哌拉西林／三唑巴坦的临床评价

目的：评价国产哌拉西林／三唑巴坦的疗效和安全性。方法：哌拉西林／三唑巴坦与替卡西林／克拉维酸在下呼吸道腹腔胆道感染中进行随机对照观察,其中治疗组54例,对照组52例;另58例接受哌拉西林／三唑巴坦治疗的下呼吸道、尿路、皮肤软组织感染和败血症例系开放组。治疗下呼吸道、腹腔胆道等感染哌拉西林／三唑巴坦为4．5g q8h静脉滴注,尿路、皮肤软组织感染为4．5g bid静脉滴注,替卡西林／克拉维酸均为每次3．2g q8h静脉滴注。结果：哌拉西林／三唑巴坦治疗下呼吸道感染和腹腔胆道感染的疗效与对照药相仿,但其治疗下呼吸道感染的疗效优于替卡西林／克拉维酸（P＝0．02）,细菌清除率两组相仿,两组中均无不良反应者。哌拉西林／三唑巴坦（包括治疗组和开放组）治疗上述感染的总有效率为92．0％（103／112）,细菌清除率97．3％（103／111）,不良反应发生率为1．8％（2／112）,分别为腹泻及ALT升高各1例。结论：国产哌拉西林／三唑巴坦治疗常见性细菌感染疗效确切,不良反应少而轻微,其疗效较替卡西林／克拉维酸相似或略优,安全性与替卡西林／克拉维酸相仿。     

哌拉西林/三唑巴坦和头孢噻肟治疗呼吸道细菌感染的临床研究

目的：评价哌拉西林／三唑巴坦的有效性和安全性。方法：采用随机对照试验，选择头孢噻肟为对照药物，共治疗呼吸道细菌感染患者60例，哌拉西林／三唑巴坦组和头孢噻肟组各30例，结果：哌拉西林／三唑巴坦组临床治愈率为86．7％（26／30），有效率为93．3％（28／30），细菌清除率为92．9％（26／28），而对照组分别为83．3％（25／30），90％（27／30）和92．3％（24／26），经统计学处理两组差异无显著性，两组不良反应发生率均为3．3％，结论：哌拉西林／三唑巴坦治疗呼吸道细菌的有效和安全性与头噻肟相似，是一种高效，广谱，安全的新型抗菌药。     

哌拉西林/三唑巴坦治疗自发性细菌性腹膜炎疗效分析

目的　研究哌拉西林 /三唑巴坦治疗自发性细菌性腹膜炎的临床疗效及安全性。方法　 50例自发性细菌性腹膜炎病人随机分为观察组 30例 ,以哌拉西林 /三唑巴坦 4 5g静滴 ,每日 3次 ;对照组 2 0例 ,以头孢曲松 2 0 g静滴 ,每日 2次 ,疗程均为 1 0～ 1 4d。评价其临床疗效及安全性。结果　观察组与对照组的临床有效率和显效率分别为 1 0 0 %、90 %和 96 7%、75 %,显效率差异显著 (P <0 0 5)。结论　哌拉西林 /三唑巴坦能高效、安全治疗自发性细菌性腹膜炎 ,临床疗效优于头孢曲松。     

