带监测皮岛的腓骨移植修复四肢骨缺损

目的 探讨带监测皮岛的腓骨移植修复四肢长管状骨大段骨缺损的临床疗效.方法 对四肢严重创伤、骨肿瘤、骨髓炎引起的大段骨缺损采用带监测皮岛的吻合血管的腓骨移植,结合自体髂骨移植进行修复19例,并通过监测皮岛观察腓骨移植后的血供情况.结果 术后经过1～3年随访,切口均一期愈合,X线显示骨缺损愈合时间为3～12个月,平均5.6个月. 结论 带监测皮岛的腓骨移植加自体髂骨移植是修复四肢大段骨缺损的良好方法.     

复合骨形态蛋白-2的聚乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物/磷酸三钙人工骨结合带血供组织修复羊大段骨缺损的试验研究

目的研究复合骨形态蛋白-2的聚乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物/磷酸三钙(PLGA-TCP-BMP-2)人工骨结合尺骨骨膜及长段自体骨移植修复大段骨缺损的效果。方法手术造成30 mm绵羊桡骨骨缺损,A组植入人工骨及带血运的长段尺骨,B组植入人工骨及带血运的尺骨骨膜,C组仅植入人工骨,D组不植入任何材料。四组均以钢板固定桡骨缺损区。术后行X线摄片,24周处死行CT及组织学检查,进行系统评价。结果 X线检查示术后放射学评分A组高于其它各组。组织学结果显示,A组新生骨完全修复骨缺损区;B组新生骨与断端皮质骨融合,新生骨痂较为纤细;C组新生板层骨及骨陷窝排列较为紊乱;D组无骨连接表现。A、B、C组均未见人工骨材料残留。A组组织学评分最高,D组最低,差异有显著性。结论PLGA-TCP-BMP-2人工骨结合长段自体骨或带血供尺骨骨膜移植能够很好的修复绵羊桡骨大段骨缺损。     

复合骨移植在下肢骨肿瘤保肢治疗中的应用

目的探讨复合骨移植在下肢骨肿瘤保肢术中重建骨缺损的手术原理及效果。方法应用携带监测皮岛吻合血管的自体腓骨与深低温冷冻大段同种异体骨复合移植，重建下肢骨肿瘤切除后的长段骨缺损12例。其中，骨肉瘤6例，恶性纤维组织细胞瘤1例，骨纤维结构不良2例，骨巨细胞瘤3例。结果12例经术后8～38个月随访，1例死于肺转移，2例带瘤存活，9例无瘤存活。术后功能优良率达75％。10例术后3个月内X线示骨端骨性愈合，2例内固定失败重新外固定后骨性愈合，所有均在9个月内能完全负重行走。结论携带监测皮岛吻合血管的自体腓骨与深低温冷冻大段同种异体骨复合移植，适用于下肢骨肿瘤保肢术中的长段骨缺损的修复，具有自体活骨移植和异体骨移植的双重优点。     

带血管骨移植治疗骨折萎缩性不愈合

[目的]骨折断端缺乏血运可造成骨折萎缩性不愈合，通过吻合血管的腓骨、髂骨移植使骨折断端获得血运，从而达到骨性愈合。[方法]将骨不愈合端的萎缩骨、硬化骨切除，钻通髓腔，根据骨缺损的长短，切取相应带腓血管的腓骨，带旋髂深血管的髂骨移植到骨缺损处，采用钢板或单纯螺丝钉固定骨折，然后将带骨的血管蒂与受区血管吻合，恢复腓骨和髂骨的血运，术后辅以石膏外固定。[结果]25例骨折萎缩性不愈合随访8个月-3a，全部骨折愈合。其中19例3个月，5例4个月，1例6个月达骨性愈合。[结论]吻合血管的骨移植可使骨断端重新获得血运，将陈旧性骨折变成类似新鲜的骨折，骨折愈合过程不经过“爬行替代”，是治疗骨折萎缩性不愈合的理想选择。     

