髋关节翻修术中冰冻病理切片与99Tcm三相同位素骨扫描共用诊断髋关节假体周围感染

背景：常规血清学、影像学和实验室诊断方法诊断假体周围感染难以达到理想的灵敏度、特异度和准确性。尤其对于假体置换后晚期假体低毒性感染性松动和无菌性松动之间的鉴别诊断还缺乏普遍接受的诊断标准。术前、术中和术后多种诊断方法的联合运用对于明确感染诊断和制定手术翻修策略有重要的临床意义。目的：通过初次髋关节置换后翻修术前和术中联合运用99Tcm三相同位素骨扫描和冰冻病理切片多形核白细胞计数方法诊断髋关节假体周围感染,并与常规诊断手段相比较。方法：2008年4月至2013年5月共收治44例髋关节置换后翻修病例,结合临床症状和血清学检查指标,18例患者血沉和C-反应蛋白增高诊断为临床怀疑感染病例组;26例血清学指标正常诊断为临床怀疑无菌性松动病例组。所有患者翻修前进行99Tcm三相同位素骨扫描检查,同时结合翻修手术过程中组织冰冻病理切片结果。如两项结果均为阴性,诊断为假体无菌性松动,行一期翻修手术;反之则诊断为假体周围感染,行二期手术翻修。通过术后临床随访血清学指标及手术疗效,采用受试者工作曲线的统计学方法评估联合运用99Tcm三相同位素骨扫描和组织冰冻病理切片的诊断价值。结果与结论：18例临床感染病例组中16例患者术前99Tcm三相同位素骨扫描结果和术中冰冻病理结果均为阳性,诊断为感染,二期翻修;2例结果均阴性,排除感染,一期翻修。26例松动病例组中,25例术前99Tcm三相同位素骨扫描结果和术中冰冻病理结果阴性,诊断为无菌性松动,一期翻修;1例患者术后病原菌微生物学培养送检3个标本中1个标本培养出金黄色葡萄球菌,诊断为假体周围感染,仍采取一期翻修。增加99Tcm三相同位素骨扫描和冰冻病理切片多形核白细胞计数的方法后,工作特征曲线面?     

人工关节置换后疼痛行再次全髋关节翻修41例

高州市人民医院脊柱关节外科2000-08/2006-08共收治人工髋关节及人工股骨头置换后髋关节疼痛而进行人工全髋关节翻修患者4_4例,获得随访41例.翻修施术者为第一作者,副主任医师,从事人工关节专业工作9年,完成人工关节置换620余例.①人工股骨头置换后疼痛患者26例,男17例,女9例;年龄67～79岁,平均72.3岁.因假体柄松动12例,髋臼磨损8例,人工股骨头脱位3例,关节周围骨化2例.假体柄断裂1例.②人工全髋关节置换后疼痛患者15例,男9例,女6例;年龄66～80岁,平均73.4岁.因假体柄松动6例,髋臼假体松动2例,髋臼假体磨损2例,人工股骨头脱位2例,切口感染1例,迟发性感染1例,假体柄断裂l例.③随访41例翻修后材料反应:4例患者出现骨水泥反应综合征,表现为急性低血压、低血氧、心律失常,均无人工关节的排斥反应.随访期内X射线片复查关节假体未见金属腐蚀现象.髋臼聚乙烯假体无降解.④随访41例翻修后宿主反应;人工全髋关节翻修后第2天复查血常规,患者自细胞计数普遍升高,术后第7天复查白细胞计数,除个别伤口感染者外绝大多数患者恢复正常.3例患者出现下肢静脉血栓.疼痛缓解率达90.2%.41例随访1-7年结果提示假体松动、髋臼磨损、人工股骨头脱位、关节周围骨化等并发症是造成人工髋关节置换后髓关节疼痛的主要原因,全髋关节翻修能明显改善疼痛状况.     