哌拉西林钠/舒巴坦钠与哌拉西林钠/三唑巴坦注射剂随机单盲对照治疗急性细菌性感染的临床评价

目的评价国产注射用哌拉西林钠/舒巴坦钠(每支2.5g)治疗中、重度急性细菌性感染的临床疗效与安全性。方法采用单盲、随机对照实验设计,以哌拉西林钠/三唑巴坦(每支2.25g)为对照药。两组的用量、用法、疗程均为2支溶解于生理盐水100ml中,Q8h静脉滴注,疗程5~10d,重症患者可延长至14d。结果本研究共纳入74例,哌拉西林钠/舒巴坦钠组和哌拉西林钠/三唑巴坦组各36例。其中哌拉西林钠/舒巴坦钠组纳入ITT分析36例,PP分析34例,哌拉西林钠/三唑巴坦组纳入ITT分析36例,纳入PP分析35例。疗程结束时哌拉西林钠/舒巴坦钠组和哌拉西林钠/三唑巴坦组的总痊愈率和有效率分别为80.6%与94.4%和75.0%与94.4%,两组细菌清除率分别为96.7%和100%。以上结果两组间比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。哌拉西林钠/舒巴坦钠组和哌拉西林钠/三唑巴坦组的不良反应发生率分别为16.21%和8.11%,主要表现为皮疹(经对症处理好转)、嗜酸性粒细胞计数一过性增高及轻度转氨酶升高等。结论国产注射用哌拉西林钠/舒巴坦钠治疗中、重度急性细菌性感染的临床疗效确切,安全性较好。     

高效毛细管电泳法测定注射用哌拉西林／三唑巴坦的含量

建立注射用哌拉西林／三唑巴坦的HPCE含量测定方法。方法：测定条件为：运行缓冲液：25mmol/L的磷酸硼砂溶液和50mmol/L的SDS，pH9.0；操作电压20kV，检测波长200nm。结果：测定哌拉西林的线性范围为0．01－0．75mg/ml,日内RSD为0．66％，日间RSD为0．88％；三唑巴坦的线性范围为0．02－1．0mg/ml,日内RSD为0．71％，日间RSD为0．98％。哌拉西林的回收率为99．76％，三唑巴坦的回收率为98．2％。结论：该方法简便、经济、快速，准确可靠。     

哌拉西林钠/舒巴坦钠(4:1)治疗急性细菌性感染多中心随机单盲对照临床研究

目的评价国产注射用哌拉西林钠／舒巴坦钠治疗中、重度急性细菌性感染的疗效与安全性。方法用多中心单盲随机对照实验设计，哌拉西林钠／舒巴坦钠（试验组）和哌拉西林钠／他唑巴坦（对照组）分别为107和108例。2组的用量、用法、疗程相同，q8h静脉滴注，疗程5～10天，重症患者可延长至14天。结果疗程结束时，试验组与对照组总痊愈率和有效率分别为77．67％与93.20％和75．47％与93.40％，2组细菌清除率分别为95．0％和97.59％（P〉0.05）；药物不良反应发生率分别为7．69％和8．33％。结论国产注射用哌拉西林钠／舒巴坦钠治疗中、重度急性细菌性感染疗效确切，安全性较好。     

头孢哌酮/三唑巴坦与头孢哌酮/舒巴坦随机对照治疗急性细菌性感染多中心临床试验

目的 评价国产头孢哌酮／三唑巴坦治疗急性细菌性呼吸道感染、泌尿道感染以及其他系统感染的有效性与安全性。方法 采用区组随机、平行对照、多中心试验设计，头孢哌酮／三唑巴坦和头孢哌酮／舒巴坦均为每次给药2.0g，静脉滴注30～60min，q12h或q8h，疗程7～14d。结果 本项试验共入选病例220例，因各种原因淘汰13例，进入疗效分析的病例数为207例，其中头孢哌酮／三唑巴坦组103例，头孢哌酮／舒巴坦组104例，治疗结束头孢哌酮／三唑巴坦与头孢哌酮／舒巴坦临床有效率分别为96．1％与94．2％，治疗各种细菌感染临床有效率分别为95．5％与94．3％，各种致病菌清除率分别为91．0％与89．7％，两组细菌产β-内酰胺酶阳性率为61．9％，两组不良反应发生率分别为4.7％与6.4％，上述结果经统计学处理均无显著性差异。药敏结果显示头孢哌酮／三唑巴坦与头孢哌酮／舒巴坦细菌敏感率结果相近，明显优于头孢哌酮，有显著差异。结论 头孢哌酮／三唑巴坦与头孢哌酮／舒巴坦在治疗临床常见的敏感细菌引起的呼吸道、泌尿道以及其他系统感染均有效、安全。     