两种不同处理方法对同种异体骨移植作用的实验研究

[目的]探讨两种不同处理方法对同种异体骨移植修复大段骨缺损疗效的实验研究。[方法]选取健康成年新西兰大白兔48只,随机分2组,实验1组:血管束植入同种异体骨修复组,实验2组:带血运骨膜包裹同种异体骨修复组。观察术后组织学切片,成骨量,生物力学,X线片等变化。比较两种术式修复骨缺损的差异。[结果]术后X线片观察实验2组较实验1组骨痂增加明显,光镜组织学检查实验2组较实验1组骨痂形成早,骨髓腔再通时间短。两组成骨量均在8周时达到峰值,实验2组在各时段成骨量均大于实验1组。三点弯曲试验结果示实验2组优于实验1组。[结论]带血运骨膜瓣包裹异体骨修复骨缺损优于单纯血管束植入同种异体骨修复骨缺损,带血运骨膜瓣包裹异体骨是修复大段骨缺损的较理想的方法。     

骨膜带血管的自体骨改善股骨上段异体骨固定13例

目的：探讨骨膜带血管自体骨对促进异体骨固定的治疗。方法：回顾性分析总结了13例膜带血管自体骨促进异体骨固定的临床资料。结果：13例因人工关节翻修手术造成股骨上段骨缺损经骨膜带血管的自体骨促进异体骨固定的治疗，术后10例随访1－4．5年，效果满意。结论：股骨上段骨缺损的病例较少，但治疗困难。除应用定制的长柄假体外，采用异体骨移植同时应用骨膜带血管的自体骨促进其固定也不失为一种良策。     

骨肿瘤

20061286 复合骨移植在下肢骨肿瘤保肢治疗中的应用／王建炜…∥中华显微外科杂志．-2005，28（4）．-309-311 应用携带监测皮岛吻合血管的自体腓骨与深低温冷冻大段同种异体骨复合移植，重建下肢骨肿瘤切除后的长段骨缺损12例。其中，骨肉瘤6例，恶性纤维组织细胞瘤1例，骨纤维结构不良2例，骨巨细胞瘤3例。结果：12例经术后8～38个月随访，1例死于肺转移，2例带瘤存活，9例无瘤存活。术后功能优良率达75％。10例术后3个月内X线示骨端骨性愈合，2例内固定失败重新外固定后骨性愈合，所有均在9个月内能完全负重行走。结论；携带监测皮岛吻合血管的自体腓骨与深低温冷冻大段同种异体骨复合移植，适用于下肢骨肿瘤保肢术中的长段骨缺损的修复，具有自体活骨移植和异体骨移植的双重优点。图3参6     

大段复合骨修复四肢骨缺损携带监测皮岛的临床意义

目的探讨大段复合骨移植修复四肢大段骨缺损中设计携带监测皮岛的临床意义。方法自2001年1月至2004年12月,采用带3 cm×5 cm监测皮岛的自体腓骨干或腓骨近段与大段异体骨开槽捆绑或嵌套式复合骨移植修复四肢大段骨缺损19例,骨缺损长度12～25 cm,平均16．6 cm；移植的自体腓骨15～28 cm,平均18．3 cm。术后1周内连续观察监测皮岛的颜色、温度、弹性、毛细血管充盈等指标,定期影像学观察、评价大段复合骨移植骨愈合情况。结果监测皮岛能准确了解移植腓骨的血供。其中,监测皮岛显示静脉危象1例,经手术探查取出吻合口血栓后皮岛及移植腓骨血管危象解除；其余监测皮岛正常。经6～54个月(平均23．2个月)随访,全部监测皮岛存活并与周围皮肤正常愈合。15例在术后3个月即有异体骨与自体骨影像学骨性愈合。术后超过1年并已拆除内固定的共有11例,术中证实异体骨与自体骨间已骨性愈合。结论在大段复合骨移植中设计携带监测皮岛,有助于了解移植腓骨的血供和早期预测大段复合骨的转归。     

