小儿肾盂输尿管连接处息肉(附14例报告)

目的探讨小儿肾盂输尿管连接处息肉的临床及病理特点，总结诊治经验。方法对我科1985年10月至2005年10月期间收治的14例肾盂输尿管连接处息肉合并肾积水的患儿回顾性分析其临床表现，超声、肾核素扫描、IVP、CT检查所见及病理结果。结果14例患儿，男12例（85．7％，12／14），女2例（14．3％，2／14），左侧13例（92．9%,40，13／14），右侧1例（7．1％，1／14）。年龄5～13岁，平均9．9岁。临床表现以间歇性腰腹痛为主。超声检查术前诊断率为14．3％（2／14）。IVP和CT术前诊断率为28．6％（4／14）。三维增强CT重建诊断率为88．9％（8／9）。所有患儿均行肾盂输尿管成形术，息肉均位于肾盂输尿管交界处，病变的病理表现包括炎性息肉和纤维上皮性息肉样改变，9例合并有肾盂输尿管交接处原发性病变（输尿管肌层增厚、输尿管平滑肌增生、肌束排列紊乱）。结论儿童肾盂输尿管连接处息肉少见，多见于大龄男孩，左侧多见。临床无特异性症状，28．6%术前可经IVP和CT诊断，三维CT重建诊断率高，可达88．9%。病因多为先天性异常，行肾盂输尿管成形术，术后效果良好。     

迷走血管压迫致梗阻性肾积水34例临床分析

目的探讨小儿肾盂输尿管交界部迷走血管压迫致梗阻性肾积水的临床特点及治疗方法。方法回顾性分析1997年1月至2008年6月本院收治的34例迷走血管压迫性肾积水患儿的临床资料。结果34例中,男30例,女4例,左侧28例,右侧6例。平均发病年龄9．5岁。手术方法为离断性肾盂成型术（Anderson—Hynes术式）,术中同时将迷走血管移向肾盂后方。病理检查证实12例合并肾盂输尿管交界部狭窄,术后半年行IVP复查,积水缓解,症状消失。结论小儿肾盂输尿管交界部迷走血管压迫致梗阻性肾积水发病年龄较大,腹痛明显,积水较轻。治疗上在采取离断性肾盂成刮术的同时,应将迷走血管转移到肾盂输尿管交接部的后方。马蹄肾合并肾积水时迷走血管压迫是主要的发病原因。     

Occult ureteropelvic junction obstruction presenting as anuria and urinary ascites in an infant with antenatal,unilateral hydronephrosis

ObjectiveTo discuss an unusual case of occult ureteropelvic junction obstruction.CaseA premature male infant with severe, unilateral hydronephrosis presented to the emergency room with 20 h of dry diapers. Placement of urethral catheter did not return urine. Imaging revealed persistent hydronephrosis on the previously affected side and new-onset hydronephrosis with perirenal fluid on the contralateral side. Patient was taken to the operating room and forniceal rupture from occult ureteropelvic junction obstruction with urinary ascites was identified. The obstruction was surgically repaired at that time and his postoperative course was uncomplicated.DiscussionWhile most agree on postnatal evaluation for some children with antenatal hydronephrosis, there is no consensus as to the timing and frequency of evaluation. The risk of significant obstruction in children with low grades of hydronephrosis is very low, and many are not followed. This is a rare case in which low-grade postnatal hydronephrosis resulted in significant clinical obstruction.     

Bilateral congenital midureteric strictures associated with multicystic dysplastic kidney and hydronephrosis: evaluation with MR urography

We report a case of bilateral congenital midureteric strictures diagnosed using MR urography. The severity of obstruction differed in the two ureters, resulting in a multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) with an atretic ureter on one side and hydronephrosis that worsened over time due to progressive stenosis on the other. Although midureteric strictures are usually misdiagnosed as ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) or ureterovesical junction (UVJ) obstruction on conventional imaging, MR urography was able to clearly demonstrate both the anatomical and functional abnormalities. Additionally, because of the excellent anatomical resolution, similarities in the underlying pathological lesions could be contrasted with the severity of the pathophysiological impact upon each kidney.     