哌拉西林-三唑巴坦和头孢哌酮-舒巴坦治疗呼吸道细菌感染的疗效比较

目的 :评价国产哌拉西林 三唑巴坦治疗呼吸道中、重度细菌感染的有效性和安全性。方法 :采用随机对照试验方法 ,选择头孢哌酮 舒巴坦为对照药物 ,将 80例呼吸道中、重度细菌感染病人分为试验组和对照组(各 40例 ) ,试验组静脉滴注哌拉西林 三唑巴坦 4.5 g,q 8h或q1 2h× 7～ 1 4d,对照组静脉滴注头孢哌酮 舒巴坦 2 .0 g,q 8h或q 1 2h× 7～1 4d。结果 :试验组临床治愈率为 82 % (3 3 /40 ) ,有效率为 90 % (3 6/40 ) ,细菌清除率为 92 %(3 4/3 7)。而对照组分别为 85 % (3 4/40 ) ,92 %(3 7/40 )和 94% (3 4/3 6)。经统计学处理 2组差异无显著意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。 2组不良反应发生率均为5 %。结论 :哌拉西林 三唑巴坦在临床的有效性和安全性与头孢哌酮 舒巴坦相似 ,是一种高效、广谱、安全的新型抗菌药     

哌拉西林/三唑巴坦治疗下尿路及男性生殖系感染278例临床评价

目的 评价哌拉西林／三唑巴坦治疗下尿路及男性生殖系感染的疗效。方法 对278例下尿路及男性生殖系感染患者视病情给哌拉西林／三唑巴坦4.5—9．0g，疗程6—14d。结果 痊愈率47．84％，总有效率91．73％，不良反应发生率为3．60％。结论 哌拉西林／三唑巴坦具有抗菌谱广，疗效好，不良反应少等优点，对下尿路及男性生殖系感染是一种安全、有效的抗菌药物。     

三唑巴坦/哌拉西林的体内外抗菌活性研究

目的：评价三唑巴坦/哌拉西林的体内外抗菌活性。方法：采用平皿二倍稀释法测定三唑巴坦/哌拉西林对临床分离菌的体外抗菌作用；采用小鼠腹腔感染模型，观察三唑巴坦/哌拉西林对金葡球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌感染小鼠的体内抗菌作用。结果：国产和进口三唑巴坦/哌拉西林对甲氧西林敏感的金葡球菌、甲氧西林耐药的金葡球菌、产β-内酰胺酶的金葡球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、奇异变形杆菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、醋酸钙不动杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、产气肠杆菌、聚团肠杆菌、异型构檬酸杆菌、弗劳地构檬酸杆菌和黏质沙雷菌的抗菌活性比哌拉西林强2～4倍。三唑巴坦/哌拉西林对金葡球菌和大肠埃希菌显示杀菌作用，不同β-H值、接种量和血清浓度对三唑巴坦/哌拉西林抗金葡球菌和大肠埃希菌的活性无明显影响。国产和进口三唑巴坦/哌拉西林对金葡球菌、大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌感染小鼠具有较好保护作用，两者疗效相近，对产酶的金葡球菌15，金葡球菌44，大肠埃希菌12，肺炎克雷伯杆菌7和肺炎克雷伯杆菌13感染小鼠的疗效明显均优于哌拉西林，对不产酶大肠埃希菌1515感染小鼠的疗效与哌拉西林无显著性差异。结论：国产和进口三唑巴坦/哌拉西林具有较强和相同的体内外抗菌活性，三唑巴坦增强了哌拉西林抗产β-内酰胺酶细菌的活性。     

HPLC法测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱

目的 采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法同时测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱10种活性成分。方法 采用InerSustain AQ-C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相A：乙腈–无水乙醇（80∶20）,流动相B：0.1%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱,检测波长220 nm,体积流量1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,进样量10 μL。结果 木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱分别在2.69～134.50、1.95～97.50、0.63～31.50、0.86～43.00、11.95～597.50、0.59～29.50、6.08～304.00、4.85～242.50、1.66～83.00、19.79～989.50 μg/mL线性关系良好（r≥0.999 3）;平均回收率分别为99.11%、98.23%、96.95%、97.78%、100.02%、97.21%、99.66%、99.52%、98.81%、100.08%,RSD值分别为1.04%、1.23%、1.37%、1.65%、0.70%、1.28%、0.65%、0.81%、1.11%、0.63%。结论 建立的HPLC法可用于抗妇炎胶囊中10种活性成分的测定,作为抗妇炎胶囊质量控制方法。     

