大豆食品摄入与乳腺癌发病关系的Meta分析

目的探讨大豆食品摄入与乳腺癌发病的关系。方法检索1991年到2011年4月公开发表的关于大豆食品摄入与乳腺癌关系的流行病学研究进行Meta分析,结果报告合并比值比(OR)及95%可信区间(95%CI)。结果 28个研究纳入Meta分析,其中有23个病例对照研究,5个队列研究。总体分析,大豆食品摄入对乳腺癌具有保护作用(合并OR=0.86,95%CI 0.78～0.94),但按设计类型分层后,只有病例对照研究的结果显示大豆食品对乳腺癌具有保护作用(合并OR=0.86,95%CI 0.77～0.95)。在不同国家和地区人群中开展的研究结果显示,在亚洲地区人群中,合并OR=0.76(95%CI 0.67～0.87),而欧美地区人群的研究合并OR=1.01(95%CI 0.93～1.09)。对在亚洲地区人群中开展的病例对照研究和队列研究分别进行合并分析,结果显示大豆食品摄入对乳腺癌均具有保护作用,合并OR分别为0.76(95%CI 0.65～0.89)和0.81(95%CI 0.70～0.92)。但在欧美地区人群中开展的两类研究均未发现大豆食品摄入对乳腺癌有保护作用。根据绝经前后的亚组分析结果显示,仅在绝经后女性中大豆食品摄入对乳腺癌起保护作用。结论根据亚洲地区人群中开展的研究,尤其是病例对照研究结果的合并分析,提示大豆食品摄入对亚洲地区女性乳腺癌具有保护作用。     

酒精摄入与女性乳腺癌发病风险的Meta分析

目的 探讨酒精摄入与女性乳腺癌发病风险的关联性。方法 通过Stata 12.0软件对国内外发表的有关酒精摄入与女性乳腺癌发病风险的队列研究和病例对照研究进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入16项病例对照研究和15项队列研究,包括50 519例患者和973 216例对照者。病例对照研究Meta分析提示,酒精暴露可明显增加女性个体发生乳腺癌的风险,合并OR值为1.18,95％置信区间为1.05～1.32;以绝经状态为亚组的Meta分析提示,酒精暴露可增加绝经后女性个体发生乳腺癌的风险,合并OR值为1.26,95％置信区间为1.08～1.46。队列研究Meta分析提示,有酒精暴露者女性乳腺癌的发生率是非饮酒者的1.1倍,合并RR值为1.10,95％置信区间为1.06～1.15;以绝经状态为亚组的Meta分析提示,有酒精暴露的绝经后女性乳腺癌的发生率是非饮酒者的1.1倍,合并RR值为1.14,95％置信区间为1.10～1.19。结论 酒精摄入可显著提高女性尤其绝经后乳腺癌的发病风险。     

Anthropometric variables in relation to risk of breast cancer in middle-aged women

BACKGROUND: Many epidemiological studies have assessed the relationships between anthropometric variables and breast cancer risk. However, methodological approaches for analysing these factors differ appreciably. Also, age when maximum height is achieved has been identified as a potential risk factor for breast cancer in premenopausal women, but this issue has not been studied in postmenopausal women. METHODS: The participants in this population-based case-control study were postmenopausal women 50-64 years of age from the general female population of western Washington State. It included 479 women with incident primary breast cancer and 435 controls. RESULTS: This study found that: (i) women who gained over 70 pounds since age 18 had an increased risk of breast cancer relative to those who stayed within 10 pounds of their weight at age 18 (odds ratio [OR] = 2.7; 95% CI: 1.5-4.9), (ii) women with body mass indices (BMI) below what is considered healthy had a decreased risk (OR = 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2-1.1) while women with a BMI in the obese range had an increased risk of breast cancer (OR = 1.4; 95% CI: 1.0-2.1), and (iii) women who reached their maximum height at or after the age of 18 had a decreased risk of breast cancer compared to women who reached their maximum height at age 13 or younger (OR = 0.7; 95% CI: 0.5-1.0). CONCLUSIONS: By examining various anthropometric variables using clinically relevant strata, a clearer picture of how these variables relate to postmenopausal breast cancer risk was developed. Similar to younger women, postmenopausal women who reached their maximum height at later ages had a decreased risk of breast cancer.     