人工全髋翻修及非骨水泥假体的应用:5年同一机构41例41髋资料回顾

背景:随着人工全髋关节置换后随访时间的延长,需行翻修者逐渐增多.而人工关节出现机械性松动前常已发现假体周围骨溶解,它将随着时间的推移而逐渐加重,不断加重的骨溶解会引起人工关节松动,最终导致关节翻修.目的:观察非骨水泥假体在人工全髋关节置换后翻修术中的应用效果.方法:对2004/2009沈阳市骨科医院收治的人工关节置换后患者41例(41髋)进行了翻修,再置换关节为北京普鲁士钢研外科植入物有限公司提供的旋入式全髋关节及美国史塞克有限公司生产的非骨水泥压配式全髋关节.41个髋臼中无髋臼骨缺损8髋,Gustillo Ⅰ-Ⅱ型髋臼松动17髋,Ⅲ型髋臼松动8髋,对上述患者直接用纯钛螺旋臼成型或髋臼底加用颗粒植骨;Ⅳ型髋臼松动骨缺损8髋,采用颗粒植骨,钛网重建髋臼,骨水泥髋臼假体成型.取出假体柄后试情况置入非骨水泥普通假体柄或加长柄,根据试骨缺损情况进行假体周围植骨,必要时捆绑带固定.结果与结论:髋臼侧进行了钛网重建植骨的8例患者翻修后3 d可以下地非负重拄拐行走,其余患者均可以于翻修后3 d下地负重行功能练习.翻修后随访6-66个月,无假体移位下沉等不稳迹象,无需要再重新翻修的病例,Harris评分由翻修前的平均32.6分增加到翻修后的平均88.1分.随访X射线片显示部分患者骨质改建,密度增加,未发现假体周围有新出现亮带的患者.结果提示,采用非骨水泥假体对髋关节进行翻修后,近期可取得较好的修复效果,远期效果有待随访.     

人工全髋关节置换后33例翻修原因解析

背景：人工髋关节置换后出现感染、假体松动、假体磨损断裂、骨溶解、复发性脱位等并发症的数量逐渐增多,最终导致行全髋关节翻修。 目的：分析人工全髋关节置换后进行翻修的原因和治疗措施。 方法：对33例患者全髋关节翻修的原因、假体选择、骨缺损处理及康复进行分析研究。其中髋臼有21例行普通金属杯加内衬置换、8例行大头臼杯置换、4例行聚乙烯臼杯置换。股骨柄有15例行普通柄（11例应用骨水泥固定）置换、18例行加长柄置换（9例应用骨水泥、6例为组合型柄）。 结果与结论：33例患者全部获得随访,翻修后随访24-60个月,平均随访36.5个月;翻修后伤口愈合良好,假体固定可靠,未再次出现感染脱位患者;髋关节功能均得到了较大的改善,Harris评分：翻修前平均为37.1分,翻修后平均为91.3分。中短期临床随访结果示,若翻修手术指征正确,骨缺损处理得当,翻修假体选择正确,行一期人工全髋关节翻修可以获得良好的临床疗效。     

人工股骨头置换后翻修21例

选择2000-02/2007-05在福建医科大学附属第二医院骨科进行髋关节翻修患者21例(21髋),均为股骨颈骨折行人工股骨头置换.其中男6例,女15例;年龄65～85岁,平均74岁.11例髋臼磨损、4例假体松动、2例松动合并髋臼磨损行全髋关节翻修,髋臼缺损部位行松质骨颗粒充填植骨,2例假体周围骨折患者行复位内固定植入长柄假体加周围植骨,2例感染患者行旷置后二期全髋关节翻修.翻修假体的选择:非骨水泥型假体7例,骨水泥型假体3例,混合型假体7例,2例保留假体柄,2例假体周围骨折仅行股骨侧翻修.平均随访32个月,Harris评分平均79分,翻修采用骨水泥假体比非骨水泥假体效果差.结果提示人工股骨头置换术后翻修最常见的原因是髋臼磨损,翻修手术尽量采用非骨水泥假体.     

