复发性结节性甲状腺肿再手术中预防喉返神经损伤的体会

目的探讨复发性结节性甲状腺肿再手术中喉返神经损伤的预防方法。方法回顾性分析笔者所在单位1996年7月至2009年7月期间再次手术治疗的56例复发性结节性甲状腺肿患者的临床资料,术中行喉返神经解剖31例,未行喉返神经解剖25例。结果未行喉返神经解剖者中有3例出现暂时性喉返神经损伤,损伤率为12.0%;行喉返神经解剖者中无一例出现喉返神经损伤,损伤率为0;两者之间差异有统计学意义(χ2=3.931,P<0.05)。结论复发性结节性甲状腺肿再手术时解剖喉返神经有助于降低喉返神经的损伤;术中精细的操作和细致的解剖是避免喉返神经损伤的关键。     

复发性结节性甲状腺肿再手术中喉返神经的保护探讨

【摘要】〓目的〓探索结节性甲状腺肿术后复发再手术中喉返神经的保护策略。方法〓选取我科32例复发性结节性甲状腺手术患者,回顾性分析其手术、临床资料。结果〓通过术中精细解剖,清晰暴露甲状腺解剖标志——Berry韧带和Zuckerkandl结节,明确喉返神经“起点”与“终点”,完整切除腺体,保护喉返神经完好;术后3例患者出现暂时性声音嘶哑,予以神经营养和理疗,2例患者术后两周内恢复正常,1例患者术后四周内恢复正常。结论〓结节性甲状腺肿术后复发再手术者,喉返神经毗邻结构因粘连而层次不清,术者掌握必要的手术技巧和精细操作,暴露关键的甲状腺解剖标志以显露喉返神经,是避免其医源性损伤的重要方法。     

手术治疗结节性甲状腺肿59例的临床分析

目的探讨手术治疗结节性甲状腺肿的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析59例结节性甲状腺肿手术的治疗效果。结果 59例结节性甲状腺肿手术均顺利完成,术后无切口感染、出血、声嘶及呼吸困难等,没有出现喉头水肿、喉返神经受损及等症状,所有的患者伤口一期愈合后均出院。随访6～36个月,随访率为100%,手术后有1例病复发,行二次手术切除甲状腺结节,手术后的恢复状况较好。结论手术是治疗结节性甲状腺肿安全有效的治疗方式。     

经乳晕气管前入路在腔镜甲状腺手术中的应用

目的探讨经乳晕气管前入路腔镜甲状腺手术的应用价值。方法2009年11月～2012年6月,对104例甲状腺疾病采用气管前人路施行腔镜甲状腺切除术,其中甲状腺腺瘤25例,结节性甲状腺肿56例,甲状腺功能亢进23例。经乳晕切口穿刺trocar,常规先切断甲状腺峡部,再切断游离气管前筋膜、外侧韧带、悬韧带,解除甲状腺固定（即甲状腺松动）,再切断血管,根据病变决定切除多少甲状腺。结果手术均获成功。手术时间85～195min,平均107min。术中出血量5～115ml,平均25ml。术后住院时间3～6d,平均4．5d。2例术后轻微喉返神经麻痹症状（声嘶）,经观察分别于术后3、6个月自行恢复正常,无永久性喉返神经损伤。结论气管前人路腔镜甲状腺切除手术操作容易,手术并发症少,是一种安全、简捷的手术方法。     

再次手术治疗复发性结节性甲状腺肿48例报道

目的探讨再次手术治疗复发性结节性甲状腺肿的安全性及有效性。方法回顾性分析2004年1月至2012年12月期间于笔者所在医院行再次手术治疗的48例复发性结节性甲状腺肿患者的临床资料。结果本组48例患者中,再次手术行甲状腺全切除术33例,行甲状腺近全切除术15例。术中显露喉返神经32例（61条）,均无喉返神经损伤发生;未能显露喉返神经16例,其中有2例发生喉返神经损伤,损伤率为12．5％,高于显露喉返神经者（P〈0．05）。术后均无永久性低钙血症发生,17例（35．4％）发生暂时性低钙血症。术后均获访0．5-8．0年,平均4．3年,无复发。结论复发性结节性甲状腺肿再次手术行甲状腺全切除或近全切除术是安全可靠的,预防术后并发症的关键是熟悉甲状腺解剖和精细手术操作。     