Susceptibility to erythromycin of anaerobes of the genera Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Sphaerophorus, Veillonella, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus

The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of erythromycin were determined by broth dilution tests for 313 anaerobic strains, most of which were clinical isolates. All the gram-positive anaerobes tested (84 Peptococcaceae, including 21 Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and 15 Peptococcus variabilis; 65 Corynebacterium acnes and 29 Clostridium strains, including 13 C. perfringens) were sensitive (MIC values 0.012 through 3.12 microgram erythromycin/ml); so were 111 cultures of gram-negative anaerobes (52 Bacteroides fragilis, 12 B. thetaiotaomicron, 7 B. vulgatus, 13 B. oralis, 4 B. melaninogenicus, 10 Sphaerophorus necrophorus, 2 Veillonella sp., 11 members of other species). Erythromycin at concentrations of 6.25 through 200.0 microgram/ml was active against 24 strains (1 B. fragilis, 4 Fusobacterium fusiforme, 9 Sph. freundi, 10 Sph. varius). The present results are compared to the limited number of reports existing with regard to the susceptibility of anaerobes to erythromycin.     

Safety assessment of poloxamers 101, 105, 108, 122, 123, 124, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 188, 212, 215, 217, 231, 234, 235, 237, 238, 282, 284, 288, 331, 333, 334, 335, 338, 401, 402, 403, and 407, poloxamer 105 benzoate, and poloxamer 182 dibenzoate as used in cosmetics

Poloxamers are polyoxyethlyene, polyoxypropylene block polymers. The impurities of commercial grade Poloxamer 188, as an example, include low-molecular-weight substances (aldehydes and both formic and acetic acids), as well as 1,4-dioxane and residual ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. Most Poloxamers function in cosmetics as surfactants, emulsifying agents, cleansing agents, and/or solubilizing agents, and are used in 141 cosmetic products at concentrations from 0.005% to 20%. Poloxamers injected intravenously in animals are rapidly excreted in the urine, with some accumulation in lung, liver, brain, and kidney tissue. In humans, the plasma concentration of Poloxamer 188 (given intravenously) reached a maximum at 1 h, then reached a steady state. Poloxamers generally were ineffective in wound healing, but were effective in reducing postsurgical adhesions in several test systems. Poloxamers can cause hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in animals, but overall, they are relatively nontoxic to animals, with LD(50) values reported from 5 to 34.6 g/kg. Short-term intravenous doses up to 4 g/kg of Poloxamer 108 produced no change in body weights, but did result in diffuse hepatocellular vacuolization, renal tubular dilation in kidneys, and dose-dependent vacuolization of epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubules. A short-term inhalation toxicity study of Poloxamer 101 at 97 mg/m(3) identified slight alveolitis after 2 weeks of exposure, which subsided in the 2-week postexposure observation period. A short-term dermal toxicity study of Poloxamer 184 in rabbits at doses up to 1000 mg/kg produced slight erythema and slight intradermal inflammatory response on histological examination, but no dose-dependent body weight, hematology, blood chemistry, or organ weight changes. A 6-month feeding study in rats and dogs of Poloxamer 188 at exposures up to 5% in the diet produced no adverse effects. Likewise, Poloxamer 331 (tested up to 0.5 g/kg day(-1)), Poloxamer 235 (tested up to 1.0 g/kg day(-1)), and Poloxamer 338 (at 0.2 or 1.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced no adverse effects in dogs. Poloxamer 338 (at 5.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced slight transient diarrhea in dogs. Poloxamer 188 at levels up to 7.5% in diet given to rats in a 2-year feeding study produced diarrhea at 5% and 7.5% levels, a small decrease in growth at the 7.5% level, but no change in survival. Doses up to 0.5 mg/kg day(-1) for 2 years using rats produced yellow discoloration of the serum, high serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and elevated serum glutamicpyruvic transaminase and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activities. Poloxamers are minimal ocular irritants, but are not dermal irritants or sensitizers in animals. Data on reproductive and developmental toxicity of Poloxamers were not found. An Ames test did not identify any mutagenic activity of Poloxamer 407, with or without metabolic activation. Several studies have suggested anticarcinogenic effects of Poloxamers. Poloxamers appear to increase the sensitivity to anticancer drugs of multidrug-resistant cancer cells. In clinical testing, Poloxamer 188 increased the hydration of feces when used in combination with a bulk laxative treatment. Compared to controls, one study of angioplasty patients receiving Poloxamer 188 found a reduced myocardial infarct size and a reduced incidence of reinfarction, with no evidence of toxicity, but two other studies found no effect. Poloxamer 188 given to patients suffering from sickle cell disease had decreased pain and decreased hospitilization, compared to controls. Clinical tests of dermal irritation and sensitization were uniformly negative. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel stressed that the cosmetic industry should continue to use the necessary purification procedures to keep the levels below established limits for ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and 1,4-dioxane. The Panel did note the absence of reproductive and developmental toxicity data, but, based on molecular weight and solubility, there should be little skin penetration and any penetration of the skin should be slow. Also, the available data demonstrate that Poloxamers that are introduced into the body via routes other than dermal exposure have a rapid clearance from the body, suggesting that there would be no risk of reproductive and/or developmental toxicity. Overall, the available data do not suggest any concern about carcinogenesis. Although there are gaps in knowledge about product use, the overall information available on the types of products in which these ingredients are used, and at what concentration, indicates a pattern of use. Based on these safety test data and the information that the manufacturing process can be controlled to limit unwanted impurities, the Panel concluded that these Poloxamers are safe as used.     