Dietary intake of soy protein and tofu in association with breast cancer risk based on a case-control study

Soy food and its constituents may protect against breast cancer, but the association between soy intake and decreased breast cancer risk is inconsistent. We evaluated the relationship between breast cancer risk and the dietary intake of soy protein as measured by total soy food and tofu intake. Histologically confirmed cases (n = 362) were matched to controls by age (within 2 yr) and menopausal status. High soy protein intake was associated with reduced breast cancer risk in analyses adjusted for potential confounders including dietary factors among premenopausal women (odds ratio [OR] = 0.39 in the highest quintile, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.22-0.93, P for trend = 0.03) and postmenopausal women (OR = 0.22, 95% CI = 0.06-0.88, P for trend = 0.16). We also found an inverse association between total tofu intake and breast cancer risk among premenopausal women (for total tofu intake, OR = 0.23 in the highest quintile, 95% CI = 0.11-0.48, P for trend < 0.01; for at least 1 serving of tofu as the main ingredient per day, OR = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.13-0.55, P for trend < 0.01). We concluded that increased regular soy food intake at a level equivalent to traditional Korean consumption levels may be associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer, and this effect is more pronounced in premenopausal women.     

Body size and breast cancer risk in black women and white women: the Carolina Breast Cancer Study

The relation between body size and breast cancer risk was investigated in a population-based, case-control study of Black women (350 cases, 353 controls) and White women (523 cases, 471 controls) from North Carolina, aged 20-74 years in 1993-1996. Logistic regression analyses compared tertiles of each body size variable, adjusting for age and breast cancer risk factors (results shown for highest relative to lowest tertile). Among premenopausal women, body mass index (kg/m2) was inversely associated with breast cancer (odds ratio (OR) = 0.46, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.26, 0.80) for Whites but not for Blacks. There was essentially no association among postmenopausal women. Higher waist/hip ratio, adjusted for body mass index, increased risk for all women. Odds ratios for Black and White premenopausal women were 2.50 (95% CI: 1.10, 5.67) and 2.44 (95% CI: 1.17, 5.09), respectively; odds ratios for Black and White postmenopausal women were 1.62 (95% CI: 0.70, 3.79) and 1.64 (95% CI: 0.88, 3.07), respectively. Findings for body mass index differed among Black women when stratified by age (<50 years) (OR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.25, 1.01) instead of menopausal status. Thus, the associations of breast cancer with body mass index and waist/hip ratio among Black women are similar to those documented for Whites, despite different body size profiles on average.     

Fruits, vegetables, soy foods and breast cancer in pre- and postmenopausal Korean women: a case-control study

We carried out a case-control study to examine the relationship between fruits, vegetables, and soy foods intake with breast cancer risk in Korean women. Incident cases (n = 359) were identified through cancer biopsies and hospital-based controls (n = 708) were selected in the same hospitals. Subjects were asked to indicate usual dietary habits, which were assessed using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (98 items). Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated by unconditional logistic regression after adjustment for additional confounding factors according to the menopausal status. High grape intake showed an inverse association of breast cancer in postmenopausal women (OR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.35-0.95; p for trend = 0.05). High tomato intake was associated with reduced breast cancer risk in premenopausal women (OR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.38-0.89, p for trend = 0.04). In postmenopausal women, green pepper intake showed an inverse association of breast cancer risk (OR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.43-0.96, p for trend = 0.03). High soybean intake showed an inverse association of breast cancer in postmenopausal women (OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.34-0.89, p for trend = 0.02). Our study suggests that high intake of some fruits, vegetables, and soybeans may be associated with a reduced breast cancer risk.     

Case-control study of lifetime physical activity and breast cancer risk

A population-based case-control study of 1,233 incident breast cancer cases and 1,237 controls was conducted in Alberta, Canada, in 1995-1997 to examine the effect of lifetime physical activity patterns on breast cancer risk. No associations between physical activity and breast cancer were found for premenopausal women. For postmenopausal women in the highest quartile (> or =161 metabolic equivalent (MET)-hours/week per year) versus the lowest quartile (<104.8 MET-hours/week per year) of lifetime total physical activity, the adjusted odds ratio was 0.70 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.52, 0.94). When the risks associated with each type of activity were examined for postmenopausal women, household and occupational activity conferred the largest risk reductions (odds ratio (OR) = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.41, 0.79 and OR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.44, 0.81, respectively, for highest vs. lowest quartiles of activity), while recreational activity was not associated with any risk reductions. For postmenopausal women, the authors found stronger risk reductions for those who were also nonsmokers (OR = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.46, 0.88), non-alcohol-drinkers (OR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.77), or nulliparous (OR = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.70) when they compared the highest with the lowest quartile of lifetime total physical activity. This study provides evidence that lifetime total activity reduces risk of postmenopausal breast cancer.     