利尿性肾图在小儿肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻致肾积水诊断中的作用

目的探讨以利尿性肾图替代静脉尿路造影对小儿肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻引起的肾积水进行诊断的可能性.方法对1995年8月至2001年10月间的52例同时行静脉尿路造影和利尿性肾图检查并进行了肾盂成形术的病例进行回顾性分析,男47例,女5例,年龄0.2～13岁(平均6.5岁).结果本组52例静脉尿路造影对梗阻部位判断有52例(100%)正确;利尿性肾图检查后,52例患儿梗阻部位的判断也都(100%)正确.静脉尿路造影和利尿性肾图在梗阻部位诊断上差异没有显著性意义(P＞0.05).结论在诊断小儿肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻上,以利尿性肾图来替代静脉尿路造影是可行的.     

Extrinsic ureteropelvic junction obstruction from a crossing renal vessel: demography and imaging

Background. The increase in the use of prenatal ultrasound has revolutionized the detection of hydronephrosis and has had an unanticipated consequence.¶Objective. To describe the new demographics of symptomatic ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction and the characteristic imaging findings, when the obstruction is extrinsic, from a crossing renal vessel.¶Materials and methods. From a uroradiology database (1994 through 1999) we identified children with surgically corrected UPJ obstruction from intrinsic and extrinsic causes.¶Results. One hundred children had symptomatic UPJ obstruction treated by surgery. In 51 (49 %), obstruction was due to a crossing vessel. One hundred and one had UPJ obstruction detected by prenatal sonography. Only 11 (11 %) were due to a vessel. Two clinical and imaging findings were strongly suggestive of obstruction from a vessel: (1) in 5 of the 100 children the symptoms (pain, nausea, and vomiting) were intermittent. Only when symptoms were present were there hydronephrosis and obstruction; (2) in 51 of the 100 children a short segment of ureter, just below the UPJ, was filled with contrast or urine (on renal sonography, intravenous urography, or retrograde/antegrade ureterography).¶Conclusions. Extrinsic UPJ obstruction caused by a vessel is an uncommon cause of obstruction when all patients are considered. However, in symptomatic older patients whose hydronephrosis was not first identified on prenatal sonography, a vessel was the cause of obstruction in one-half.     

超声诊断先天性肾盂积水最终发展趋势的相关性研究

目的观察产前超声诊断先天性肾盂积水肾盂前后径（anteroposterlor renal pelvic diameter,APD）等数值的变化规律,探讨APD等相关数据在判断生理性或病理性肾盂积水中的临床价值。方法随访观察2011年4月至2013年2月69例行产前超声检查诊断为胎儿先天性肾盂积水患儿的临床资料,根据发展趋势分为生理性肾盂积水和病理性肾盂积水,并对两组积水APD值等相关数据进行比较分析。结果69例（73只肾）中,生理性肾盂积水55例（57只肾）,积水多在产后1—6个月消失。病理性肾盂积水14例（16只肾）,其中肾盂输尿管部梗阻12例（14只肾）,膀胱输尿管部梗阻2例,未发现其它泌尿系统畸形。两组积水在胎儿性别、积水侧别、积水发生时间及孕30～33周前APD、肾皮质厚度（renal parenchyma thickness,RPT）、肾盏形态上比较,P〉0．05,差异无统计学意义。在孕30～33周及孕30～33周后APD、RPT、肾盏形态上比较,P〈0．05,差异有统计学意义。结论胎儿先天性肾盂积水最终发展趋势与胎儿性别、积水侧别、积水发生时间及孕30～33周前APD、RPT、肾盏形态无相关性;与孕30～33周及孕30—33周后APD、RPT、肾盏形态有相关性。在定期随访过程中,生理性肾盂积水多于产后1～6个月恢复正常,病理性肾盂积水的各项指标呈渐进性发展,需及时手术治疗。     

Antenatal hydronephrosis: ureteral polyp causing ureteropelvic junction obstruction.

