血浆D-二聚体在肺栓塞患者中的诊断意义

目的:探讨快速定量检测D-二聚体在诊断肺栓塞患者中的临床价值。方法:检测、分析21例经螺旋CT或肺动脉造影确诊的肺栓塞患者及19例健康人(对照组)的血浆D-二聚体含量。结果:与对照组比较,肺栓塞组D-二聚体含量明显升高,有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论:肺栓塞患者D-二聚体含量明显升高,敏感性为100%,阴性预测值为100%,检测D-二聚体可作为诊断肺栓塞的首选筛选试验。     

肺栓塞严重指数对急性肺栓塞预后的预测价值

目的:探讨肺栓塞严重指数(PESI)对急性肺栓塞(PE)的预测价值。方法:利用PESI对6家医院2005年01月～2009年12月期间住院PE患者30天内的预后转归进行回顾性分析。结果:共收集PE患者185例,30d死亡率为11.9%,Ⅰ级0%、Ⅱ级2.4%、Ⅲ级6.5%、Ⅳ级15%、Ⅴ级22.5%,随PESI危险级别上升而显著升高(P0.001)。PESI预测死亡率准确度显示敏感性及阴性预测值均高。结论:利用PESI对PE进行危险分层,可较准确地判断PE预后,进而指导临床早期干预,改善预后。     

CT肺动脉造影对肺动脉栓塞的诊断价值

目的探讨CT肺动脉造影对肺动脉栓塞（PE）的诊断价值。方法20例PE患者均行CT肺动脉造影（CTPA）检查。结果Ⅰ型12例,其中4例位于左肺动脉,3例位于右肺动脉,5例左、右肺动脉及肺叶肺动脉皆有;Ⅱ型2例,其中右下叶肺动脉1例,左上叶肺动脉1例;Ⅲ型3例,其中右下叶肺动脉1例,左上叶肺动脉1例,2个以上肺叶肺动脉1例;Ⅳ型3例,均位于双下肺肺段、亚段肺动脉。左、右肺动脉、叶肺动脉、段肺动脉、亚段肺动脉栓塞率分别为77．78％、66．67％、60．00％、12．50％。结论CTPA对肺动脉栓塞有重要的诊断价值。     

D-二聚体与急性肺栓塞预后的关系

[目的]研究D-二聚体（D-D）对1年内的肺栓塞的复发率和病死率的预测价值.[方法]测定71例肺栓塞患者血浆中D-D.并进行1年随访,了解是否出现复发或死亡.[结果]病情程度不同各组间D-D水平有显著性差异（P〈0.001）.直线相关分析显示D-D与复发率和病死率呈独立负相关关系（r=-0.613,P〈0.001） .[结论]D-二聚体水平可以作为急性肺栓塞预后的预测指标.     

Pulmonary Embolism Risk Stratification: Pulse Oximetry and Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index

Background: Risk stratification of pulmonary embolism (PE) patients is important to determine appropriate management. Objectives: We evaluated two published risk-stratification tools in emergency department (ED) PE patients: a pulse oximetry cutoff below 92.5% oxygen (at 5280 feet elevation) and the Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index (PESI). Methods: Electronic medical records of all patients diagnosed with PE were abstracted to identify their triage vital signs, co-morbidities, and adverse short-term outcomes (AO) either requiring interventions (defined as respiratory failure, hypotension requiring pressors, and hemodynamic impairment requiring thrombolytics) or resulting in death. We applied these models to our ED PE patients and assessed their performance. Results: There were 168 PE patients identified, with an overall AO rate of 7.1% (12/168), including a 3.0% mortality rate. A room-air pulse oximetry cutoff of 92.5%, for values measured at 5280 feet, classified 89/136 patients as low risk, 1.1% of which had an AO, and 47/136 patients as high risk, of which 10.6% had AO. This pulse oximetry cutoff had a sensitivity of 83% (95% confidence interval [CI] 36–99%), specificity of 68% (95% CI 58–76%), and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 99% (95% CI 93–100%). PESI classified 91/168 patients as low risk (class I or II): 2.2% had AO but none died, and 77/168 were classified as high risk (class III, IV, or V), with an AO rate of 13.0%. A PESI cutoff score of II had a sensitivity of 83% (95% CI 52–98%), specificity of 57% (95% CI 49–65%), and NPV of 98% (95% CI 92–100%). Conclusion: Both PESI and pulse oximetry measurements are moderately accurate identifiers of low-risk patients with PE.     