长段同种异体骨与自体活骨复合移植的实验研究

目的 研究长段同种异体骨与带血管腓骨套叠式复合骨移植体的愈合机制和规律。方法 采用健康成年杂种犬36只胫骨结节下切除3．0cm骨干和骨膜实验动物模型。随机分为实验组和对照组。实验组植入深低温保存的同种异体骨与带血管自体腓骨，对照组仅植入深低温保存的同种异体骨，均用7孔93cmAO加压钢板内固定及石膏外固定。术后1、2、3、4个月分别行X线摄片、ECT检查、大体标本及组织学观察。结果 X线示实验组较同时期对照组异体骨吸收、新骨形成明显，第4个月实验组宿主骨一异体骨接合部愈合率83．3％，对照组未愈合或不愈合。ECT检查：实验组较同期对照组骨代谢活跃，但变化规律相似，均为术后1、2个月活跃，于第2个月达高峰，第3、4个月呈下降趋势。组织学观察：实验组较同期对照组异体皮质骨髓腔内壁及哈佛管内的内吸收、成骨活动显著增强。结论 长段同种异体骨与带血管自体腓骨复合移植修复骨缺损效果良好，带血管自体腓骨能促进长段同种异体骨的血管化，加速其爬行替代过程。     

带血运骨膜内组合双段腓骨移植治疗下肢长骨骨纤维结构不良致大段骨缺损

目的 探讨下肢长骨大段骨纤维结构不良切除后骨缺损的修复方法.方法 1995年5月至2003年8月,6例骨纤维结构不良患者.男5例,女1例.年龄14～40岁(平均25.5岁).胫骨干2例,股骨干4例.肿瘤切除后骨缺损的长度为15～22 cm.移植双腓骨段长度17～24 cm.均从双侧切取带腓血管的腓骨,在一端将腓血管吻合,使成一条腓血管相连的双段腓骨.将双段腓骨的前内侧骨膜从中央纵行切开并向两侧剥离至骨嵴.双段腓骨折叠,其前内侧面相对,两断端同定,将相对缘游离的骨膜纵行缝合,使其组合为一个骨膜包裹的粗骨.将与双段腓骨相连的腓血管襻在移植体一端制成"U"形,勿形成锐角.能保证血管供血不受影响.解剖出受区血管.将组合的腓骨插入骨折两断端间,如不稳定,加用钢丝或螺钉固定.精确无误地将腓血管与受区血管进行吻合,通过移植体骨膜出血情况判断血管吻合口情况.结果 随访6～10年,平均7.4年.1年后骨性愈合;5年后5例移植骨髓腔再通.移植的双腓骨未发生肿瘤,X线片显示为正常骨骼;1例股骨干于正常骨干远段复发,但移植骨部分未复发.骨移植体愈合好,无发生骨不连、骨感染等并发症.膝关节伸屈功能恢复正常,逐渐恢复日常活动与工作.结论 骨膜内组合双腓骨移植足修复下肢长骨大段缺损的良好方法 .     