We describe a rare case of ureteropelvic junction obstruction in a three and a half-year-old boy due to a benign ureteric polyp. This case is being reported due to the rarity of benign neoplasms of the ureter in infants and children and also because the child had been diagnosed antenatally as having hydronephrosis.     

Uretero-vesical junction obstruction presenting as gaint hydronephrosis

A rare case of giant hydronephrosis due to ureterovesical junction obstruction is presented.     

Laparoscopic pyeloplasty is feasible for lower pole pelvi-ureteric obstruction in duplex systems

Exclusive lower pole pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction (PUJO) in double collecting systems in children is a rare condition requiring reconstructive surgery. We report on the feasibility of laparoscopic transabdominal dismembered pyeloplasty in two cases. Two children with duplicated collecting systems presented with hydronephrosis of lower pole moiety due to exclusive PUJO. Isotope renography revealed impaired drainage of affected lower kidney pole. A four-trocar transabdominal technique was used. No stent was used in one patient with bilateral duplication (male, 6 years) while a 4 Fr. double-J stent was placed laparoscopically in another with unilateral duplication (male, 9 months). Both patients had uneventful laparoscopic transabdominal dismembered pyeloplasty. The operation time was 115 and 155 min, respectively, and was comparable to our previously reported patient series undergoing laparoscopic pyeloplasty for singular collecting systems. After a mean follow-up of 21 months (range 12-42), both patients were asymptomatic and showed improved pelvi-ureteric drainage on isotope renography and improved hydronephrosis on ultrasound scan. Laparoscopic transabdominal dismembered pyeloplasty is safe and effective in children with rare lower pole PUJO in double collecting systems.     

微创小切口离断式肾盂输尿管成形术231例

目的回顾性分析微创小切口离断式肾盂输尿管成形术治疗先天性肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄的可行性及手术效果。方法2009年12月至2013年6月,我们共收治先天性’肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄268例,其中231例采用微创小切口离断式。肾盂输尿管成形术。231例中,男152例,女79例;左侧156例,右侧58例,双侧17例。年龄6d至5岁11个月。诊断依靠超声、MR及ECT检查,部分病例选用静脉肾盂造影或cT检查。Grignon分级：Ⅲ级12例,Ⅳ级85例,V级134例。患儿均行Anderson—Hynes肾盂成形、肾盂输尿管吻合术。术后前半年每6～8周行超声和尿液检查,后半年每2～3个月复查1次,术后1年行静脉肾盂造影（we）和（或）核素肾图（ECT）检查。结果231例中,188例选用1．5～2cm切口顺利完成手术,27例延长切口至2—2．5cm,6例切口2．5～3cm,10例切口3—4cm。231例中,超声检查肾积水明显减轻者211例,积水无加重者19例,1例吻合口不通畅予再次手术。术后1年行IVP和（或）ECT检查,肾功能明显改善。结论对于婴幼儿及部分正常体重的学龄前儿童,微创小切口离断式肾盂输尿管成形术技术上是可行的,可以获得良好的手术效果。     

利尿B超诊断小儿肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻

为了解利尿Ｂ超诊断小儿肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻（ＰＵＪＯ）的意义，对２５例（３４侧）小儿肾积水进行利尿Ｂ超检查，将检查结果与ＩＶＵ、肾盂测压、手术中所见病理改变及正常肾脏检查结果进行比较。结果显示利尿后ＰＵＪＯ患儿肾脏集合系统明显扩大，平均较利尿前扩大１０５％，利尿后９０ｍｉｎ仍不能恢复。同返流、输尿管远端或下尿路梗阻引起的肾积水及正常肾脏检查结果比较有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）。利尿Ｂ超可作为判断ＰＵＪＯ的方法之一。     

Endoscopic antireflux surgery leading to obstruction in pediatric renal transplant patients