256层螺旋CT血管成像在肺动脉栓塞诊断中的应用价值

目的:探讨256层螺旋CT血管成像在诊断肺动脉栓塞中的应用价值。材料与方法:回顾性分析我院自2012年12月至2014年4月临床确诊为肺动脉栓塞的病例共17例。所有病例均行256层动态容积CT肺动脉血管成像技术检查,并用最大密度投影(MIP)、多平面重组(MPR)及容积再现(VR)等多种图像后处理技术和方法显示肺动脉以及栓子位置、形态、数量等特点。同时结合其他一些相关特征性影像表现进行归纳分析。结果:17例患者中,肺动脉主干、左右肺动脉、段及亚段肺动脉可见栓塞共299支,其中偏心型126支、中央型80支、闭塞型78支、附壁环形型15支。肺动脉增粗(5例),局限性肺纹理稀疏(10例),局限肺梗死(2例),胸腔积液(6例)。结论:256层螺旋CT血管成像可清晰、细腻、直观、快捷的显示肺动脉血管图像及肺动脉栓塞情况,为临床提供确诊的依据,可作为诊断肺动脉栓塞的首选方法。     

A Highly Sensitive ELISA D-Dimer Increases Testing but Not Diagnosis of Pulmonary Embolism

Objectives: To determine the effect of introducing a rapid enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) D‐dimer on the percentage of emergency department (ED) patients evaluated for pulmonary embolism (PE), the use of associated laboratory testing, pulmonary vascular imaging, and the diagnoses of PE. Methods: Patients evaluated for PE during three 120‐day periods were enrolled: immediately before (period 1), immediately after (period 2), and one year after the introduction of a rapid ELISA D‐dimer in the hospital. The frequency of ED patients evaluated for PE with any test, with D‐dimer testing, and with pulmonary vascular imaging and the frequency of PE diagnosis during each time period were determined. Results: The percentage of patients evaluated for PE nearly doubled; from 1.36% (328/24,101) in period 1 to 2.58% (654/25,318) in period 2 and 2.42% (583/24,093) in period 3. The percentage of patients who underwent D‐dimer testing increased more than fourfold; from 0.39% (93/24,101) in period 1 to 1.83% (464/25,318) in period 2 and 1.77% (427/24,093) in period 3. The percentage of patients who underwent pulmonary vascular imaging increased from 1.02% (247/24,101) in period 1 to 1.36% (344/25,318) in period 2 and to 1.39% (334/24,093) in period 3. There was no difference in the percentage of patients diagnosed as having PE in period 1 (0.20% [47/24,101]), period 2 (0.27% [69/25,318]), and period 3 (0.24% [58/24,093]). Conclusions: In the study's academic ED, introduction of ELISA D‐dimer testing was accompanied by an increase in PE evaluations, D‐dimer testing, and pulmonary vascular imaging; there was no observed change in the rate of PE diagnosis.     

Diagnostic accuracy of D-dimer test for exclusion of venous thromboembolism: a systematic review

Summary.  Background: The reported diagnostic accuracy of the D-dimer test for exclusion of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) varies. It is unknown to what extent this is due to differences in study design or patient groups, or to genuine differences between D-dimer assays. Methods: Studies evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of the D-dimer test in the diagnosis of venous thromboembolism were systematically searched for in the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases up to March 2005. Reference lists of all included studies and of reviews related to the topic of the present meta-analysis were manually searched for other additional potentially eligible studies. Two reviewers independently extracted study characteristics using standardized forms. Results: In total, 217 D-dimer test evaluations for DVT and 111 for PE were analyzed. Several study design characteristics were associated with systematic differences in diagnostic accuracy. After adjustment for these features, the sensitivities of the D-dimer enzyme-linked immunofluorescence assay (ELFA) (DVT 96%; PE 97%), microplate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (DVT 94%; PE 95%), and latex quantitative assay (DVT 93%; PE 95%) were superior to those of the whole-blood D-dimer assay (DVT 83%; PE 87%), latex semiquantitative assay (DVT 85%; PE 88%) and latex qualitative assay (DVT 69%; PE 75%). The latex qualitative and whole-blood D-dimer assays had the highest specificities (DVT 99%, 71%; PE 99%, 69%). Conclusions: Compared to other D-dimer assays, the ELFA, microplate ELISA and latex quantitative assays have higher sensitivity but lower specificity, resulting in a more confident exclusion of the disease at the expense of more additional imaging testing. These conclusions are based on the most up-to-date and extensive systematic review of the topic area, including 184 articles, with 328 D-dimer test evaluations.     

