Laparoscopic Resection of Cesarean Scar Ectopic Pregnancy after Unsuccessful Systemic Methotrexate Treatment

Study Objective

To present a case of a cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy treated by laparoscopic resection followed by isthmocele repair.

腹腔镜在治疗剖宫产后子宫瘢痕妊娠中的应用

目的:探讨腹腔镜在治疗剖宫产后子宫瘢痕妊娠(CSP)中的应用价值.方法:回顾分析2008年3月至2011年5月经腹腔镜诊治7例CSP患者的临床资料.结果:7例患者均腹腔镜下完成手术,治愈并保留子宫,手术成功率100％,平均手术时间85.7±17.2分钟,平均手术出血量202.9±270ml,无中转开腹.6例同时行瘢痕修补,术后血人绒毛膜促性腺激素(β-HCG)降至100 U/L以下时间平均14.6±5.2天,超声显示子宫恢复正常时间平均21.7±30.2天,1例未同时行瘢痕修补的患者,超声显示3个月后子宫恢复正常.结论:腹腔镜在明确CSP诊断的同时还能在阻断双侧子宫动脉后行妊娠物清除和瘢痕修补,是治疗CSP的理想方法.     

Laparoscopic Excision of a Scar Pregnancy and Isthmocele Repair

Study Objective

Laparoscopic excision of a scar pregnancy and isthmocele repair with a barbed suture.

剖宫产后切口妊娠的临床诊治分析

目的:研究剖宫产后子宫切口妊娠的临床表现及治疗方法等特征,为临床医生早期诊断、早期处理本病提供依据。方法:对25例患者的病史、临床表现、诊断方法以及治疗方法进行回顾性分析。结果:25例患者中有23例经阴道超声检查或彩色多普勒超声检查确诊;本病初诊误诊19例,误诊率76%,25例患者中保守治疗22例,21例痊愈,占95.45%;2例治疗失败而行全子宫切除术。结论:有剖宫产史的妇女因停经就诊时,要常规行阴道超声检查,对阴道超声怀疑切口妊娠的病例,有必要行彩色多普勒超声检查;彩色多普勒超声检查可作为诊断切口妊娠的主要方法;甲氨蝶呤加清宫术可作为治疗切口妊娠的主要方法,可有效地避免子宫切除。     

Laparoscopic treatment of profuse bleeding in Cesarean scar pregnancy

A case of profuse bleeding during dilation and curettage due to Cesarean scar pregnancy was treated with emergency laparoscopy. The gestational mass was removed and the perforated uterus was sutured in laparoscopy. The patient had persistent bleeding and 4 months later laparotomy was performed to explore a cystic mass in the isthmic area of the uterus. This necrotic tissue was removed and 6 months after the initial operation the patient was fully recovered with healed uterus in hysteroscopy.     

Retrospective Study on Laparoscopic Management of Ectopic Pregnancy

Purpose

To evaluate various laparoscopic methods for management of tubal ectopic pregnancy and study the incidence of ectopic pregnancy including the incidence of cornual ectopic pregnancy and conversion to laparotomy during laparoscopic procedure.

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted in North Point Hospital, Delhi, on all laparoscopies conducted in 4 years, i.e., from January 2008 to December 2011.

Results

Incidence of ectopic pregnancy was 4.62 % (out of all laparoscopic surgeries over 4 years) and that for cornual pregnancy was 4.65 % (out of all ectopic pregnancies); no laparotomy was done for the management of ectopic pregnancy. The site of ectopic pregnancy in the tubal pregnancy varied, with 76.75 % in the ampullary region, 16.27 % isthumic, 2.33 % fimbrial, and 4.65 % in the cornual region. Salpingectomy was done in 53.5 % cases and 46.5 % of patients underwent a conservative approach in the form of salpingostomy.

Conclusion

The laparoscopic management of ectopic pregnancy is a safe and effective option with greatly reduced morbidity.     

Vaginal Repair of Cesarean Section Scar Diverticula Diagnosed in Non-pregnant Women

Study Objective

Cesarean section scar diverticulum (CSD) lead to many long-term complications. CSD is more prevalent in patients with a retroflexed uterus than in those with an anteflexed uterus. Therefore, we wanted to estimate the association between flexion of the uterus and the outcome of treatment for CSD treated by vaginal repair.

