Adaptation to altitude hypoxia limits lipid peroxidation during inflammation and stress

Preadaptation of rats to altitude hypoxia results in reduced activation of lipid peroxidation during subsequent stress, inflammation, or both, as compared to hypoxiaunadapted animals, with the result that secondary changes in organs and tissues of adapted rats are much less pronounced and conditions are created for alleviating the acute inflammation and the stress reaction. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 119, N ^o 6, pp. 590–593, June, 1995 Presented by E. D. Gol'dberg, Member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences     

Adrenergic innervation of the gingiva in experimental periodontitis

In experiments on guinea pigs, the nerve-tissue relationships in gingival papillae were studied under conditions of experimental inflammation induced by local (turpentine injection) and general (whole-body γ-irradiation). It is found that structural and metabolic changes in the lamina propria and epithelium of the gingival mucosa correlate with disturbances in trophic influences from the sympathetic nervous system. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 127, No. 5, pp. 564–568, May, 1999     

Role of mast cells in reparative processes in inflammation

Using the model of acute infectious peritonitis in rats, it is shown that inflammation induced in the absence of mast cells is characterized by marked inhibition of reparative processes. The most significant accumulation of functionally active fibroblasts and the development of granulations and young connective tissue in the mesentery occur 5–10 days after flogogen injection in the natural development of inflammation and after 10–20 days in the absence of mast cells. The data suggest that under natural conditions mast cells directly or indirectly stimulate reparative processes. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 119, N ^o 3, pp. 262–265, March, 1995 Presented by E. D. Gol'dberg, Member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences     

Association analysis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">SLC22A4</Emphasis>, <Emphasis Type="Italic">SLC22A5</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">DLG5</Emphasis> in Japanese patients with Crohn disease

Crohn disease (CD) is an inflammatory bowel disease characterized by chronic transmural, segmental, and typically granulomatous inflammation of the gut. Recently, two novel candidate gene loci associated with CD, SLC22A4 and SLC22A5 on chromosome 5 known as IBD5 and DLG5 on chromosome 10, were identified through association analysis of Caucasian CD patients. We validated these candidate genes in Japanese patients with CD and found a weak but possible association with both SLC22A4 (P=0.028) and DLG5 (P=0.023). However, the reported genetic variants that were indicated to be causative in the Caucasian population were completely absent in or were not associated with Japanese CD patients. These findings imply significant differences in genetic background with CD susceptibility among different ethnic groups and further indicate some difficulty of population-based studies.     

The role of opsonization ofStaphylococcus aureus in the development of local inflammation and system response

Thein vitro neutrophil-stimulating activities of twoS. aureus strains are compared with theirin vivo cytotoxic activities, including the use of intact heterologous neutrophils. After opsonization with normal autologous serum, clinical isolates ofS. aureus differ in the ability to induce luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of guinea pig peritoneal neutrophils. After opsonization, the opsonin-dependent strain markedly stimulates chemiluminescence in comparison with the opsonin-independent strain. The local inflammation induced in guinea pig by intracutaneous administration of the opsonized opsonin-dependent strain is more intense than that induced by the opsonin-independent strain. Intramuscular administration of opsonin-dependentS. aureus strain increases mortality in mice from 10 to 46% while the addition of normal guinea pig neutrophils to the inoculate has no effect on this process. Opsonization of opsonin-independent strain decreased mortality from 78 to 40%, the effect being potentiated by the addition of neutrophils to inoculate (mortality 14%). Presumably, the opsonin dependence ofS. aureus manifestedin vitro is associated with its pathogenicityin vivo, which may be caused by intense stimulation of the respiratory burst in neutrophils. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 122, No. 9, pp. 298–300, September, 1996     

Parameters of hemostasis and blood lysosomal enzyme activity in allergic necrotizing inflammation against the background of suppression and stimulation of immune processes

Changes in the hemostasis system are experimentally shown in rabbits with modeled allergic inflammation (Arthus phenomenon) of the maxilla. Suppression of immune processes has an adverse effect on this system, while immunostimulation improves hemostatic parameters. Immunosuppression impairs lysosomal mechanisms of inflammation, while stimulation of the immune system normalizes these mechanisms. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 124, No. 8, pp. 157–160, August, 1997     

An Interaction Between Genetic Factors and Gender Determines the Magnitude of the Inflammatory Response in the Mouse Air Pouch Model of Acute Inflammation

