药吸收迅速完全,30 min血药浓度即达高峰。无论静脉注射或灌胃后,放射性主要从粪中排出,尿中较少,排出形式主要是代谢产物。[³H]-次甙乙与血浆蛋白的结合为91.7%。结果表明:次甙乙在大鼠体内的药代动力学特点与一般亲脂性强心甙相似。     

~3H-莪术醇在正常大鼠及肿瘤小鼠体内的代谢研究

~8H-莪术醇自大鼠胃肠道吸收迅速且完全。灌胃后5分钟血中即有放射性,15分钟达高峰,1小时仍保持较高浓度,放射性自血中消失的生物半衰期为11.5小时(t_(1/2)β)。静脉注射后血中放射性的消失分快、慢两相,生物半衰期分别为33分钟(t_(1/2)α)及12.5小时(t_(1/2)β)。 放射性在正常大鼠体内分布情况与肿瘤小鼠者相似。肝及肾组织含量约为其它组织的2～2.5倍。肿瘤组织中的分布与其它组织无明显差别;组织中放射性的消失与血浆中者略呈平行关系。放射性与脂肪组织似有较强的亲和力,给药后4小时仍维持较高水平。 放射性主要自尿排泄,口服或静脉注射后24小时分别自大鼠尿排出剂量的45.38％及51.91％。胆汁为另一排泄途径,大鼠口服或静脉注射后24小时,分别自胆汁排出36.47％及56.43％,而口服或静脉注射后72小时仅从粪回收6.77％及14.35％,可见,自胆汁排出的放射性大部分均又被重吸收入血。     

14C-棉酚在四种动物体内吸收、分布和排泄的比较研究

本文比较研究了¹⁴C-棉酚在小鼠、大鼠、犬和猴体内的吸收、分布和排泄过程。小鼠和大鼠于单次口服¹⁴C-棉酚后6～9小时,血内放射性达高峰,生物半衰期分别为31和16.5小时。口服¹⁴C-棉酚48小时后,以胃肠道内容物及肝、肾内放射性最高。睾丸内放射性大鼠比小鼠要高。进入体内¹⁴C-棉酚,放射性排出主要通过粪便,少部分从尿排出。以犬和猴(各1只)进行比较研究,也获得类似结果。它们睾丸内放射性均比大鼠低。与其它三种动物比较,犬心脏内放射性最高,猴体内放射性从粪便中排出最快。本文结果提示棉酚对不同动物的抗生育作用与毒性作用之间的差异,可能与它在相应脏器内的分布、蓄积及排泄速度的不同有关。     

葛根有效成分的代谢研究——Ⅲ.葛根素的代谢及其药代动力学分析

本文建立了一个用薄层及紫外光分光光度法分离并测定生物样品中葛根素的方法,并用该法研究了葛根素在大鼠体内的代谢,分析了其药代动力学特点,并观察了口服后在人体的排泄情况。大鼠静脉注射后药物在肾脏含量较高,血浆、肝、脾次之,药物可通过血脑屏障进入脑组织,但脑中含量较低。血浆药-时曲线分快、慢两个时期。根据开放形二室模型数学公式计算葛根素各药代动力学参数为:t_1/2(α)=3.0分,t_1/2(β)=18.0分,V₁=19.9 ml,V₂=33.7ml,V_d=53.7ml,α=0.23/分,β=0.04/分,K₁₂=0.08/分,K₂₁=0.09/分,K₀=0.10/分,清除率=2.0 ml/分。此结果表明葛根素在体内分布广、消除快、不易积畜。体外实验证明,葛根素可被大鼠血及肝、肾等组织所代谢,且可与肝、肾、肺及血浆蛋白相结合,其与血浆蛋白的结合率达24.6%。大鼠灌胃葛根素后药物吸收较快,但吸收程度较差,灌胃后24小时自粪及胃肠道内容物回收的药物为剂量的37.3%。体外实验证明,葛根素在胃肠道内破坏很少。大鼠灌胃葛根素后24小时自尿及粪分别排出1.85%及35.70%,静脉注射后分别自尿、粪及胆汁排出剂量的37.62%,7.39%及3.65%。正常成人口服葛根素后36小时仅有0.78%自尿排出,72小时自粪排出剂量的73.3%。本文对葛根素及黄豆甙元的代谢特点进行了讨论。     

The Metabolism of Terbutaline in Dog and Rat

Abstract

1. The metabolic fate of [³H]terbutaline has been studied in dog after oral, intravenous and subcutaneous administration and in rat after oral and intravenous administration. In 3–4 days the dog excreted 75% of the dose in the urine after oral administration and more than 90% after intravenous or subcutaneous administration; the remainder was in the faeces. The rat in 24 h excreted about 13% in the urine and 61% in the faeces after oral administration and 48% in the urine and 35% in the faeces after intravenous administration.