Seizure as a Presentation of Pulmonary Embolism

Background

Seizure is estimated to be the presenting symptom of pulmonary embolism (PE) < 1% of the time. A review of the available literature on the subject indicates that many of the reported cases are postmortem findings, and invariably, are examples of delayed diagnosis and treatment.

Objectives

To heighten physician awareness of the possibility of a PE in patients initially presenting with seizures, and to bring to light some key aspects of the history and physical examination that may assist in the final diagnosis.

Case Report

A 76-year-old man presented to the Emergency Department (ED) after suffering from two tonic-clonic seizures at home. He had a history of one isolated seizure 4 years prior, for which he was not prescribed any medication after full evaluation, including a negative electroencephalogram. In the ED, he was noted to have a resting tachycardia and a room air oxygen saturation of 92%. This prompted further evaluation in the ED. Electrocardiography and D-dimer were ordered, and both were found to be abnormal. Computed tomography scan was positive for multiple large pulmonary emboli. The patient was given an appropriate dose of enoxaparin and admitted to the internal medicine service.

Conclusion

Despite an atypical presentation, the authors were able to diagnose the patient due to a high level of suspicion for the disease. Our goal is to make physicians more attuned to the possibility of a PE as a final diagnosis in patients who present with new-onset seizures.     

肺栓塞严重指数联合心肌肌钙蛋白I对早期血压正常急性肺栓塞预后的预测价值

目的：探讨肺栓塞严重指数（PESI）、心肌钙蛋白I（cTnI）对早期血压正常急性肺栓塞（APE）预后的预测价值。方法：利用PESI评分、cTnI定量对2009年01月-2012年12月确诊的早期血压正常APE患者进行分组．观察30d内不良事件发生情况,分析不同分层方法对早期血压正常APE患者预后的预测价值。结果：165例患者入选,PESI高危103例（62．4％）、低危62例（37．6％）,cTnI阳性98例（59．4％）、cTnI阴性67例（40．6％）,PESI高危且cTnI阳性75例（45．5％）、PESI低危且cTnI阴性42例（25．5％）。PESI高危组或cTnI阳性组（89％）和阴性预测值（97％）．联合分层对不良预后预测的敏感性93％、阳性预测值（98％）和阳性似然比9．57。结论：PESI、cTnI对早期血压正常的APE30d内预后有一定预测价值,二者联合可提高对30d内低危风险患者识别的敏感性及特异性。     

螺旋CT多平面重建对急性肺动脉栓塞的应用价值

目的:探讨螺旋CT多平面重建技术对肺动脉栓塞(PE)的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析经螺旋CT肺动脉造影确诊的PE患者27例的临床资料,在横断面容积扫描数据基础上,应用多平面重建(MPR)技术进行多方向、多角度、多平面重建,可以任意角度、任意方位显示肺血管的解剖结构及病变形态。对肺动脉主干及其分支栓塞的血管显示进行分析及评价。结果:对27例患者CT多平面重建图像进行分析,统计受累肺动脉及分支共84支,其中左右肺动脉主干栓塞12支,叶肺动脉栓塞22支,段肺动脉栓塞34支,亚段肺动脉栓塞13支,5级分支栓塞3支;完全性栓塞8支,部分性栓塞76支。结论:多层螺旋CT的多平面重建图像可清晰显示肺动脉主干及其5级分支小肺动脉内栓子,定位准确且无创伤性,可成为临床诊断PE的首选检查方法。     

New Electrocardiographic Changes in Patients Diagnosed with Pulmonary Embolism

Background

The electronic medical record is a relatively new technology that allows quick review of patients' previous medical records, including previous electrocardiograms (ECGs). Previous studies have evaluated ECG patterns predictive of pulmonary embolism (PE) at the time of PE diagnosis, though none have examined ECG changes in these patients when compared with their previous ECGs.