自体与同种异体复合骨移植中腓骨肌袖自然转归的实验研究

目的研究带血管自体腓骨与同种异体骨复合移植术后，腓骨肌袖的自然转归及其规律。方法采用健康成年杂种犬36只．于双侧后肢胫骨结节下切除3．0cm长胫骨骨干、骨膜，制作骨缺损实验动物模型，随机分成实验组和对照组。实验组植入深低温保存的同种异体骨与带血管自体腓骨，对照组植入深低温保存的同种异体骨均用7孔93mm长AO加压钢板内固定及石膏外固定。术后1、2、3、4个月分别行X线摄片、ECT检查、大体标本及组织学观察。结果X检查显示实验组较对照组异体骨吸收、新骨形成明显。第4个月实验组宿主骨-异体骨接合部愈合率83.3％，对照组未见愈合。ECT检查：实验组较对照组骨代谢活跃，但变化规律相似，均为术后1、2个月活跃，于第2个月达高峰，第3、4个月呈下降趋势.组织学观察：实验组较对照组异体骨髓腔内壁及哈弗管内的骨吸收、成骨活动显著增强，至第4个月，异体骨髓腔内壁与腓骨之间充满环形骨痂，并呈成熟至不成熟明显的阶梯状排列．靠近异体骨髓腔内壁骨痂较成熟，由大量成熟骨细胞组成。近腓骨侧骨痂较不成熟，主要由软骨细胞、骨细胞组成，异体骨髓腔内带血管蒂腓骨周围肌袖的肌纤维基本消失。结论带血管自体腓骨与同种异体骨复合移植术后，腓骨周围肌袖的自然转归是骨化。     

大段同种异体骨移植愈合的实验研究

目的　研究大段同种异体骨移植愈合过程和特点。方法　采用新西兰大白兔股骨中段切除 1 5cm骨干和骨膜实验动物模型。将 36只兔随机分成实验组和对照组。实验组植入深低温保存的同种异体骨 ,对照组植入自体新鲜骨 ,均用直径 3mm的髓内针固定。于术后第 1、 2、 3个月分别行X线摄片、ECT、大体标本、组织学观察 (四环素荧光标记、HE染色 )以及BMP免疫组织化学染色。结果　深低温保存的同种异体骨移植愈合与自体骨相似 ,ECT显示术后第 1个月骨代谢活跃 ,2、 3个月趋于稳定。移植骨BMP表达阴性 ,新生骨及其周围类基质表达阳性。其愈合是从宿主骨向移植骨 ,从周围向中央 ,从哈佛氏管向其四周逐渐进行爬行替代的过程。结论　同种异体骨移植愈合过程是移植骨全方位活化的过程 ,即全方位再血管化、新骨形成和宿主与移植骨接连的过程。其主要通过骨传导实现成骨 ,骨诱导亦发挥积极作用     

骨膜内双段腓骨复合小腿外侧皮瓣移植修复胫骨及皮肤缺损

目的：探讨下肢胫骨及皮肤缺损同时修复的临床方法。方法将腓血管制成1个或2个血管襻,该血管襻携带皮瓣,再将多段腓骨于骨膜内复合在一起,使成为一个骨膜包裹的粗骨修复胫骨与皮肤缺损。有丰富血运的骨膜,其骨膜下新生骨活跃,该新生骨充填骨膜内与腓骨段间隙、包绕腓骨,使移植腓骨增粗。结果3例胫骨缺损均获得良好骨愈合,移植骨无折断,皮瓣成活良好。供腓骨侧踝关节稳定,伸屈范围正常,功能恢复正常。结论骨膜内双段腓骨复合小腿外侧皮瓣移植是修复胫骨与皮肤缺损的良好方法。     

胫后动脉穿支骨(膜)皮瓣移植修复手部复合组织缺损

目的 探讨以穿支血管为蒂胫后动脉穿支骨(膜)皮瓣游离移植修复手部复合组织缺损的方法及疗效.方法 对9例外伤性手部骨、皮肤软组织缺损患者,术前行小腿部动脉数字减影血管造影,依据胫后动脉造影结果及解剖特点,选择以胫骨滋养动脉或胫后动脉发出的骨(膜)皮穿支血管为蒂,切取胫后动脉穿支胫骨骨(膜)皮瓣,游离移植修复手部骨和皮肤软组织缺损.骨瓣切取大小为1.5 c×0.6 cm×0.4cm～3.5cm×0.7cm×0.5 cm.皮瓣切取面积为4.0 cm×3.5 cm～7.0 cm×4.0 cm.结果 术后9例复合组织瓣完全存活,随访时间为3～18个月,骨缺损植骨处骨折线于术后3～4个月消失,骨折全部愈合.按照中华医学会手外科学会上肢部分功能评定试用标准中总主动活动度(TAM)系统评定法进行关节功能评价,优良率为88.9%,效果满意.结论 对于各种原因造成的手部复合组织缺损,采用胫后动脉穿支胫骨骨(膜)皮瓣游离移植修复,不牺牲主干血管,供区与受区血管管径相当,便于血管吻合,组织移植后对供区影响小,骨愈合时间短,是一种较理想的治疗方法.