The widely used mouse air pouch model of acute inflammation is inducible in a variety of inbred strains, but the potential influence of genetic background and gender on inflammation severity has never been examined. We directly compared the degree of inflammation induced in the air pouch model across four commonly utilized inbred strains in both male and female mice. We then applied an in silico mapping method to identify loci potentially associated with determining inflammation severity for each gender. Air pouches were induced by subcutaneous injection 3 (3 cc) and 5 (1.5 cc) days prior to the experiment. 4h after carrageenan injection, exudates were retrieved and leukocyte concentration quantified using a hemocytometer. The in silico mapping method was applied as described below. The strain order for mean leukocyte count/mL in inflamed exudates differed between genders. In males, the order was C57BL/6J > BALB/cByJ > DBA/2J > DBA/1J, while in females the order was BALB/cByJ > DBA/2J > C57BL/6J > DBA/1J. The difference in inflammation severity between genders reached significance only in C57BL/6J mice. Independent in silico analysis based on phenotypic data from male versus female mice identified distinct sets of loci as potentially associated with the exudate count reached. We conclude that the degree of inflammation induced in the mouse air pouch model of inflammation is strain-specific and, therefore, genetically based, and the pattern of interstrain differences is altered in male relative to female mice. The loci identified by in silico mapping likely contain genes with differential roles in determining this phenotype between genders.     

Function of neutrophils in nonphlogogenetic reaction

Clinically nonphlogogenetic phagocyte reaction under conditions of bacterial challenge was studiedin vivo. The “mission” of phagocytes under such conditions is completed by evacuation of phagocytized bacteria from the site of capture into the blood and then into the intestine. The purulent process induced by massive doses ofStaphylococcus aureus (25×10⁶ and 25×10⁸ bacteria), without any concomitant injury to the peritoneum does not lead to the development of inflammation. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 124, No. 9, pp. 356–360, September, 1997     

Virulence factor genotypes of Helicobacter pylori affect cure rates of eradication therapy

The cure rates of Helicobacter pylori infection by using a combination of a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) and antimicrobial agents are mainly influenced by bacterial susceptibility to antimicrobial agents and the magnitude of acid inhibition during the treatment. Currently used empirical triple therapies do not reliably produce a ≥80% cure rate on an intention-to-treat basis. Therefore, tailored regimens based on relevant microbiological findings and pharmacogenomics are recommended for attaining an acceptable ≥95% cure rate. Recently, virulence factors of H. pylori, such as cagA and vacA, are reported to be major factors determining the cure rates. Individuals infected with strains with cagA-negative and vacA s2 genotypes have significantly increased risk of eradication failure of H. pylori infection. These virulence factors enhance gastric mucosal inflammation and are associated with the development of peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. H. pylori virulence factors induce proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-  which influence mucosal inflammation and/or gastric acid secretion. When physicians select an H. pylori eradication regimen with an acceptable cure rate, they might need to consider H. pylori virulence factors, especially cagA and vacA.     

Analysis of the effect of changing environmental conditions on the expression patterns of exported surface-associated proteins of the oral pathogen Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans has been specifically implicated in the aetiology of one or more of the periodontal diseases, conditions in which inflammation of the gums is associated with destruction of the alveolar bone supporting the teeth. In these diseases there is loss of attachment of the gums (gingivae) to the teeth forming a periodontal pocket. The microenvironment of this pocket is extremely complex and it is likely that there will be substantial variation in the environmental conditions operating in this habitat. The aim of the current investigation was to study the effect of disease-relevant environmental factors on the production and release of secreted surface- associated proteins of A. actinomycetemcomitans. These secreted proteins contain many of the virulence determinants of this organism. A range of environmental conditions were investigated: growth in a CO₂-enriched aerobic atmosphere vs anaerobic growth, presence of serum or blood, biofilm vs planktonic mode of growth and iron depletion. Differential expression of a number of the secreted surface-associated proteins was observed under different growth conditions and these included the glycolytic enzyme triose phosphate isomerase. An ability to adapt to prevailing environmental conditions may facilitate the survival of the organism in the changing microÍenvironment of the periodontal pocket.     