The risk of breast cancer associated with dietary lignans differs by CYP17 genotype in women

Lignans are plant compounds metabolized in the gut to produce the phytoestrogens enterolactone and enterodiol. Reduced breast cancer risks associated with higher urinary lignan excretion may be related to competitive inhibition of endogenous estrogens. Evidence exists that associations with reproductive risk factors for breast cancer differ according to cytochrome P450c17alpha (CYP17) genotype. Genetic variability in estrogen metabolism could affect lignan metabolism thereby modifying risk associations. We examined breast cancer risk, dietary lignans and CYP17 genotype among 207 women with primary, incident, histologically confirmed breast cancer and 188 controls frequency matched to cases by age and county of residence. Self-reported frequency of intake of 170 foods and beverages during the 2 y before the interview and other relevant data were collected by detailed in-person interviews. Dietary lignan intake was expressed as the sum of enterolactone and enterodiol production from foods. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated by unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for age, education and other breast cancer risk factors. Women in the highest tertile of dietary lignans tended to have reduced breast cancer risk (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.20-1.01 and OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.28-1.27, pre- and postmenopausal women, respectively). Substantially reduced risks in the highest tertile of lignans were observed for premenopausal women with at least one A2 allele (OR 0.12, 95% CI 0.03-0.50). Our results suggest that CYP17 genotype may be important in modifying the effect on breast cancer risk of exogenous estrogens, particularly for premenopausal women.     

BMI与中国女性三阴型乳腺癌发病风险的分析

目的 探讨不同绝经状态下,体重指数(BMI)与中国女性三阴型乳腺癌发病风险的关系及对应的敏感界值。方法 采用匹配病例对照研究设计,病例和对照按年龄和绝经状态1∶2匹配,于2010年至2014年序贯收集四川省肿瘤医院391名原发性三阴型乳腺癌新发病例,同期收集成都市妇女儿童中心医院社区来源的健康对照782名。采用结构式问卷调查收集研究对象的一般人口学特征、身高、体重、生殖生育因素、现患及既往疾病史等信息。在不同绝经状态下,采用不同BMI分类标准（WHO四分类、亚洲四分类、中国四分类）估计BMI水平与三阴型乳腺癌的关联度,统计方法采用Logistic回归分析。结果 调整了年龄、初潮年龄、初产年龄、初潮和初产年龄的时间间隔等信息后,WHO二分类划分标准提示,高BMI与绝经前、后TNBC发病呈正相关（aOR绝经前= 2.19,95%CI:1.40～3.43;aOR绝经后=2.05,95%CI:1.29～3.27）。绝经前TNBC,WHO四分类中超重（BMI:25.0～29.9 kg/m2）和肥胖（BMI≥30.0 kg/m2）的aOR分别为:1.97（95%CI:1.23～3.15）和5.45（95%CI:1.07～27.74）;绝经后TNBC,中国四分类中肥胖（BMI≥28.0 kg/m2）的aOR为2.14（95%CI:1.02～4.48）。连续性BMI的趋势分析显示,不同绝经状态下随着BMI增高乳腺癌发病风险增大（Pfor trend ＜0.05）。结论 对于中国女性,高BMI是三阴型乳腺癌发病的危险因素,且绝经前后应采用不同的BMI敏感界值（BMI绝经前 ≥25.0 kg/m2,BMI绝经后≥28kg/m2）来估计三阴型乳腺癌的发病风险。     