造影剂强化后磁共振肺灌注成像诊断周围型肺栓塞的研究

目的 探讨造影剂强化磁共振肺灌注成像（CE－MRPP）对周围型肺栓塞的诊断价值，提高对肺栓塞于CE－MRPP表现的认识。方法 8只犬于DSA下经导管将直径2－4mm，长1cm左右的明胶海绵条注入单侧肺动脉后制成周围型肺栓塞动物模型，然后进行CE－MRPP检查，以DSA发现为标准，分析栓塞低灌注区于CE－MRPP的表现形式和CE－MRPP的诊断敏感性及栓塞低灌注区与正常灌注区的时间－信号强度曲线特点。结果 DSA共发现了26支肺段有以下水平的栓塞肺动脉，CE－MRPP共发现了15个低灌注区，界限清楚，诊断敏感性为57．7％，特异性为100％。栓塞低灌注区的时间－信号强度曲线平直而不规则，无明显峰值出现，正常肺实质则明显强化，于注入造影剂后6.8s达峰值，时间－信号强度曲线规则。结论 CE－MRPP是诊断周围型肺栓塞的可靠方法，可以通过显示栓塞低灌注区的存在对肺栓塞作出间接诊断。     

Pulmonary embolism despite negative ELISA D-dimer: a case report

Pulmonary embolus (PE) can be fatal, but is often treatable if recognized early. Unfortunately, the clinical presentation of PE is often variable and misleading. The D-dimer assay has recently come into favor as a method to exclude PE; however, this test has an acceptable safety margin only in low-risk populations. What is unclear is the exact composition of this low risk population. This is the report of a 26-year-old woman with over 2 weeks of chest pain and intermittent dyspnea. The patient was initially seen in the Emergency Department (ED) and hospitalized. She returned to the ED 2 weeks later with similar symptoms. Although enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) D-dimer assays were normal on the initial and subsequent ED visits, pulmonary embolism (PE) was diagnosed by computed tomography scan on the second visit. This report highlights the risk of misdiagnosing PE if relying solely on ELISA D-dimer for exclusion. The approach to PE should include a measure of clinical probability. This report documents the presentation of PE despite having two unremarkable ELISA D-dimer measurements, and highlights the importance of clinical suspicion.     

Comparison of the Unstructured Clinician Estimate of Pretest Probability for Pulmonary Embolism to the Canadian Score and the Charlotte Rule: A Prospective Observational Study

Objectives: Clinical decision rules have been validated for estimation of pretest probability in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism (PE). However, many clinicians prefer to use clinical gestalt for this purpose. The authors compared the unstructured clinical estimate of pretest probability for PE with two clinical decision rules. Methods: This prospective, observational study was conducted from October 2001 to July 2004 at an urban academic emergency department with an annual census of 105,000. A total of 2,603 patients were enrolled; mean age (± SD) was 45 (± 16) years, and 70% were female. All patients were evaluated for PE using a previously published protocol, including D‐dimer and alveolar dead space measurements, and selected use of pulmonary vascular imaging. All had 45‐day follow‐up. Interobserver agreement for each pretest probability estimation method was measured in a separate group of 154 patients. Results: The overall prevalence of PE was 5.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.9% to 6.8%). Most were deemed low risk for PE, including 69% by the unstructured estimate < 15%, 73% by the Canadian score < 2, and 88% by the Charlotte rule “safe.” The corresponding prevalence of disease in each of these low‐risk groups was 2.6%, 3.0%, and 4.2%. Weighted Cohen's κ values were 0.60 (95% CI = 0.46 to 0.74) for the unstructured clinical estimate < 15%, 0.47 (95% CI = 0.33 to 0.61) for the Canadian score < 2, and 0.85 (95% CI = 0.69 to 1.0) for the Charlotte rule “safe.” Conclusions: The unstructured clinical estimate of low pretest probability for PE compares favorably with the Canadian score and the Charlotte rule. Interobserver agreement for the unstructured estimate is moderate.     

临床护士对肺栓塞疾病知识掌握情况的调查

目的 调查临床护士对肺栓塞疾病(pulmonary embolism,PE)的掌握情况,为护理管理者有针对性地加强临床护士PE的继续教育提供依据.方法 采用问卷调查法评估北京市4所医院203名临床护士对PE的掌握状况.结果 临床护士对PE相关知识的掌握程度较低,临床护士的平均知识得分为(37.39±12.26)分;不同学历、不同职称人员组间的知识得分差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);临床护士对患者发生PE后应该采取卧床休息的方式掌握得较好,但对于PE的发病率、危险因素、临床表现、急救治疗措施和预防知识了解不足.结论 护理管理者应加强对临床护士PE相关知识的继续教育.     