髋关节假体的设计、选择与置换

人工全髋关节置换是治疗髋关节病残的主要方法。正确选择与骨床匹配良好的假体是保证全髋关节置换成功的重要方面,全髋关节置换后人工关节的生物力学性能与使用寿命有着密切的关系。全髋关节置换的效果与髋臼前倾角、外展角、股骨头旋转中心及偏心距、假体的受力密切相关。假体受力可以分解为正应力和剪切应力两部分,正应力有益于假体的固定和力的传递,而剪切力会导致假体松动。假体周围骨质及骨量的变化,假体松动、脱位,假体周围骨折,材料磨损及假体周围感染是髋关节置换后影响中远期效果的常见并发症。     

保留部分假体的髋关节翻修术

目的:探讨松动髋关节假体翻修的可行性.方法:回顾性分析全髋关节置换术后翻修病例70例,7例单纯髋臼松动,9例单纯股骨假体松动,松动原因为无菌性松动和感染.分别进行关节清理和一、二期翻修.单纯髋臼松动者翻修髋臼并更换股骨头.单纯股骨柄松动者翻修股骨柄并更换聚乙烯内衬.结果:术后随访12～36个月,平均24个月.髋关节翻修16例无感染和影像学松动现象,疗效满意.Harris评分由术前45分(25～60分)提高至术后85分(75～90分).结论:全髋关节置换术后可出现部分假体松动;仅翻修时松动假体可减少创伤、降低手术难度,短期效果满意.     

人工髋关节翻修21例临床分析

目的:探讨人工髋关节置换术后翻修的经验与体会.方法:2003年3月至2009年7月共收治人工髋关节置换术后需翻修病例21例,其中男11例,女10例,年龄52～78岁,平均63.3岁,其中全髋关节置换15例,股骨头置换6例;生物型固定9例,骨水泥固定7例,5例为混合型.翻修原因;21例术前均有站立或行走时疼痛症状,11例同时伴有髋关节屈伸及外展功能受限.术前X线检查;1例股骨上段骨折,3例股骨柄松动,1例髋臼窝内侧壁出现骨质缺损,5例髋臼假体周围出现透亮区或硬化带,1例髋臼假体明显移位.结果:经过9个月～7年的随访,无术后感染、假体周围骨折或神经损伤的发生,1例术后6个月发生脱位,给予手法复位.按照Harris的髋关节功能评分标准,优10例,良7例,可3例,差1例,优良率为80%,疗效满意.结论:髋关节翻修是治疗人工髋关节置换术后关节疼痛的有效方式,手术的重点在于人工假体的取出,掌握好髋关节置换手术的技巧可减少髋关节翻修的数量.     

人工双动股骨头置换后近期脱位全髋关节翻修:同一机构13年143例置换者中的5例翻修

背景:前期文献对人工双动股骨头置换后翻修原因的分析主要集中在假体松动下沉、髋臼磨损、假体柄断裂等方面,有关置换后近期脱位翻修的报道较少.目的:分析人工双动股骨头置换后近期脱位的原因,探讨行人工全髋关节置换翻修的必要性.方法;回顾性分析1995-05/2008-10行人工双动股骨头置换后全髋关节翻修5例患者的临床资料,男3例,女2例,年龄75～87岁,平均81岁.翻修原因均为置换后近期脱位,所有病例均一期翻修,有骨质缺损者同时植骨.翻修后早期观察血常规及血沉变化;翻修后6个月,1,2年评估髋关节Harris评分;以X射线平片观察骨盆前后位髋臼假体位置.结果与结论:所有患者翻修后获得至少1年(1～4年)随访,无一例需要再翻修,末次随访Harris评分平均88分.全部病例翻修后无伤口感染和神经血管损伤.扩髓时骨皮质不全骨折1例,X射线片显示人工关节假体位置正常,无松动感染征象.提示手术技巧不当及病例选择不当为人工双动股骨头置换后近期脱位的主要原因.由于双动头的双动特点,一旦脱位难以闭合复位,只能行翻修术.若手术指征正确,手术技巧娴熟,全髋翻修手术可以获得良好的临床效果.     