襄阳市良性乳腺疾病和乳腺癌现况及影响因素分析

目的了解湖北省襄阳市适龄妇女良性乳腺疾病和乳腺癌的流行情况及影响因素,为乳腺相关疾病的防控提供依据。方法襄阳市于2017年对辖区12个市县区的适龄妇女进行乳腺癌筛查并收集了筛查人群的流行病学资料,计算良性乳腺疾病及乳腺癌的检出率,使用Logistic回归分析影响良性乳腺疾病及乳腺癌的因素。结果共有316524名妇女参与了乳腺癌筛查,检出良性乳腺疾病44097例(13.93%),乳腺癌80例(25.27/10万)。良性乳腺疾病的主要危险因素是:年龄30~49岁,以49岁以上妇女为参照,OR=1.26,95%CI:1.21~1.30;文化程度高中及以上,以初中及以下为参照,OR=2.15,95%CI:2.10~2.20;有乳腺癌家族史,OR=1.72,95%CI:1.51~1.96;其他女性生殖系统肿瘤家族史,OR=2.05,95%CI:1.77~2.37;初潮年龄<12岁,OR=1.42,95%CI:1.37~1.48;月经持续时间<4天,OR=1.32,95%CI:1.26~1.39;月经周期<21天,OR=1.21,95%CI:1.01~1.45;月经周期>35天,OR=1.35,95%CI:1.18~1.54;绝经,OR=2.02,95%CI:1.88~2.17;绝经后使用雌激素治疗,OR=1.40,95%CI:1.12~1.75;孕次>3次,OR=1.16,95%CI:1.13~1.19;初产年龄>29岁,OR=1.11,95%CI:1.05~1.18。乳腺癌的主要危险因素:有乳腺癌家族史,OR=10.17,95%CI:3.67~28.17;年龄,随着年龄的增加,乳腺癌的发病风险增高,OR=1.39,95%CI:1.20~1.61;文化程度为高中及以上,以初中及以下为参照,OR=1.83,95%CI:1.11~3.01;而初产年龄<25岁则是乳腺癌的保护因素,OR=0.53,95%CI:0.33~0.84。结论襄阳市乳腺癌和良性乳腺疾病的发病率居于中等水平。积极控制高危因素、定期筛查并及时治疗乳腺相关疾病,有助于降低乳腺癌的疾病负担,提升妇女的健康质量。     

Waist-to-hip ratio and breast cancer mortality

High insulin levels have been associated with increased risk of breast cancer and poorer survival after a breast cancer diagnosis. Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) is a marker for insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. In this study, the authors tested the hypothesis that elevated WHR is directly related to breast cancer mortality. For identification of modifiable factors affecting survival, data were collected on 603 patients with incident breast cancer who visited the Vancouver Cancer Centre of the British Columbia Cancer Agency (Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada) in 1991-1992, including body measurements and information on demographic, medical, reproductive, and dietary factors. These patients were followed for up to 10 years. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to relate the variables to breast cancer mortality (n = 112). After adjustment for age, body mass index, family history, estrogen receptor (ER) status, tumor stage at diagnosis, and systemic treatment (chemotherapy or tamoxifen), WHR was directly related to breast cancer mortality in postmenopausal women (for highest quartile vs. lowest, relative risk = 3.3, 95% confidence interval: 1.1, 10.4) but not in premenopausal women (relative risk = 1.2, 95% confidence interval: 0.4, 3.4). Stratification according to ER status showed that the increased mortality was restricted to ER-positive postmenopausal women. Elevated WHR was confirmed as a predictor of breast cancer mortality, with menopausal status and ER status at diagnosis found to be important modifiers of that relation.     

Age and menopausal effects of hormonal birth control and hormone replacement therapy in relation to breast cancer risk

It is unclear whether breast cancer risk varies by age and menopausal status in relation to use of hormonal birth control (HBC) and hormone replacement therapy (HRT), taken singly or cumulatively. The authors utilized data from 1,478 cases and 1,493 controls aged 20-98 years with known menopausal status, who had participated in a population-based, case-control study conducted on Long Island during 1996-1997. Exogenous hormone use over the lifecourse was assessed by use of memory aids. The authors examined associations among women in these subgroups: premenopausal (n = 968), postmenopausal <65 years (n = 1,045), and postmenopausal > or = 65 years (n = 958). Among premenopausal women, risk was increased for ever use of HBC (odds ratio (OR) = 1.37, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04, 1.81) or HRT (OR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.17, 2.81) and was pronounced among women reporting use of both HBC and HRT (OR = 2.59, 95% CI: 1.50, 4.46), long-term HRT use (OR = 3.93, 95% CI: 1.43, 10.84), or estrogen-plus-progestin therapy (OR = 3.51, 95% CI: 1.45, 8.49). There was no effect of ever HBC use among postmenopausal women aged less than 65 years, but risk was modestly elevated for more than 5 years of HRT use (OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.99). Among postmenopausal women aged 65 years or more, odds ratios for HBC or HRT use were around the null. These results emphasize that timing of exogenous hormone use is important. Women who used these hormones before menopause had elevated risks, but the harmful effects began to decline with age after menopause.     