经胸骨前径路三孔法内镜甲状腺切除术的体会

目的:探讨经胸骨前径路三孔法内镜甲状腺切除术的临床疗效及应用价值。方法:回顾分析为17例患者经胸骨前径路行三孔法内镜甲状腺切除术的临床资料。结果:17例手术均获成功,无一例中转开放手术,未损伤喉上神经、喉返神经及甲状旁腺。手术时间100～150 min,平均134 min;术中出血量30～50 ml,平均42 ml。患者对术后美容效果均非常满意。结论:选择合适的手术病例,经胸骨前径路行三孔法内镜甲状腺切除术是安全可行的,疗效确切,具有很好的美容效果。     

应用精细化被膜解剖技术经颈入路切除Ⅰ型胸骨后甲状腺肿75例临床分析

目的探讨精细化被膜解剖技术经颈入路切除Ⅰ型胸骨后甲状腺肿的临床价值。方法回顾性分析2013年4月至2017年4月期间湖北省孝感市中心医院普外科收治的75例Ⅰ型胸骨后甲状腺肿患者的临床资料,采用超声刀及双极电凝镊行精细化被膜解剖经颈入路切除Ⅰ型胸骨后甲状腺肿。结果桥本甲状腺炎12例,甲状腺腺瘤10例,结节性甲状腺肿41例,甲状腺癌12例。行单侧甲状腺全切除术5例;双侧甲状腺全切除术58例;12例甲状腺癌患者中9例行双侧甲状腺全切除术+中央区淋巴结清扫,3例行双侧甲状腺全切除术+中央区淋巴结清扫+患侧颈侧区淋巴结清扫。本组患者手术时间平均为100 min,术中出血量平均为50 m L,术后住院时间平均为5 d。术后无出血及皮下积液的发生。发生气管部分软化2例。术后平均随访时间30个月;随访72例,失访3例,随访期间无死亡患者,无肿瘤复发、转移患者。发生甲状腺旁腺损伤2例(2.7%),因甲状旁腺损伤导致暂时性低钙血症2例(2.7%),发生单侧喉返神经损伤3例(4.0%),发生喉上神经外支损伤1例(1.3%)。结论本组病例的分析结果提示,采用超声刀及双极电凝镊行精细化被膜解剖经颈入路切除术治疗Ⅰ型胸骨后甲状腺肿是安全、可行的,能减少甲状腺切除术的并发症,可有效地保留甲状旁腺及功能,保护喉返神经及喉上神经。     

内镜辅助下经颈径路胸骨后巨大甲状腺肿切除术(附5例报告)

目的探讨内镜辅助下经颈径路胸骨后巨大甲状腺肿手术切除临床经验。方法回顾性分析2016年5月～2019年2月行内窥镜辅助下经颈入路手术切除的5例巨大胸骨后甲状腺肿患者的临床资料。肿块大小为11 cm×6 cm×3.5 cm～15 cm×7 cm×5 cm。结果 5例患者手术均获成功。手术时间平均135 (82～198)min,术中出血量平均90(50～100)ml,拔除引流管时间4～6 d,住院时间10～14 d。无喉返神经损伤、大血管破裂和气胸等并发症。并发暂时性甲状旁腺功能低下者1例,予对症治疗后恢复正常。术后病理示结节性甲状腺肿。所有患者均获随访,时间6～24个月。术后患者无呼吸及吞咽困难,甲状腺肿无复发,甲状腺及甲状旁腺功能均恢复正常。结论经颈部低领切口内窥镜辅助下切除巨大胸骨后甲状腺肿,无需胸骨劈开,具有创伤小、恢复快、并发症少等优点,值得临床进一步探索。     

经腋窝途径的单孔内镜下甲状腺切除术

目的探讨单孔内镜下甲状腺手术的可行性以及安全性,并对其疗效进行评价。方法 2010年1月～2011年4月,10例甲状腺单发良性直径〈40 mm结节接受经腋窝途径的单孔内镜甲状腺切除术,结节最大直径20～35 mm,平均25.2 mm,均位于甲状腺中下极,均为囊实性结节。在腋窝做一长约2.5 cm的切口并放置单孔入路装置（前2例使用自制单孔入路装置,后8例使用TriPort三通道单孔入路装置）,经此置入30°的5 mm腹腔镜、超声刀以及异型腹腔镜手术器械,建立操作空间,完成甲状腺腺叶次全切除或近全切除手术。结果 10例均顺利完成单侧甲状腺腺叶次全切除或近全切除手术,手术时间125～180 min,平均153 min,术中出血量5～15 ml,平均9.1 ml,无中转常规三孔内镜手术或开放手术,无气管、喉返神经、甲状旁腺损伤等并发症。术后第1天疼痛评分2～4分,平均3.3分。术后住院时间均为2 d。术后病理均为结节性甲状腺肿。术后3个月复查,10例均获得＂非常满意＂的美容效果,无复发。结论对于单侧甲状腺良性病变,经腋窝途径的单孔内镜下甲状腺切除术是安全、可行的,同时具有很好的美容效果。但病例选择较严格。     