To describe a multicenter experience with management of ureteral obstruction after injection of Dx/HA for VUR in pediatric renal transplant patients. The records of all pediatric renal transplant patients who underwent Dx/HA injection for VUR and had subsequent obstruction were identified, and the management and outcomes were reviewed. Follow‐up ranged from 1 to 10 years. There were four patients identified, all of whom had a history of rising creatinine, recurrent UTI, and increasing hydronephrosis which led to the diagnosis of high‐grade VUR. Obstruction was diagnosed within 24‐72 hours after injection in three patients. One patient was asymptomatic, and rising creatinine and hydronephrosis were noted 1 month after injection. One patient was managed expectantly, while three patients underwent ureteral stent placement. After the stent was removed, one patient went on to open reimplant due to delayed obstruction, the second patient with voiding dysfunction is currently managed with an indwelling ureteral stent and may require further definitive surgery, the third patient recovered, and the fourth is being observed. Our cases illustrate that despite initial successful management of the obstruction in some, delayed obstruction is possible and may necessitate open reimplant. It is imperative that these patients have close follow‐up after Dx/HA.     

小儿输尿管息肉致梗阻性肾积水

目的探讨小儿输尿管息肉致梗阻性肾积水的临床特点及诊治方法。方法回顾分析1987～2005年收治33例小儿输尿管息肉致梗阻性肾积水的临床资料，男32例，女1例，左侧27例，右侧5例，双侧1例。就诊年龄5～14岁，平均9岁，病程1个月至5年，平均1年7个月，发病年龄4～12岁，平均7岁。结果33例患儿行手术治疗，手术及术后病理证实肾脏积水为输尿管息肉造成梗阻所致，术后6～12个月行IVP检查，肾积水缓解或减轻，腹痛症状消失，随访6个月至18年未见息肉复发。结论输尿管息肉致梗阻性肾积水以男孩多见，且以学龄儿童为主，多发生在左侧，临床表现和其他原因引起的肾积水类似，但腹痛较剧烈，积水多不重。治疗根据息肉的位置及大小决定手术方案，包括息肉段输尿管切除＋肾盂输尿管吻合，及息肉段输尿管切除＋输尿管一输尿管吻合。     

儿童泌尿系统梗阻畸形合并上尿路结石的术中内镜治疗

目的 探讨儿童泌尿系统梗阻畸形外科手术中联合内镜治疗儿童泌尿系统梗阻畸形合并上尿路结石的安全性和有效性.方法 回顾分析我院小儿外科2010年1月1日至2013年8月31日收治的17例儿童泌尿系统梗阻畸形合并上尿路结石的患儿临床资料.男13例,女4例,年龄3～12岁,平均年龄5.9岁,左侧14例,右侧3例.肾积水、UPJO合并肾脏结石11例,输尿管膀胱连接处狭窄合并肾盂内结石3例,输尿管膀胱连接处狭窄合并输尿管末端结石者2例,输尿管膀胱连接处狭窄合并肾输尿管多处结石1例,结石直径4～12 mm.结果 11例肾积水、UPJO(肾盂输尿管连接处狭窄)患儿均顺利行离断式肾盂输尿管成形术,术中均行经肾盂输尿管镜或膀胱镜检查肾盂内各盏,10例患儿成功取出结石,1例术中未见找到结石,术后辅助行体外震波碎石治疗(ESWL).6例输尿管膀胱连接处狭窄(UVJO)患儿均顺利行膀胱外输尿管膀胱再植术,术中4例顺利行输尿管硬镜检查术,2例顺利行输尿管软镜检查术,结石顺利取出4例,2例术中检查未能发现结石.结论 对于儿童泌尿系统梗阻畸形合并上尿路结石,在梗阻畸形外科手术治疗的同时联合内镜治疗上尿路结石是理想、安全、有效的.     

肾核素动态显影在小儿先天性肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻中的应用

目的总结肾核素动态显影在小儿先天性肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻中的应用。方法2000年1月～2006年1月我院共收治52例先天性肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻、肾积水患儿,采用99Tcm-DTPA肾动态显影对52例患儿进行检查,测定肾小球滤过率(GFR),并对21例进行手术前后GFR比较。结果肾影像及肾图曲线随病情不同而出现特征性表现,GFR随病情的加重而出现显著性下降(P<0.01),术后GFR升高,与术前比较,差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论99Tcm-DRPA肾动态显影可作为诊断小儿先天性肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻、术后病情观察的有效检查方法。     

Bilaterally obstructed ureteropelvic junction of the upper moieties in a complete duplex collecting system

Maternal ultrasound is a routine examination in prenatal evaluation. The number of fetal abnormalities detected has been increasing, and includes fetal hydronephrosis which is secondary to ureteropelvic junction obstruction in 80% of cases. We report a case of a 1-year-old female infant with hydronephrosis prenatally detected by ultrasound. After close postnatal follow-up and diagnosis, she eventually underwent a definitive reconstructive procedure. This is the first reported case of a bilateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction of the upper moieties of a duplex collecting system.     