Emergency Medicine Practitioner Knowledge and Use of Decision Rules for the Evaluation of Patients with Suspected Pulmonary Embolism: Variations by Practice Setting and Training Level

Background Several clinical decision rules (CDRs) have been validated for pretest probability assessment of pulmonary embolism (PE), but the authors are unaware of any data quantifying and characterizing their use in emergency departments. Objectives To characterize clinicians' knowledge of and attitudes toward two commonly used CDRs for PE. Methods By using a modified Delphi approach, the authors developed a two‐page paper survey including 15 multiple‐choice questions. The questions were designed to determine the respondents' familiarity, frequency of use, and comprehension of the Canadian and Charlotte rules. The survey also queried the frequency of use of unstructured (gestalt) pretest probability assessment and reasons why physicians choose not to use decision rules. The surveys were sent to physicians, physician assistants, and medical students at 32 academic and community hospitals in the United States and the United Kingdom. Results Respondents included 555 clinicians; 443 (80%) work in academic practice, and 112 (20%) are community based. Significantly more academic practitioners (73%) than community practitioners (49%) indicated familiarity with at least one of the two decision rules. Among all respondents familiar with a rule, 50% reported using it in more than half of applicable cases. A significant number of these respondents could not correctly identify a key component of the rule (23% for the Charlotte rule and 43% for the Canadian rule). Fifty‐seven percent of all respondents indicated use of gestalt rather than a decision rule in more than half of cases. Conclusions Academic clinicians were more likely to report familiarity with either of these two specific decision rules. Only one half of all clinicians reporting familiarity with the rules use them in more than 50% of applicable cases. Spontaneous recall of the specific elements of the rules was low to moderate. Future work should consider clinical gestalt in the evaluation of patients with possible PE.     

心电图联合胸部X线片对肺栓塞的早期诊断

目的探讨胸部X线片与心电图联合应用对急性肺栓塞（APE）的早期诊断价值。方法回顾性分析81例可疑肺栓塞病案的临床资料。结果81例患者中单纯胸部X线片异常21例,3例确诊为肺栓塞,准确度14.3%;单纯心电图异常18例,1例确诊为肺栓塞,准确度5.3%;X线片及心电图均有异常38例,32例确诊为肺栓塞,准确度84.2%。结论联合应用胸部X线、心电图检查对于肺栓塞的早期诊断有较高的特异性,可以作为早期治疗的依据。     

Potential Impact of Adjusting the Threshold of the Quantitative D-dimer Based on Pretest Probability of Acute Pulmonary Embolism

Objectives: The utility of D‐dimer testing for suspected pulmonary embolism (PE) can be limited by test specificity. The authors tested if the threshold of the quantitative D‐dimer can be varied according to pretest probability (PTP) of PE to increase specificity while maintaining a negative predictive value (NPV) of >99%. Methods: This was a prospective, observational multicenter study of emergency department (ED) patients in the United States. Eligible patients had a diagnostic study ordered to evaluate possible PE. PTP was determined by the clinician’s unstructured estimate and the Wells score. Five different D‐dimer assays were used. D‐dimer test performance was measured using 1) standard thresholds and 2) variable threshold values: twice (for low PTP patients), equal (intermediate PTP patients), or half (high PTP patients) of standard threshold. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) within 45 days required positive imaging plus decision to treat. Results: The authors enrolled 7,940 patients tested for PE, and clinicians ordered a quantitative D‐dimer for 4,357 (55%) patients who had PTPs distributed as follows: low (74%), moderate (21%), or high (4%). At standard cutoffs, across all PTP strata, quantitative D‐dimer testing had a test sensitivity of 94% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 91% to 97%), specificity of 58% (95% CI = 56% to 60%), and NPV of 99.5% (95% CI = 99.1% to 99.7%). If variable cutoffs had been used the overall sensitivity would have been 88% (95% CI = 83% to 92%), specificity 75% (95% CI = 74% to 76%), and NPV 99.1% (95% CI = 98.7% to 99.4%). Conclusions: This large multicenter observational sample demonstrates that emergency medicine clinicians currently order a D‐dimer in the majority of patients tested for PE, including a large proportion with intermediate PTP and high PTP. Varying the D‐dimer’s cutoff according to PTP can increase specificity with no measurable decrease in NPV.     

皮瓣转移术后并发肺栓塞患者一例的护理

肺栓塞是内源性或外源性栓子堵塞肺动脉或其分支引起肺循环障碍的临床综合征,是一种常见的致命的心血管综合征。它常发生于骨盆及下肢骨折、急性心肌梗死、心力衰竭、大手术后、肺癌等长期卧床血流缓慢的患者,是以发病率高、误诊率高、病死率高和复发率高为特点的急性病症。