髋假体置入后假体周围松动骨质的病理学变化

背景:磨损颗粒是导致假体周围骨质溶解的重要潜在性因素之一,但引起假体周围骨溶解的原因及其发展过程尚未完全清楚.目的:复习人工关节置换后翻修病例的病理切片,分析病理检查在人工关节置换后感染诊断中的价值.方法:由第一作者检索1990/2008 PubMed 数据及万方数据库有关髋假体置入后假体周围松动以及假体松动周围骨质的病理学变化方面的文献.结果与结论:人工假体与骨空隙的产生导致界膜充填,磨损微粒刺激界膜释放炎性细胞因子导致骨溶解而出现假体松动,如果尽可能地减少活动中产生的磨损碎屑可减少炎性递质的释放;减少由充填性界膜向溶骨性界膜的转变,就可从生物学角度降低人工髋关节置换后假体松动的发生率.     

Principles for the diagnosis of infections following total hip arthroplasty

Based on authorial material consisting of 19 patients operated in the period 1993-2000 for infections following total hip replacements, and on information from the literature, the authors discuss the suitability of various diagnostic methods. It is particularly important to diagnose infections with a slow course, without the classic clinical signs. The diagnostic criteria accepted by the Disease Control Center in Atlanta are presented, along with the radiological symptoms of latent infections and scintigraphic methods of varying sensitivity and specificity to regards to hip endoprosthesis infections. The article presents the typical changes in the value of erythrocyte precipitation and CRP concentration during the first year following a non-complicated hip arthroplasty, which has a significant impact on the interpretation of results when there is a suspicion of early infection. The decisive test for the diagnosis of a slow infection in a joint with loosened endoprosthesis with obvious clinical signs of infection is peri-operative examination of frozen scraps of the joint capsule for the presence of infiltrations of neutrophil leukocytes.     

The role of ultrasonography in the assessment of peri-prosthetic hip complications

Purpose

Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a widespread option for treating hip osteoarthritis. Peri-prosthetic complications after THA represent a common event influencing patient outcome and costs. The purpose of this paper is to report the use of ultrasonography (US) to detect peri-prosthetic complications in symptomatic patients who underwent THA.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients with THA who underwent imaging evaluation between January 2009 and December 2012 at two different institutions. We evaluated the presence/absence of superficial and/or deep peri-prosthetic collections as well as the presence/absence of a cutaneous sinus tract. For patients who underwent both MRI and US, a concordance correlation analysis between US and MR findings was performed.

Results

In the reference period, 532 symptomatic patients (mean age ± standard deviation 74 ± 12 years) underwent X-ray and MRI examinations for suspected peri-prosthetic complications. Among them, 111 (20.9 %) underwent also US. Overall, 108 patients underwent both US and MRI. US findings included 67 superficial collections, 48 subcutaneous fistulas, 74 deep peri-prosthetic collections. Twenty-four patients had solid, mass-like peri-prosthetic collections. In 11 patients, no peri-prosthetic complications were seen. MRI findings included 68 superficial collections, 49 subcutaneous fistulas, 79 deep peri-prosthetic collections. Twenty-four patients had solid, mass-like peri-prosthetic collections. In four patients, no peri-prosthetic complications were seen. Concordance analysis between US and MRI findings showed almost perfect agreement (k ≥ 0.89).

Conclusion

US is an efficient and practical imaging modality to evaluate peri-prosthetic complications in patients with THA, being almost comparable to MRI in detecting and characterizing these complications.     

全髋关节置换后早期并发深静脉血栓的多因素Logistic回归分析

背景:随着对全髋关节置换后并发深静脉血栓的认识加深,减少和避免其发生已成为临床面临的重要课题.以往对影响深静脉血栓形成的相关因素报道虽多,但着眼点片面、样本量过少、统计学意义差、基础试验与临床研究的结果相混淆、研究方法及设计缺乏科学性,造成报道不一致,各抒己见.目的:探讨全髋关节置换术早期并发深静脉血栓的原因及其相关因素,并提出预防与处理对策,从而降低发生率.方法:回顾分析1780例首次全髋关节置换术病例,选择性别、年龄、体质量、病种、合并症、患髋既往手术、麻醉、手术时间、假体固定方式、输血、术后患肢训练、防血栓药物、并发症指标进行统计,采用SPSS建立标准化数据库,行Logistic多因素回归分析.结果与结论:1780例全髋关节置换患者中有深静脉血栓136例.年龄、合并症、麻醉、假体固定方式、输血、患肢术后主被动训练、防血栓药物因素与深静脉血栓有相关性(P<0.05).高龄、高血压或糖尿病、全麻、骨水泥固定、输全血是全髋关节置换术早期并发深静脉血栓的危险因素,患肢术后主被动训练、防血栓药物应用是保护因素.认真做好围手术期处理,积极控制慢性合并症、术前做好评估、术中操作精细、术后积极预防治疗及护理可以降低深静脉血栓的发生.     