Abstract：

Objective To study the methods and effects of repairing composite tissue defects of the hand by transfering posterior tibial artery perforator bone(periosteum) flap.Methods Nine cases of traumatic bone and soft tissue defects in the hand underwent digital subtraction angiography (DSA) of the lower leg preoperatively.According to angiography results and the anatomical characteristics, the tibial nutrient artery or osteoseptocutaneous perforator vessel of the posterior tibial artery was selected as vascular pedicle to harvest tibial artery perforator bone (periosteum) flap.The osteocutaneous flap was transferrede to repair the bone and soft tissue defect in the hand.The volume of the harvested bone ranged from 1.5 cm× 0.6 cm× 0.4 cm to 3.5 cm×0.7 cm×0.5 cm.The area of the skin flap ranged from 4.0cm×3.5cm to 7.0cm×4.0cm.Results All the composite tissue flaps survived completely.Postoperative follow-up for 3 to 18 months revealed that the fracture line disappeared in 3 to 4 months and all fractures healed.According to the TAM system of joint function assessment/provisional upper limb function evaluation standard isled by the Chinese Hand Surgery Society,88.9% of the cases achieved satisfactory results.Conclusion Transfer of posterior tibial artery perforator bone (periosteum) flap is an ideal procedure to repair composite tissue defects of the hand.No major vessel of the donor site is sacrificed.The good size match between the vessels of the donor site and recipient site makes vascular anastomosis easy.Donor site morbidity is minor.Bone healing time is short.     

Emerging Ideas: Engineering the Periosteum: Revitalizing Allografts by Mimicking Autograft Healing

Background

To fulfill the need for large volumes, devitalized allografts are used to treat massive bone defects despite a 60%, 10-year postimplantation fracture rate. Allograft healing is inferior to autografts where the periosteum orchestrates remodeling.

Hypothesis

By augmenting allografts with a tissue engineered periosteum consisting of tunable and degradable, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels for mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation, the functions critical for periosteum-mediated healing will be identified and emulated.

Method of Study

PEG hydrogels will be designed to emulate periosteum-mediated autograft healing to revitalize allografts. We will exploit murine femoral defect models for these approaches. Critical-sized, 5-mm segmental defects will be created and filled with decellularized allograft controls or live autograft controls. Alternatively, defects will be treated with our experimental approaches: decellularized allografts coated with MSCs transplanted via degradable PEG hydrogels to mimic progenitor cell densities and persistence during autograft healing. Healing will be evaluated for 9 weeks using microcomputed tomography, mechanical testing, and histologic analysis. If promising, MSC densities, hydrogel compositions, and genetic methods will be used to isolate critical aspects of engineered periosteum that modulate healing. Finally, hydrogel biochemical characteristics will be altered to initiate MSC and/or host-material interactions to further promote remodeling of allografts.

Significance

This approach represents a novel tissue engineering strategy whereby degradable, synthetic hydrogels will be exploited to emulate the periosteum. The microenvironment, which will mediate MSC transplantation, will use tunable PEG hydrogels for isolation of critical allograft revitalization factors. In addition, hydrogels will be modified with biochemical cues to further augment allografts to reduce or eliminate revision surgeries associated with allograft failures.     