巨大甲状腺肿的手术切除体会

目的 探讨影响巨大甲状腺肿手术成功的因素.方法 对24例巨大甲状腺肿患者术前进行多学科讨论,手术方式为甲状腺全切除术或近全切除术,并对大部分病例随访1年余.结果 24例患者均顺利完成手术治疗.手术时间60～120min,平均85min.术中出血20～60ml,4例给予气管悬吊术,3例术中行气管切开术,2例出现暂时性喉返神经麻痹,2例出现口唇麻木感,术后住院时间5～14d,平均7d.结论 完善的术前检查,必要的术前准备,多学科讨论,正确的手术方式,术中良好的暴露以及细致的操作,是切除巨大甲状腺肿,减少术中出血,控制术后并发症的重要保证.     

Reoperative Thyroid Surgery

Reoperative thyroid surgery is an uncommon operation associated with a high complication rate. We retrospectively reviewed the data of 115 patients to study the incidence of complications after reoperative thyroid surgery. There were 107 women and 8 men (13.4:1.0) with an average age of 42.8 years (range 18–80 years). The most frequent indication for reoperation was completion thyroidectomy for a carcinoma identified by permanent sections (50 patients, 43.5%). Reoperative surgery was performed on 13 (11.3%) patients with recurrent thyroid cancer. The remaining 52 patients underwent reoperation for recurrent thyrotoxicosis (12 patients, 10.4%), recurrent nodular goiter (28 patients, 24.3%) or recurrent multinodular goiter (12 patients, 10.4%). Seven patients with recurrent nodular goiter and one patient with recurrent thyrotoxicosis underwent total thyroidectomy for the presence of malignancies that were identified by frozen sections. Overall, the interval between the initial and reoperative procedures ranged from 1 day to 33 years (2335 ± 272 days). The length of hospital stay was 5.8 ± 0.5 days. The length of time needed for reoperative thyroid surgery was 122.0 ± 6.2 minutes. There was no 30-day perioperative mortality. The postoperative complications consisted of transient hypoparathyroidism in six patients (5.2%), permanent hypoparathyroidism in two patients (1.7%), transient RLN palsy in 3 patients (2.6%), and permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy in two patients (1.7%). Reoperative thyroid surgery can be performed safely with little morbidity to the patient.     

结节性甲状腺肿术后复发原因分析及应对策略

摘要 目的： 探讨结节性甲状腺肿术后复发的相关因素和应对策略,降低结节性甲状腺肿再手术率。 方法： 回顾分析我院1998~2008年术后复发性结节性甲状腺肿45例的临床资料。 结果： 结节性甲状腺肿术后复发与病变类型、手术方式选择及术后无规律TSH抑制治疗等密切相关。45例患者给予再次手术加甲状腺激素治疗后无一例复发。 结论： 首次手术应重视术前检查和术中探查、正确选择手术方式及规范化术后辅助甲状腺激素替代治疗,可降低复发率。     

手术治疗单侧喉返神经麻痹的甲状腺肿瘤

目的分析术前单侧喉返神经麻痹的甲状腺肿瘤患者的临床、病理特点,探讨合理处理受侵喉返神经的方法。方法回顾分析2004年5月～2008年12月收治的2174例甲状腺肿瘤患者的临床资料,其中19例术前诊断单侧喉返神经麻痹,包括结节性甲状腺肿2例,甲状腺恶性肿瘤17例。13例行根治性切除手术,包括双侧甲状腺切除＋颈淋巴结清除术12例,双侧甲状腺切除＋全喉切除术1例,其中6例保留喉返神经,1例切除受侵段神经后予以吻合,另6例切除病变神经;4例行姑息性切除,患侧喉返神经均切除;2例结节性甲状腺肿患者行双侧甲状腺全切除术,喉返神经保护。结果19例患者均无围手术期死亡病例。淋巴结转移者10例。19例均获随访,时间平均64（37～91）月。2例结节性甲状腺肿和6例甲状腺癌术中保留喉返神经者,术后声音改善明显,另1例健侧代偿。6例切除神经者和4例姑息性手术切除喉返神经者术后声音无改善。结论术中探明喉返神经受肿瘤侵犯程度,尽可能保留神经,可以改善患者生活质量,取得较满意治疗效果。     