嵌压植骨结合非骨水泥型全髋关节置换治疗强直性脊柱炎17例

1996-03/2003-03纳入强直性脊柱炎合并股骨侧严重骨质疏松的髋关节病变患者17例（24髋）,采用自体骨嵌压植骨结合非骨水泥型全髋关节置换治疗。手术时年龄20～52岁,平均35岁;采用Harris评分方法及X射线片观察进行临床疗效评定。17例患者24髋均获得完整随访,随访时间36～120个月,平均87个月。Harris评分从置换前平均34分提高到置换后平均86.4分,优良率87.5%。X射线片见股骨假体与股骨近段紧密压配;无假体感染及脱位。1髋出现5mm的假体下沉,发生于置换后1年内,经过5年以上随访观察,假体未进一步下沉,并与骨质接触良好,目前无松动表现。提示骨质量对非骨水泥假体置换的疗效影响较大,采用自体骨嵌压植骨技术进行骨质重建,可为强直性脊柱炎合并严重骨质疏松患者全髋关节置换提供了一种良好的解决方法,临床效果满意。     

Accurate diagnosis of hip prosthesis loosening using a vibrational technique

OBJECTIVE: To examine the potential role of vibration testing as a non-invasive method of diagnosing loosening of total hip replacements in the clinical setting. DESIGN: Single blind cohort study in two hospitals. BACKGROUND: Diagnosing loosening of total hip replacements is heavily dependent on investigative techniques that are unreliable. Previous studies into the use of vibration testing have produced conflicting results. METHODS: Comparison of vibration testing and radiographs in patients with a total hip replacement experiencing hip pain symptomatic of loosening, with patients showing evidence of a secure prosthesis. RESULTS: Vibration testing has a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 89%. The positive predictive value was 92% and the negative predictive value was 73%; it was unable to produce a definitive diagnosis in 8% of patients. When compared with radiographs from the same patients, vibration testing was shown to be 20% more sensitive and able to diagnose 13% more patients. CONCLUSIONS: Vibration testing can deliver more accurate information on the stability of total hip replacements than radiographs in the clinical setting, despite being in the early stages of development. Relevance. This study shows that 70 more patients may be provided with the correct diagnosis and 46 fewer patients may be undiagnosed each year, when using vibrometry as opposed to radiographs. In view of the relative disparity between the level of development between the two techniques and the encouraging results hitherto presented, it is felt that by improving vibration testing it may supersede radiographs in the detection of prosthesis loosening.     

One-stage revision in two cases of Salmonella prosthetic hip infection

We describe two cases of prosthetic joint infection (PJI) of the hip due to Salmonella. The first patient presented with an early infection 5 d after being discharged following a total hip replacement and the second patient presented at the emergency ward with a late infection, thirteen years following a total hip replacement. Both cases occurred within one month of each other at our institution and both were successfully treated with a one-stage revision. PJI caused by Salmonella species is very rare: so far only 20 Salmonella PJIs of the hip have been described. Therefore, full consensus on the best treatment approach has not yet been reached. An aggressive two-stage approach is advised because of the virulence of Salmonella, although a limited number of successful one-stage approaches have been described as well. According to the latest guidelines, one-stage revision has comparable success rates and less morbidity compared to two-stage treatment, when selecting the right patients. In our opinion, PJI caused by Salmonella should be treated just as PJI caused by other bacteria, with consideration of the selection criteria as mentioned in several treatment guidelines. As illustrated by these two cases, one-stage revision can be successful in both early and late Salmonella PJI of the hip.     