Specific features of the candidal infectious process under conditions of polychemotherapy

Foci of candidal pneumonia in the presence of iatrogenic immunodeficiency and dysbacteriosis caused by preinjection of cyclophosphamide and ampiox were examined by histoautoradiography and light and electron microscopy. Not only did the pathomorphogenesis ofCandida infection, type of manifestation of tissue defense reactions, and degree of manifestation of the pathogenic characteristics of the agent change under such conditions, but the mediation of the inflammation as well. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 120, N ^o 11, pp. 506–510, November, 1995     

Expression of activation markers by lymphocytes of patients with infective allergic myocarditis

Negative correlation between the severity of infective allergic myocarditis and the content of CD8⁺ lymphocytes has been established. The counts of CD25⁺ and CD71⁺ lymphocytes increased during the early period of the disease. Attenuation of inflammation in the myocardium was associated with a tendency to normalization of these parameters. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 127, No. 1, pp. 86–88, January, 1999     

Ultrastructural analysis of interactions of staphylococci with mono- and polynuclear phagocytes in nonphlogogenic and phlogogenic reaction

Antibacterial activity of neutrophils and peritoneal macrophages toward massive doses ofStaphylococcus aureus is studiedin vivo. Two types of antibacterial response are revealed: nonphlogogenic (physiological) and phlogogenic (inflammatory). Nonphlogogenic reaction is characterized by pronounced antibacterial effect of phagocytes on cocci. Transition to phlogogenic response is accompanied by impaired function of phagocytes involving their self-destruction and disintegration, which decreases their antibacterial activity and promotes inflammation.     

NADPH-diaphorase in the lungs of rats with experimental bronchial asthma

Distribution and activity of NADPH-diaphorase colocalized with NO-synthetase are studied in bronchial epithelium, pneumocytes, and alveolar macorphages of rats with experimental bronchial asthma. Increased activity of NO-synthetase in these structures indicates that nitric oxide is involved in allergic inflammation. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 124, No. 12, pp. 697–700, December, 1997     

Changes in thymosin-α1 content in patients with nonspecific gynecologic diseases depending on inflammation type and efficacy of antiinflammatory and immunomodulating therapy

Plasma content of thymosin-α₁ and its circadian variations in patients with inflammatory gynecologic diseases differ from those in healthy donors and depend on the type of inflammation and efficacy of treatment. It is concluded that not only the absolute content of thymic hormones, but also their biorhythmic variations are important for immune regulation. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 130, No. 9, pp. 327–329, September, 2000     

On the erythron response to inflammation and its mechanisms

Using the mouse model of acute infectious peritonitis caused byEscherichia coli, it is shown that the development of inflammation is accompanied by increases in the number of erythrokaryocytes, erythroid colony-forming units, and erythroid hematopoietic islets in the bone marrow and by rises in the activities of supernatants of cultured stimulated adherent and nonadherent myelokaryocytes and of peripheral blood. The results of this study indicate that a characteristic, feature of acute inflammation is strong activation of erythropoiesis with the development of hyperplasia of the erythroid marrow. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 120, N ^o 10, pp. 382–384, October, 1995     

Granulomatous inflammation of the liver in mice with gadolinium chloride-blocked Kupffer cells

(CBA×C57B1/6) F₁ mice injected with zymosan intravenously developed granulomas in the liver; the number of granulomas in mice pretreated with gadolinium chloride, a selective blocker of Kupffer cells, was half that in the untreated animals. Kupffer cells isolated from the liver 5 days after zymosan injection, i.e., during the period when granuloma generation was at its height, displayed a high capacity for stimulating both the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of blood leukocytes (which is associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species) and the colony-forming activity of bone marrow cells; this capacity was much lower in mice pretreated with gadolinium chloride. It is shown that granulomatous inflammation of the liver is directly dependent on the activity of Kupffer cells. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 120, N ^o 10, pp. 366–369, October, 1995 Presented by V. P. Kaznacheev, Member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences     

Correlation of antiinflammatory and hormonal activity of derivatives of the 8,16-diazasteroid series

Antiinflammatory activity and mechanism of action are studied for seven compounds of the 8,16-diazasteroid series. It is established that the antiinflammatory activity of the compounds is increased on the whole due to the reduced ketofunction in the 12 position of 8,16-diazasteroid as well as for the introduction of methoxy groups in the 2 and 3 position or phenol substitute in the 16 position. The activity of compounds VI and VII also depends on the inflammation model or on the pain reaction and differs significantly from the effectiveness of diclofenac sodium and prednisolone. Unlike the latter, the compounds under study are virtually devoid of hormonal activity. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 119, N ^o 2, pp. 168–171, February, 1995 Presented by P. V. Sergeev, Member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences     

Ultrastructural,radioautographic, and morphometric analysis of gastric mucosa in chronic gastritis

Biopsy specimens of gastric mucosa from patients with chronic gastritis are examined. The dynamics of structural changes occurring during the development of chronic inflammation is demonstrated and the ultrastructural changes in the mucosa cell populations are described, which together with the radioautographic analysis of biosynthetic reactions and morphometric data characterizes the complex structural and functional rearrangements in the gastric mucosa. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 122, No. 7, pp. 103–108, July, 1996