New antiretroviral drugs: a review of the efficacy,safety, pharmacokinetics,and resistance profile of tipranavir,darunavir, etravirine,rilpivirine, maraviroc,and raltegravir

Background: The introduction and approval of new antiretroviral agents in the US and Canada bring new opportunities and new challenges. Arguably, for the first time ever, clinicians have the drugs necessary to achieve the goal of suppressing HIV RNA to levels less than 50 copies/mL in even the most treatment-experienced patients and in those with extensive drug-limiting resistance mutations. However, the use of these new agents is complicated by many drug–drug interactions and – to some extent – pre-existing mutations. To derive maximum durability from the use of these newer drugs, a thorough understanding of their indications and limitations is critical. Objective: To thoroughly review the six most recently approved or soon-to-be-approved antiretroviral drugs in the US and Canada: tipranavir, darunavir, etravirine, rilpivirine, maraviroc, and raltegravir. Methods: Discussion of the indications for, and pharmacokinetics, resistance profile, activity, toxicity, and clinical trials results of, the six new agents. Results/conclusions: These six new agents have resulted in marked progress towards the goal of being able to provide HIV-infected individuals with the drugs necessary to achieve decades of durable suppression of HIV without substantial toxicity.     

Disposition of fluvastatin, an inhibitor of HMG-COA reductase, in mouse, rat, dog, and monkey

The physiological disposition of fluvastatin, a potent inhibitor of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase and thus cholesterol synthesis, has been studied in the mouse, rat, dog, and monkey using 14C- or 3H-labeled drug. Oral doses of fluvastatin were absorbed at a moderate to rapid rate. The extent of absorption was dose-independent and was essentially complete in all four species studied. However, the drug was subject to extensive presystemic hepatic extraction followed by direct excretion via the bile, thus minimizing the systemic burden and yielding high liver/peripheral tissue concentration gradients for fluvastatin and its metabolites. Only at high doses far exceeding the intended human daily dose of ca 0.6 mg kg-1 did fluvastatin bioavailability approach unity, apparently due to saturation of the first-pass effect. Dose-normalized blood levels of fluvastatin and total radioactivity were higher in the dog than in the other species, suggesting a smaller distribution volume in the former. Fluvastatin was partially metabolized before excretion, the extent of metabolism being smallest in the dog and greatest in the mouse. The half-life of intact fluvastatin ranged from 1-2h in the monkey to 4-7h in the dog. Regardless of the dose or dose route, the administered radioactivity was recovered predominantly in feces, with the renal route accounting for less than 8 per cent of the dose. No tissue retention of radioactivity was observed, and material balance was essentially achieved within 96h after dosing.     