Breast cancer and active and passive smoking: the role of the N-acetyltransferase 2 genotype

The association of breast cancer with passive and active smoking was investigated in slow and fast acetylators of aromatic amines in a Geneva, Switzerland, study in 1996-1997. A slow acetylator was homozygous for one, or heterozygous for two, of three N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) polymorphisms determined on buccal cell DNA from 177 breast cancer cases and 170 age-matched, population controls. The reference group consisted of women never regularly exposed to active or passive smoke. Among premenopausal women, the odds ratios were homogeneous in slow and fast acetylators: 3.2 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2, 8.7) for passive smoking and 2.9 (95% CI: 1.1, 7.5) for active smoking. Among postmenopausal women, the odds ratios for fast acetylators were 11.6 (95% CI: 2.2, 62.2) for passive and 8.2 (95% CI: 1.4, 46.0) for active smoking; the corresponding effects were also apparent but less strong in slow acetylators. After the nonexposed and the passive smokers were grouped in a single reference category, active smoking was associated with postmenopausal breast cancer in slow acetylators (odds ratio (OR) = 2.5, 95% CI: 1.0, 6.2) but not in fast acetylators (OR = 1.3, 95% CI: 0.5, 3.3). Thus, the associations of both passive and active smoking with breast cancer appear stronger in fast than in slow NAT2 genotypes. Separating passive smokers from the nonexposed impacts on the inference about a possible NAT2-smoking interaction.     

成都市社区女性乳腺癌认知及乳腺自检行为调查分析

目的 调查了解成都市社区女性乳腺癌相关知识知晓情况及乳腺自检行为现状,分析影响乳腺自检行为的因素,为制定和实施提高女性乳腺癌相关知识水平和促进乳腺检查行为的措施提供参考依据。方法 采用两阶段随机抽样方法,抽取成都市社区1 541名年满15岁且未诊断乳腺癌的女性进行问卷调查。使用方法包括描述性分析、χ2检验、非条件二分类logistic回归分析。结果 调查女性乳腺癌知识的总知晓率为29.3%(10 848/36 984),做过乳腺自检的女性仅占25.5%(393/1 541)。乳腺自检行为受到年龄（45～59岁OR=2.436,95%CI:1.343～4.419;≥60岁OR=2.327,95%CI:1.181～4.582）、文化程度（高中/技校/中专OR=3.169,95%CI:1.777～5.653;大专OR=2.842,95%CI:1.526～5.293;本科及以上OR=3.752,95%CI:2.009～7.007）、获取乳腺癌知识的主动性（OR=3.905,95%CI:2.483～6.141）及乳腺癌认知水平（OR=1.186,95%CI:1.148～1.225）的影响。结论 ...     

Cruciferous vegetables, the GSTP1 Ile105Val genetic polymorphism, and breast cancer risk

BACKGROUND: Cruciferous vegetables are the primary source of isothiocyanates and other glucosinolate derivatives that are known to induce phase II detoxifying enzymes, including glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). OBJECTIVE: We investigated the independent and combined effects of cruciferous vegetable intake and the GSTP1 Ile(105)Val genetic polymorphism on breast cancer risk. DESIGN: Analyses included 3035 cases and 3037 population controls who were participating in the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study and for whom diet and genetic data were complete (87% of cases and 85% of controls). RESULTS: With the use of multivariate logistic regression, the GSTP1 Val/Val genotype was significantly associated with greater breast cancer risk (OR = 1.50; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.99). The association was significantly greater in premenopausal women (OR = 1.69; 95% CI: 1.17, 2.43) than in postmenopausal women (OR = 1.20; 95% CI: 0.74, 1.92). Total cruciferous vegetable intake was not significantly associated with breast cancer risk, although subjects reporting greater turnip (P for trend < 0.001) and Chinese cabbage (P for trend = 0.049) intakes had a significantly lower postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Women with the GSTP1 Val/Val genotype and low cruciferous vegetable intake had a breast cancer risk 1.74-fold (95% CI: 1.13, 2.67) that of women with the Ile/Ile or Ile/Val genotype. This effect of low cruciferous vegetable intake and the Val/Val genotype was seen predominantly among premenopausal women (OR = 2.08; 95% CI = 1.20, 3.59). CONCLUSIONS: Cruciferous vegetable intake consistent with high isothiocyanate exposure may reduce breast cancer risk. Cruciferous vegetable intake also may ameliorate the effects of the GSTP1 genotype.     