2. After oral administration of [³H]terbutaline, the time course of radioactivity concentration was the same in lung, heart and serum; low levels of unchanged drug were found in all tissues. After intravenous administration, the concentration of unchanged drug was higher in lung and heart than in serum.

3. In dog, 1·7% of an intravenous dose was excreted into bile in 6 h. In rat, about 37% of the dose was recovered in the bile during 12 h.

4. Enzymic hydrolysis of urine showed that terbutaline is metabolized by conjugation, forming a glucuronide in rat but probably a sulphate in dog.     

The Distribution of 14C–Chloramphenicol in the Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

Abstract: The distribution of ¹⁴C–labelled chloramphenicol after oral and intravenous administration to egg laying Japanese quail was studied by whole–body autoradiography. In the liver, kidneys, gizzard, intestinal contents (bile) and oviduct, the ¹⁴C–concentration was higher than that of the blood short time after injection and remained higher than the blood up to 4 days. From 4 hrs, the concentration of ¹⁴C in the egg yolks was higher than that of the blood and from 24 hrs the radioactivity in the albumen of the eggs in the oviduct was also higher than that of the blood. The peak concentration in the egg yolk was found in the second egg laid 2–4 days after administration of ¹⁴C–chloramphenicol. In the albumen the maximum concentration was found in the first laid egg 24–48 hrs after administration. In the egg yolks, about 30% of the radioactivity represented unchanged chloramphenicol up to 5 days after administration. It was also shown that about 5% of the injected ¹⁴C–chloramphenicol was exhaled as ¹⁴CO₂ during the first 12 hrs and about 37% of the dose was excreted in the combined faeces and urine during the same period of time     

Studies on the metabolism of meptazinol,a new analgesic drug.

1 The absorption, metabolism and excretion of the new analgesic meptazinol has been studied in male volunteers following oral and intravenous administration of a mixture of the [1-14C] and [7-3H] labelled compound. 2 After oral dosage, absorption from the gastrointestinal tract was rapid as evidenced by the early attainment of peak plasma radioactivity levels and near complete as shown by only small amounts of radioactivity recovered in the faeces. 3 Although the absorption of the drug was good, the systemic bioavailability was relatively low. Plasma levels of the unchanged drug remained below the limit of detection (20 ng/ml) after an oral dose of 200 mg. However, after intravenous administration of only 20 mg the peak plasma level was approximately 58 ng/ml. Subsequent elimination was rapid and proceeded in an apparently mono exponential manner with a half-life of approximately 2 hours. 4 Excretion of radioactivity was rapid irrespective of the dosage route and took place chiefly via the urine. Over 60% of the administered radioactivity was recovered in the 0-24 h urine collection. Less than 10% of the administered dose was excreted in the faeces. 5 Less than 5% of the drugs was excreted unchanged. The major metabolite appeared to be the glucuronide conjugate of the parent drug. No evidence was found for N-demethylation of the compound. A minor metabolite of the drug which accounted for approximately 7% of the recovered radioactivity has been tentatively identified as 6-ethyl - 6 - (3-hydroxyphenyl) - 1 - methyl-hexahydroazepin - (2H)-2-ONE.     

Pharmacokinetics,metabolism and excretion of an inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase,L-NIL-TA,in dog

1.?The pharmacokinetics, metabolism and excretion of L-NIL-TA, an inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, were investigated in dog.

2.?The dose of [¹⁴C]L-NIL-TA was rapidly absorbed and distributed after oral and intravenous administration (5?mg?kg^?1), with C_max of radioactivity of 6.45–7.07?μg equivalents?g^?1 occurring at 0.33–0.39-h after dosing. After oral and intravenous administration, radioactivity levels in plasma then declined with a half-life of 63.1 and 80.6-h, respectively.

3.?Seven days after oral and intravenous administrations, 46.4 and 51.5% of the radioactive dose were recovered in urine, 4.59 and 2.75% were recovered in faeces, and 22.4 and 22.4% were recovered in expired air, respectively. The large percentages of radioactive dose recovered in urine and expired air indicate that [¹⁴C]L-NIL-TA was well absorbed in dogs and the radioactive dose was cleared mainly through renal elimination. The mean total recovery of radioactivity over 7 days was approximately 80%.

4.?Biotransformation of L-NIL-TA occurred primarily by hydrolysis of the 5-aminotetrazole group to form the active drug L-N6-(1-iminoethyl)lysine (NIL or M3), which was further oxidized to the 2-keto acid (M5), the 2-hydroxyl acid (M1), an unidentified metabolite (M2) and carbon dioxide. The major excreted products in urine were M1 and M2, representing 22.2 and 21.2% of the dose, respectively.     