Total Thyroidectomy for Management of Benign Thyroid Disease: Review of 526 Cases

Total thyroidectomy is not frequently performed in cases of benign disease because of the associated risk of postoperative hypoparathyroidism and recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) damage. We chose a series of patients who had undergone total thyroidectomy (TT) for benign thyroid tumors to evaluate the safety of this approach and its role in the treatment of nonmalignant lesions of the thyroid. We considered only patients with a minimum follow-up of 24 months. Records of 526 patients who underwent TT were carefully reviewed, assessing for perioperative complications and late sequelae. The mean age was 44 ± 15.7 years; 109 patients (20.7%) were male and 417 (79.3%) were female. Altogether, 65 patients (12.3%) were operated on for toxic goiter, 429 (81.6%) for bilateral nodular goiter, and 32 (6.1%) for thyroiditis. Postoperative hemorrhage requiring reoperation occurred in 8 cases (1.5%). The incidences of permanent RLN palsy (considered as a percentage of the nerves at risk) and permanent hypocalcemia were 0.4% and 3.4%, respectively. A trend toward a decrease in the complication rate was observed during the last 5 years. There were no disease recurrences during a mean follow-up of 44 months. The results of our series show that TT can be performed safely in patients, with a low incidence of lifetime disabilities. TT has the advantage of reducing/avoiding the risk of disease recurrence and reoperation and should therefore be considered a valuable option for treating benign thyroid diseases.     

Total thyroidectomy for management of benign thyroid disease: review of 526 cases

Total thyroidectomy is not frequently performed in cases of benign disease because of the associated risk of postoperative hypoparathyroidism and recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) damage. We chose a series of patients who had undergone total thyroidectomy (TT) for benign thyroid tumors to evaluate the safety of this approach and its role in the treatment of nonmalignant lesions of the thyroid. We considered only patients with a minimum follow-up of 24 months. Records of 526 patients who underwent TT were carefully reviewed, assessing for perioperative complications and late sequelae. The mean age was 44 +/- 15.7 years; 109 patients (20.7%) were male and 417 (79.3%) were female. Altogether, 65 patients (12.3%) were operated on for toxic goiter, 429 (81.6%) for bilateral nodular goiter, and 32 (6.1%) for thyroiditis. Postoperative hemorrhage requiring reoperation occurred in 8 cases (1.5%). The incidences of permanent RLN palsy (considered as a percentage of the nerves at risk) and permanent hypocalcemia were 0.4% and 3.4%, respectively. A trend toward a decrease in the complication rate was observed during the last 5 years. There were no disease recurrences during a mean follow-up of 44 months. The results of our series show that TT can be performed safely in patients, with a low incidence of lifetime disabilities. TT has the advantage of reducing/avoiding the risk of disease recurrence and reoperation and should therefore be considered a valuable option for treating benign thyroid diseases.     

复发性结节性甲状腺肿诊治分析

目的探讨复发性结节性甲状腺肿的诊断与治疗。方法回顾性分析再次手术治疗的复发性结节性甲状腺肿60例,首次手术行单侧腺叶手术的39例(65%),再手术时29例行对侧腺叶部分切除,5例行患侧腺叶全切加对侧腺叶部分切除,5例行双侧腺叶大部分切除。首次手术行双侧腺叶手术21例,再手术时16例行一侧腺叶全切加对侧腺叶部分切除,5例行双侧腺叶大部分切除。结果60例患者中,再手术后发现甲状腺癌10例(16.7%),15例(25%)出现术后并发症,其中永久性喉返神经损伤2例,永久性低钙血症2例,甲状腺功能减退症5例。再次手术并发症发生率为25%,高于首次手术(6%)(P<0.05)。结论甲状腺良性疾病再手术是安全可行的;但手术者应遵循手术原则与手术方式,小心细致,尽量防止并发症的发生。     

Risk Factors for Recurrent Nodular Goiter after Thyroidectomy for Benign Disease: Case-control Study of 244 Patients