Strength of drug habits: For heroin,morphine, methadone,alcohol, barbiturates,pentobarbital, benzedrine,cocaine, and marijuana

The drug habits for 78 confirmed opiate addicts were studied on eight scales from the Process Association Test of Addiction (PATA) for many drug names. Through cluster analysis eight stages of addiction were defined: “to be clean”, “to learn about drugs”, “to hustle”, “to chip” (also “to be high”), to be psychologically dependent or “to need a shot”, “to be hooked”, “to kick a habit” and “to be in treatment”. Associations stimulated by the words heroin and morphine were very similar over the eight stages of addiction in opiate addicts. The subjects were especially inclined to associate morphine and heroin with the most severe level of addiction, “to be hooked”. Associations to both methadone and cocaine were elevated at the “hooked” stage, but in other respects associations to these drugs were opposite. Thus, associations to cocaine were focused on the stage of psychological dependence and the lower intermediate stage of addiction, “to chip” and “to be high”, whereas associations to methadone suggested a turning away from addiction as indicated by avoidance associations (“to come down” and “to kick a habit”) as well as associations to “treatment” and “to be clean”. Marijuana, Benzedrine, “goofball” (barbiturates) and alcohol habits were prominent at an intermediate stage of addiction (“to chip” and “to be high”). Avoidance associations were common for Benzedrine and “goofballs” (also pentobarbital) but not for marijuana or alcohol. “Hustling” associations were frequent for marijuana but not for alcohol.     

Simultaneous measurement of bupivacaine, etidocaine, lidocaine, meperidine, mepivacaine, and methadone

A gas-liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous measurement of bupivacaine, etidocaine, lidocaine, meperidine, mepivacaine, and methadone in serum is described. The drugs and the internal standard, prilocaine, are extracted from 1 ml of serum. The procedure involves a two-step extraction and injection of the extract into a gas chromatograph equipped with a 10-ft OV-11 glass column and a nitrogen-phosphorus detector. The temperature gradient program results in a run time of 16 min and retention times for meperidine, prilocaine (internal standard), lidocaine, etidocaine, mepivacaine, methadone, and bupivacaine of 3.8, 5.4, 6.0, 8.7, 11.0, 11.7, and 14.8 min, respectively. Standard curves for all drugs were linear over the 80 to 2,000-ng/ml range and recovery of all components averaged 97 +/- 2% with the lowest detection limit of 10 ng/ml for all drugs except meperidine and methadone, which were 20 ng/ml. The within-day coefficients of variation ranged from 12 to 8% at 500 ng/ml. The day-to-day coefficients of variation of the slope and intercept values ranged from 2 to 0% and 130 to 3%, respectively. Response factors of the nitrogen-specific collector varied with the drug analyzed and resulted in peak area variation at constant offset and attenuation of 30%. This method is intended and adequate for therapeutic monitoring of chronically treated pain patients who are being given various combinations of local anesthetic and/or narcotic agents.     

马蹄金中铁、钙、镁、铜、锌、锰、镍的形态分析

目的：研究马蹄金全草中微量元素的存在形态。方法：采用超声波提取。电感耦合等离子发射光谱法（ICP—AES）对马蹄金不同形态中Fe、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Ma、Ni等元素进行分析。结果：Fe元素在马蹄金中含量最高，而Cu元素含量最低；Ca的提取率最高，Fe的提取率最低；Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Mn、Ni6种元素的可溶态均大于悬浮态；且渣中的微量元素含量较高。结论：马蹄金中的微量元素是以无机态为主，多种形态共存的复杂体系。