四川省女性乳腺癌筛查参与行为现状及影响因素分析

目的 了解四川省女性乳腺癌筛查参与行为现状并分析其影响因素。方法 对四川省40～69岁女性乳腺癌筛查参与情况进行横断面调查,通过logistic回归分析乳腺癌筛查参与行为的影响因素。结果 共调查2 050名女性,其中971名至少接受过一次乳腺癌筛查,筛查率为47.4%,其中30.1%的女性最近一次筛查时间为三年前。筛查措施以乳腺超声（39.4%）和乳腺查体（33.7%）为主,仅193例（9.4%）做过乳腺X线检查。多因素logistic回归分析显示,更年轻（40～49岁：OR=1.767,95%CI:1.293～2.415;50～59岁：OR=1.770,95%CI:1.318～2.377）、文化程度更高（高中：OR=1.615,95%CI:1.234～2.115;大专及以上：OR=6.619,95%CI:4.364～10.039）、已婚（OR=1.642,95%CI:1.134～2.378）、居住地为城市（OR=1.403,95%CI:1.070～1.840）、有保险（一种：OR=1.291,95%CI:1.040～1.602;两种：OR=1.908,95%CI:1.287～2.83...     

北京市女性乳腺癌绝经前后危险因素分析

目的 研究分析北京市女性乳腺癌绝经前后危险因素。方法 采用病例对照研究的方法,于2019年6月1日至2019年12月31日,随机选取北京市8家医疗机构首次确诊的乳腺癌患者为本次研究的病例组,以相同医疗机构该时间段就诊的非乳腺癌患者为对照组。将收集的病例组和对照组研究对象按照绝经状态进行分组,其中绝经前共472人,绝经后共501人。采用北京市疾病预防控制中心统一编制的问卷进行一对一问卷调查。调查内容主要包括人口学基本特征、生理生育和职业危险因素3个方面。采用x2检验对调查对象的人口学基本特征、生理生育和职业因素进行单因素分析。采用Wilcoxon秩和检验对BMI和初潮年龄进行单因素分析。采用非条件logistic回归进行多因素分析。结果 绝经前,随着BMI的升高,乳腺癌发病风险越高（P=0.006,OR=1.08,95%CI:1.02~1.14）;与大学及以上文化程度者相比,初中及以下者（P<0.001,OR=9.01,95%CI:4.54~17.89）和高中者（P<0.001,OR=3.89,95%CI:2.13~7.09）发病风险增高;与无流产史者相比,有流产史者发病风险升高（P=0.037,OR=1.72,95%CI:1.03~2.88）;与无夜间轮班作业者相比,有夜间轮班作业史增加乳腺癌的发病风险（P=0.043,OR=1.69,95%CI:1.02~2.79）。绝经后,随着BMI的升高,乳腺癌发病风险越高（P=0.007,OR=1.08,95%CI:1.02~1.14）;与大学及以上文化程度者相比,初中及以下者（P=0.001,OR=2.59,95%CI:1.44~4.66）和高中者（P=0.029,OR=1.76,95%CI:1.06~2.93）发病风险增高。结论 BMI、文化程度为女性乳腺癌危险因素,流产史和夜间轮班作业更容易对绝经前女性乳腺癌发病产生影响。应通过改变生活方式、合理饮食等途径降低BMI,加强对较低文化水平女性乳腺癌的筛查,限制绝经前患乳腺癌风险高的女性夜班工作的可能性、建立适当的休息次数制度,加强宣教减少流产,从而有效降低乳腺癌的发生。     