Surgery for recurrent nodular goiter is associated with a significant risk of parathyroid and recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) morbidity. Total thyroidectomy for benign disease is assessed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk factors for recurrence and the morbidity associated with reoperation. From 1969 to 1996 a total of 4334 thyroidectomies were performed, of which 122 were for recurrent nodular goiter (group I: 116 women, 6 men). A matched case-control study of 122 patients operated on for nonrecurrent multinodular goiter was performed (group II: 112 women, 10 men). Age, family history, initial surgery, pathology, and morbidity were compared in the two groups by ² test, Fishers exact test, and the Mantel-Haenszel test. The mean age was 39.88 years in group I and 47.89 years in group II. There was no statistical difference in relation to the extent of thyroidectomy or morbidity after initial surgery. Statistical differences were identified regarding age (p = 0.000002) and the multinodular nature of the initial goiter (p = 0.005). Bilaterality and family history were less significant (p = 0.09 and p = 0.08, respectively). Temporary RLN palsy and temporary hypoparathyroidism were higher in group I (12.3% vs. 5.7%, p = 0.0737; 10.6% vs. 1.7%, p = 0.00337). Permanent RLN palsy was found in 0.8% in group I and in none in group II (p = 0.5, NS). Young age and multiple nodules at initial surgery are risk factors for recurrence. A higher rate of temporary morbidity was demonstrated after surgery for recurrent goiter. Total thyroidectomy for multinodular goiter is advisable.This article was presented at the International Association of Endocrine Surgeons meeting, Uppsala, Sweden, June 14–17, 2004.     

Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy after thyroidectomy with routine identification of the recurrent laryngeal nerve

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the risk of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy (RLNP) after thyroidectomy with routine identification of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) during the operation. METHODS: The present study was confined to 521 patients, 348 total lobectomies and 178 total thyroidectomies, treated by the same surgeon. Temporary and permanent RLNP rates were analyzed for patient groups with stratification of primary operation for benign thyroid disease, thyroid cancer, Graves' disease, and reoperation. Measurement of the RLNP rate was based on the number of nerves at risk. Twenty-six RLNs in 20 thyroid cancer patients with intentional sacrifice were excluded from analysis. RESULTS: Forty RLNs (40 patients) developed postoperative RLNP. Complete recovery of RLN function was documented for 35 of the 37 patients (94.6%) whose RLN integrity had been ensured intraoperatively. Recovery from temporary RLNP ranged from 3 days to 4 months (mean, 30.7 days). Overall incidence of temporary and permanent RLNP was 5.1% and 0.9%, respectively. The rates of temporary/permanent RLNP were 4.0/0.2%, 2.0/0.7%, 12.0/1.1%, and 10.8/8.1% for groups classified according to benign thyroid disease, thyroid cancer, Graves' disease, and reoperation, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Operations for thyroid cancer, Graves' disease, and recurrent goiter demonstrated significantly higher RLNP rates. Invasion of RLN was identified in 19.4% of patients with thyroid cancer. Postoperatively, the RLN recovered in most of the patients without documented nerve damage during the operation. Total lobectomy with routine RLN identification is recommended as a basic procedure in thyroid operations.     

复发性结节性甲状腺肿再次手术方式的选择

目的探讨正确选择复发性结节性甲状腺肿再次手术的方式,以降低手术并发症发生率。方法回顾性的分析手术治疗的68例复发性结节性甲状腺肿患者的临床资料。其中1次术后复发者56例,2次术后复发者10例,3次术后复发者2例。结果一侧全切或近全切 对侧次全切或大部切12例,一侧次全切 对侧次全切或大部切28例,一侧次全切20例,一侧大部切8例。平均手术时间136.43 min,术中出血平均212.33 mL。术中有54例显露喉返神经;有2例患者术后出现声带麻痹,其中1例双侧麻痹者行气管切开;3个月后拔除气管导管。4例患者出现一过性的四肢麻木。结论再次手术时,首选一侧腺叶的全切除,至少应行次全或近全切除,应当摒弃大部切除术。     

结节性甲状腺肿术后残留与复发的临床分析

目的探讨结节性甲状腺肿术后复发的原因及预防措施。方法回顾性分析本院2005年1月至2009年7月收治的967例结节性甲状腺肿患者中70例结节性甲状腺肿手术后复发情况、再手术方式及疗效。术后均予以TSH抑制剂治疗,随访0.5～5年。结果初发单侧腺体结节性肿手术47例,同侧复发20例,对侧复发13例,双侧复发14例;初发双侧腺体结节性肿手术21例,术后单侧复发14例,双侧复发7例;既往手术史不详2例,均为双侧复发。单侧腺体复发行侧叶次全切除或全切除术,双侧腺体复发行双侧甲状腺次全切除或一侧全切除、对侧次全及全切除术。复发性结节性甲状腺肿再次手术治疗的并发症发生率明显高于首次手术。结论结节性甲状腺肿术后复发率高,与其病理特点、手术方法、术后TSH抑制剂治疗不规范有关。规范手术方式、术后规律服用TSH抑制剂治疗可能减少复发率。