微创小切口治疗婴幼儿肾积水后再手术的回顾性分析

目的探讨腰背部微创小切口手术治疗肾盂输尿管连接处狭窄后再手术方法的局限性及适应证。方法自2009年12月至2017年12月,广州市妇女儿童医疗中心小儿泌尿外科共收治492例婴幼儿,均采用腰背部微创小切口为入路治疗肾盂输尿管连接处狭窄性肾积水,手术3~6个月后出现肾积水进行性加重、需要二次手术5例;同期收治外院采用同种手术方法的患儿,术后再次出现积水进行性加重,来我院再次手术13例,共18例。18例患儿均行开腹再次肾盂成形术。结果18例患儿行肾造瘘1个月后,其中7例再行顺行肾、输尿管造影,11例同时行经肾造瘘管和经膀胱镜逆行输尿管置管造影。肾盂明显扩张、肾盏球形、皮质变薄10例,肾盂明显扩张、肾盏完全失去形态与肾盂近似同一个扩张单元、皮质菲薄8例。X线片显示18例肾造瘘者均显示肾盂输尿管连接处梗阻,其中11例行逆行置管者,7例不能插入肾盂,造影显示输尿管上段梗阻,4例插入肾盂者显示输尿管上段位于肾脏后方,插管退至输尿管中段造影显示造影剂不能进入肾盂。术中见,输尿管位于肾盂后方4例,肾盂输尿管吻合口位于肾盂中上部4例,输尿管上段周围瘢痕压迫7例,迷走血管压迫3例。术后前半年每2个月复查一次,后半年每3个月复查一次,术后1年行MR和/或CT检查,与术前相对照,所有病例积水均明显改善或稳定。结论微创小切口入路治疗婴幼儿UPJO需要明确指征,对于极重度积水、狭窄段长、多段狭窄或合并肾输尿管其他畸形者,应慎重选择。     

Is it Always Necessary to Treat an Asymptomatic Hydronephrosis Due to Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction?

The postnatal treatment of asymptomatic unilateral hydronephrosis due to ureteropelvic junction obstruction remains controversial, and the timing of and indications for surgical intervention are continuously debated. There is no consensus on the best follow-up during expectant management. The various modalities and parameters have been discussed along with their pros and cons and an attempt has been made to clear up the controversies.     

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction and calyceal diverticulum in a child with Turner syndrome and horseshoe kidney

Laparoscopic dismembered pyeloplasty for ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction is considered to be a routine procedure in many pediatric surgical centers. UPJ obstruction is known to be associated with horseshoe kidney and several reports on successful laparoscopic repair in such cases exist.The case of a 9-month-old girl with Turner syndrome is reported. A horseshoe kidney with grade 4 hydronephrosis on the left side was diagnosed by ultrasound during the neonatal period. MAG3 diuretic renography and dynamic magnetic resonance imaging nephrography revealed a differential renal function of 31% and 69% on the left and right side, respectively. No drainage from the left renal pelvis could be demonstrated.Laparoscopy showed a combined UPJ obstruction and a calyceal diverticulum with a narrow infundibulum of the upper pole calices on the left side of the horseshoe kidney. Laparoscopic dismembered pyeloplasty and an additional infundibulopelvic anastomosis was performed. No intraoperative complications occurred. The immediate postoperative course was uneventful. Unobstructed drainage and stable differential renal function on the left side could be demonstrated on MAG3 diuretic renography 6 weeks postoperatively.In conclusion, laparoscopic repair of complex malformations of the upper urinary tract is feasible and leads to good functional outcome in selected cases.