红细胞沉降率、C反应蛋白及血清淀粉样蛋白在不同类型人工髋关节置换术前后的变化及临床意义研究

目的观察红细胞沉降率（ESR）、C反应蛋白（CRP）、血清淀粉样蛋白A（SAA）在不同类型人工髋关节置换术前后的变化规律,并探讨其临床意义。方法前瞻性纳入2011年4月-2013年5月行人工髋关节置换术的97例患者,其中全髋置换14例,骨水泥型半髋置换56例,生物型半髋置换27例。入选者在术前及术后第1、3、5、7、14天和第1、3个月末,抽血检测ESR、CRP、SAA,比较分析手术前后血清ESR、CRP、SAA的变化情况。结果所有患者术后的ESR、CRP、SAA水平均升高。ESR在术后第7天升至峰值,在术后第3个月末降至术前水平,各时点3组ESR水平组间比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。SAA、CRP于术后第3天达到峰值,以后缓慢降低,在术后1个月末降至术前水平。生物型、骨水泥型半髋置换术患者术后CRP水平差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,两者与全髋置换患者术后CRP水平差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。骨水泥型半髋置换术患者术后SAA水平较生物型半髋置换术及全髋置换术患者SAA水平明显增高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 CRP和SAA比ESR变化更快、更敏感,骨水泥对SAA变化有影响,对CRP变化无影响。     

骨三相对人工关节置换术后松动与感染的鉴别诊断价值

目的探讨骨三相显像对人工关节置换术后松动与感染的鉴别诊断价值。方法2010年6月至2012年1月在我科行骨三相显像的人工关节置换术后患者共107例,经随访具有手术病理或穿刺病理明确诊断的共77例,人工置换关节共81个。77例患者男31例,女46例,年龄32～75岁,平均61．7岁。在81个人工置换关节中,最后经手术病理证实为松动的关节共40个。经病理证实为感染的共41个关节。在40个手术病理证实为松动的人工关节中有9个关节病理诊断为松动伴有炎性肉芽肿,其中7个为髋关节、2个为膝关节。结果81个关节中经手术病理证实为松动的人工关节共40个,骨三相诊断为松动的关节共34个,假阴性为6个,符合率为85．0％;最后确诊为感染的关节共有41个,骨三相诊断为感染的关节为38个,假阴性有3个,符合率达92．6％。结论骨三相显像判断假体松动有很高的灵敏度,并可以明确病变部位,对手术有指导意义,对感染的诊断符合率高,因此骨三相在鉴别人工关节术后感染与松动有很高的临床价值。但骨三相对于松动合并感染的判断尚有一定难度,尚需深入研究和总结。     

髋关节置换术后发生缺血性脑卒中的危险因素分析

目的探讨髋关节置换术后发生缺血性脑卒中的危险因素。方法采取回顾性病例对照研究方法,比较行髋关节置换术后并发缺血性脑卒中患者18例与同期随机142例无缺血性脑卒中事件患者(对照组)的临床资料。结果髋关节置换术后缺血性脑卒中的发病率为1 .8%。年龄、高血压、脑卒中病史、术中收缩压及舒张压的下降与对照组相比,有显著性差异(P<0 .05);而性别、心脏病史、糖尿病、高脂血症及术中的出血量与对照组相比,无显著性差异(P>0 .05)。结论年龄、高血压、术中血压的变化及术前脑卒中病史是髋关节置换术后缺血性脑卒中事件发生的重要危险因素。     

Managing perioperative risk in the hip fracture patient

Patients with hip fracture benefit from a multidisciplinary team approach for preoperative and postoperative care. Team members, consisting of the orthopedic surgeon, internal medicine consultant, and anesthesiologist, should each have a role in determining a patient's readiness for surgery and communicate with one another about appropriate management. How urgently a hip fracture needs repair depends on the type of injury. In general, most injuries should be repaired as soon as the patient can be medically optimized (preferably 24 to 48 hours), keeping in mind that procedures are often lengthy and maximally invasive, and frequently involve complications. Nondisplaced (impacted) femoral neck fractures, however, should be repaired within 6 hours if possible to avert avascular necrosis of the femoral head and the need for total hip replacement. The following interventions are helpful for preventing complications following hip fracture repair: perioperative prophylaxis against infection.