Distribution and Elimination of 2–MethyI–4–Chlorophenoxyacetic Acid (MCPA) in Male Rats

Abstract The distribution and elimination of 2–methyl–4–chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) in male rats were studied. 3 mg of ¹⁴C–labelled and non–labelled MCPA in 50 % ethanol was injected into the stomach of male rats and urine, faeces and internal organs or tissues were analyzed for radioactivity. During the first 24 hrs 92.26 ± 5.36 % of the radioactivity was excreted in the urine and 6.76 ± 3.56 % in the faeces. Recovery in the urine and faeces after five days was 102.78 ± 1.10 % of the dose administered, indicating that practically all MCPA is eliminated in the urine and faeces. The maximum concentrations of MCPA in the tissues occurred between 2 to 8 hrs after administration. Thereafter the concentrations declined rapidly. The highest concentrations of MCPA were observed in the blood, kidney, lung, heart, suprarenal gland, liver, thyroid gland and bone marrow. The lowest concentrations were those in the brain, adipose tissue, testis and muscle.     

Metabolism and kinetics of amlodipine in man

1. The disposition of amlodipine, R,S,2-[(2-aminoethoxy)methyl]-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-ethoxycarbonyl-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-1,4-dihydropyridine has been studied in two human volunteers using single oral and intravenous doses of ¹⁴C-amlodipine. The drug was well absorbed by the oral route while the mean oral bioavailability for unchanged drug was 62˙5%.

2. Renal elimination was the major route of excretion with about 60% of the dosed radioactivity recovered in urine. Mean total recovered radioactivity in urine and faeces amounted to 84% for both the oral and intravenous routes.

3. Apart from a small amount of unchanged amlodipine (10% of urine ¹⁴C), only pyridine metabolites of amlodipine were excreted in urine. The majority (<95%) of the metabolites excreted in the 0-72h post-dose period were identified; the major metabolite was 2-([4-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-ethoxycarbonyl-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-2-pyridyl]methoxy) acetic acid and this represented 33% of urinary radioactivity. The data indicate that oxidation of amlodipine to its pyridine analogue is the principal route of metabolism with subsequent metabolism by oxidative deamination, de-esterification and aliphatic hydroxylation.

4. For the two volunteers, amlodipine concentrations in plasma declined with a mean half-life of 33 h, while slower elimination of total drug-related material from plasma was observed, consistent with prolonged excretion (up to 12 days) of metabolites in urine and faeces. Only amlodipine and pyridine metabolites were found in the circulation. As these pyridine derivatives have minimal calcium antagonist activity the efficacy of amlodipine in man can most probably be attributed to the parent drug.     

The distribution of 14C-chloramphenicol in the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

The distribution of 14C-labelled chloramphenicol after oral and intravenous administration to egg laying Japanese quail was studied by whole-body autoradiography. In the liver, kidneys, gizzard, intestinal contents (bile) and oviduct, the 14C-concentration was higher than that of the blood short time after injection and remained higher than the blood up to 4 days. From 4 hrs, the concentration of 14C in the egg yolks was higher than that of the blood and from 24 hrs the radioactivity in the albumen of the eggs in the oviduct was also higher than that of the blood. The peak concentration in the egg yolk was found in the second egg laid 2-4 days after administration of 14C-chloramphenicol. In the albumen the maximum concentration was found in the first laid egg 24-48 hrs after administration. In the egg yolks, about 30% of the radioactivity represented unchanged chloramphenicol up to 5 days after administration. It was also shown that about 5% of the injected 14C-chloramphenicol was exhaled as 14CO2 during the first 12 hrs and about 37% of the dose was excreted in the combined faeces and urine during the same period of time.     

The excretion of 3H-papaverine in the rat

The excretion of ³H-papaverine has been studied in the rat. After per oral as well as parenteral administration about 85 per cent of the administered radioactivity is excreted in faeces and urine in 4 days, and only negligible amounts of this radioactivity consist of unchanged ³H-papaverine; most of the radioactivity is recovered in the faeces in the first 24 hr.After an intravenous dose of ³H-papaverine, about 70 per cent of the tritium is excreted in the bile in 6 hr. All this radioactivity is due to conjugated metabolites, which after hydrolysis with glusulase, give five peaks on thin layer chromatograms. After intraduodenal administration of these conjugated metabolites, a very small absorption occurs, while after administration of the hydrolysed metabolites about 60 per cent of the dose is excreted in the bile. After intramuscular injection of ³H-papaverine radioactivity in the intestine follows quite good the time pattern of excretion of tritium in the bile. No significant difference was observed between control and bile cannulated rats with regard to the blood levels of radioactivity and ³H-papaverine. These results suggest that the bile is the main route of excretion of papaverine metabolites and that enterohepatic circulation of these metabolites is not important.