糖尿病与脂肪肝对绝经女性胆石症患病的交互作用

目的 探讨糖尿病与脂肪肝的交互作用对绝经女性胆石症患病的影响。方法 研究采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法抽取苗族、侗族绝经女性作为研究对象，纳入符合条件的研究对象共3 938人。采用SPSS25.0软件进行Mann - Whitney U检验、χ2检验、单因素和多因素logistic回归分析；同时运用相乘模型和相加模型探讨糖尿病与脂肪肝的交互作用对绝经女性胆石症患病的影响。结果 本次3 938名绝经女性中，平均年龄为59.51岁，胆石症检出率为17.01%，糖尿病检出率为9.09%，脂肪肝检出率为19.86%，糖尿病合并脂肪肝检出率为4.06%。多因素logistic回归结果显示，糖尿病(OR = 1.715, 95%CI:1.325～2.220)和脂肪肝(OR = 1.438, 95%CI:1.162～1.780)均与绝经女性胆石症的患病风险有关。交互作用分析结果显示，糖尿病与脂肪肝对绝经女性胆石症的患病不存在相乘交互作用(OR = 1.605,95%CI:0.951～2.707)，结果无统计学意义；但糖尿病与脂肪肝对绝经女性胆石症的患病存在相加交互作用，糖尿病合并脂肪肝者的患病风险高于无糖尿病且无脂肪肝者(OR = 2.905,95%CI:2.040～4.138)，其相加交互作用评价指标RERI(95%CI)、AP(95%CI)和SI(95%CI)分别为1.216(0.115～2.316)、0.418(0.148～0.688)和2.760(1.043～7.305)，结果有统计学意义。结论 在绝经女性中，糖尿病和脂肪肝均与胆石症存在关联，二者对增加胆石症患病风险可能存在协同作用。     

Cigarette smoking and breast cancer.

An epidemiological case-control study was conducted in New York State, with 1617 primary breast cancer patients and an equal number of controls, to examine the relationship between cigarette smoking and breast cancer. Results showed no overall association between ever smokers versus never smokers and breast cancer risk (odds ratio [OR] = 1.03, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.90-1.19), nor was there any dose response trend observed with increased levels of smoking. In addition, no association was found with risk and age started smoking, age stopped smoking, amount smoked or total years smoked. Controlling for previously identified risk factors for breast cancer in the analysis did not significantly alter these relationships. Previous studies have found a difference in menopausal age among smokers compared to nonsmokers. The mean menopausal age was only slightly lower in smokers than in never smokers for both cases and controls. Breast cancer risk was observed to be close to unity for premenopausal women (OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.74-1.34) and postmenopausal women (OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 0.91-1.26). A recent study suggested breast cancer risk was more strongly related to starting smoking at a young age among women who smoked at least 25 or more cigarettes per day in the most recent year of smoking. This hypothesis was not supported by these data.     

Estrogen metabolism and breast cancer

BACKGROUND: Specific pathways involved in estrogen metabolism may play a role in the etiology of breast cancer. We used data from a large population-based case-control study to assess the association of the urinary estrogen metabolites 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OHE1), 16alpha-hydroxyestrone (16-OHE1), and their ratio (2/16) with both invasive and in situ breast cancer. METHODS: Study participants from the Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project provided a spot urine specimen and completed a comprehensive interviewer-administered questionnaire. Women who used exogenous hormones or who took tamoxifen in the 6 months before urine collection were excluded from the analysis, leaving 269 invasive cases, 158 in situ cases, and 326 controls. Unconditional logistic regression was used to obtain adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for invasive and in situ breast cancer, separately, in relation to tertiles of the individual metabolites (standardized for creatinine) and the 2/16 ratio, stratified by menopausal status. RESULTS: The OR for invasive breast cancer was inversely associated with the 2/16 ratio among premenopausal women (OR = 0.50 for extreme tertiles; 95% confidence interval = 0.25-1.01). ORs ranged from 0.32 to 0.60 when women were stratified by whether cases had received chemotherapy within 6 months before urine collection and by estrogen receptor status. In postmenopausal women, there was a slight reduction in the odds ratio for invasive cancer with high levels of the 2/16 ratio (OR = 0.78; 95% confidence interval = 0.46-1.33). Neither the individual metabolites nor the ratio were associated with in situ breast cancer. CONCLUSION: These data provide support for the hypothesis that the 2/16 ratio is associated with reduced breast cancer risk. The most consistent associations were observed with invasive cancer in premenopausal women.