Establishment of a model to evaluate inhibition of bone resorption induced by human prostate cancer cells in nude mice

A model system of human prostate carcinoma in nude mice for searching out a method to protect the bone from cancer cells is described, in which the transplanted human prostate cancer cells were inoculated subcutaneously over the calvaria in nude mice after the periosteum wa disrupted. The tumor induced osteolysis associated with osteoclast proliferation accompanied with reactive new bone formation. This osteolysis was evaluated by measuring the increased area of bone resorption by its reduced opacity to X-ray, and histology. Etidronate disodium, a diphosphonate derivative, at a dose of three mg./kg. and 10 mg./kg. s.c. protected the bone by decreasing the extent of osteolysis as judged by the above criteria. This inhibition was obtained with no apparent effect on the growth of the tumor. These results are discussed in light of recent clinical work, showing that this animal model is a useful tool to test the effect of new drugs against osteolysis of cancer as well as to study the biology of local interaction between bone and cancer cell.     

骨形态形成蛋白修复大面积关节软骨缺损的实验研究

将骨形态形成蛋白(BMP)用于大面积关节软骨缺损的修复,探讨应用方法,观察修复效果。在51只成年兔股骨的髌髁关节面上制造5mm×10mm的骨软骨缺损,深3～5mm。缺损内分别填充骨形态形成蛋白和纤维蛋白粘合剂复合物(BMP/FS)、BMP、FS,植入物均用自体游离骨膜覆盖,并设单纯骨膜覆盖缺损组和空白对照组。术后2、4、8、12周对缺损修复情况行大体和组织学观察。结果显示:BMP/FS组,8周时软骨下骨再生已完成,12周表层新生软骨组织结构接近正常,修复效果明显优于其它组。     

异体下颌骨移植再血管化的三维结构观察与骨代谢研究

为了观察同种异体骨移植后再血管化的过程，用６只家兔制作下颌骨缺损模型，并用冷冻异体下颌骨移植修复缺损。采用血管铸型法，制备移植骨再血管化模型，立体地观察新生血管与周围组织的关系，并用放射性核素骨显像显示的骨生长代谢作为对照。结果显示：移植骨的新生血管可在骨膜下沿骨吸收通道长入移植骨，骨生长代谢较旺盛。表明，宿主软组织血管直接长入移植骨为再血管化的主要模式之一。     

Arthroscopically Assisted Anterior Treatment of Symptomatic Large Talar Bone Cyst

Symptomatic cystic lesions of the talus are rare. The traditional operations usually do not provide visualization to reveal the deep structure of the lesion and could cause cartilage damage or other severe traumatic injury. We report an operative technique to reach the cystic lesion without talar cartilage damage, remove the lesion, and fill defect with a bone graft assisted by anterior arthroscopy and evaluate its safety and reliability for future study. Seven cases of talar bone cyst were included. The patients were placed in the supine position after anesthesia induction and noninvasive ankle traction was applied. Standard anteromedial and anterolateral portals were established to observe the ankle; the distal end of the medial approach was moderately enlarged to 2 to 3 cm. The biopsy specimen of the cyst was obtained under arthroscopic guidance; the cyst wall was abraded and the sclerotic rim drilled. Arthrocare radiofrequency ablation was performed to prevent recurrence. The defect was tightly impacted with autologous or allograft cancellous bone. All cysts in these cases were located in the medial talus; anteroposterior radiographs and computed tomographic coronary scan showed a cyst diameter of >1?cm. Intraoperative inspection showed a tiny chondral gap on the talar dome in 1 case and on the medial wall of talus in 1 case; no cartilage injury was found in the remainder. Two cases were impacted with grafted autogenous iliac bone into the talar defect and 5 cases with allograft cancellous bone. Computed tomography confirmed that the cysts had healed, with no signs of recurrence found in any patient at 1 year postoperatively. The mean American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot scale score increased from 65 preoperatively to 91 points postoperatively, a statistically significant difference (p?<?.01). No complications developed and no reoperations were required postoperatively. Arthroscopically assisted anterior treatment with autologous or allograft bone graft is an effective method for symptomatic large talar bone cysts.