静脉超声造影在子宫剖宫产后瘢痕妊娠中的临床应用

目的:探讨静脉超声造影在子宫剖宫产后瘢痕妊娠中的临床应用价值。方法:对20例可疑子宫剖宫产瘢痕妊娠的病例进行静脉超声造影检查,造影剂为意大利Bracco公司生产的第二代声学造影剂声诺维(Sono Vue),造影时重点观察病灶处造影剂的增强与消退情况,记录灌注模式以及病灶与子宫浆膜层、肌层的关系。结果:瘢痕妊娠病灶类型可分为胎囊型与包块型。超声造影显示,相对于子宫肌层而言,病灶处均为早增强、高增强;增强模式为快进慢出;当切口处病灶与肌层关系在二维超声下辨别不清时,造影可显示肌层与浆膜层是否完整以及病灶是否已侵入肌层,甚至浆膜层。结论:静脉超声造影可以明确诊断瘢痕妊娠,进而提供更丰富的信息指导治疗。     

剖宫产术后瘢痕处妊娠的临床分型、优化治疗及其意义

剖宫产术后瘢痕处妊娠(cesarean scar pregnancy,CSP)是一种非常特殊而危害性大的异位妊娠,目前世界范围内尚无统一的规范及处理方案。通过对CSP进行临床分型并根据其进行相应的临床决策及处理,能使CSP的治疗少消耗人力和物力。分型基本思路分为三个步骤:第一步分类,根据患者风险情况,决定处理时机;第二步分型,根据子宫切口肌壁最薄处厚度,确定处理方式;第三步分亚型,根据病灶位置高低,选择手术路径。相对于保守治疗、药物治疗等处理方案,手术治疗更加主动和迅速。各类型CSP可分别采用吸刮术、宫腔镜电切术、剖宫产切口部位病灶清除术(并切口部位修补)等手术方法予以治疗。     

Different Surgical Approaches to 313 Cesarean Scar Pregnancies

Study Objective

To evaluate the efficacy of different surgical treatments for cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP).

Scar Ectopic Pregnancy

Scar ectopic pregnancy is the rarest form of ectopic pregnancy and has been increasingly diagnosed all over the world. This is a life-threatening form of abnormal implantation of embryo within the myometrium and fibrous tissues in a previous scar on the uterus, especially following caesarean section. With the increasing rate of caesarean section, there is a substantial increase in this condition with better understanding of this disease. The early and accurate diagnosis with timely management can prevent pregnancy complications such as haemorrhage, uterine rupture and can preserve fertility.     

剖宫产瘢痕妊娠保守治疗的相关危险因素Meta分析

目的:对剖宫产瘢痕妊娠(CSP)保守治疗的相关危险因素进行系统评价。方法:计算机检索Pubmed、Embase、Google、中国知网、维普、万方数据库,并辅以手工检索,检索时限2000~2013年,纳入研究的CSP为保守治疗失败的患者,其相关危险因素包括超声检查分型、胎血管搏动、治疗前血β-HCG值、年龄、孕周。采用Rev Man 5.0软件对纳入文献的数据进行Meta分析,计算相关危险因素的比值比(OR)及95%可信区间(CI)。结果:共筛选出相关文献8篇,中文文献2篇,英文文献6篇。保守治疗患者254例,失败82例,全部入选患者保守治疗失败率32.28%。Meta分析结果显示:包块型CSP(Z=3.46,OR=0.19,95%CI 0.07~0.48,P=0.0005)为保守治疗失败的危险因素,而高龄孕产妇、治疗前可探及胎血管搏动、血β-HCG值20000 U/L及孕周≥8周为CSP保守治疗失败的不确定因素(P0.05)。结论:包块型CSP显著增加治疗过程中严重并发症的发生而导致保守治疗失败,建议对CSP患者治疗前行超声检测评估分型,以避免严重并发症的发生。     

Treatment for Uterine Isthmocele,A Pouchlike Defect at the Site of a Cesarean Section Scar

An isthmocele appears as a fluid pouchlike defect in the anterior uterine wall at the site of a prior cesarean section and ranges in prevalence from 19% to 84%, a direct relation to the increase in cesarean sections performed worldwide. Many definitions have been suggested for the dehiscence resulting from cesarean sections, and we propose standardization with a single term for all cases—isthmocele. Patients are not always symptomatic, but symptoms typically include intermittent abnormal bleeding, pain, and infertility. Pregnancy complications that result from an isthmocele include ectopic pregnancy, low implantation, and uterine rupture. Magnetic resonance imaging and transvaginal ultrasound are the gold standard imaging techniques for diagnosis. Surgical treatment of an isthmocele is still a controversial issue but should be offered to symptomatic women or the asymptomatic patient who desires future pregnancy. When surgery is the treatment choice, laparoscopy guided by hysteroscopy, hysteroscopy alone, or vaginal repair are the best options depending on the isthmocele's characteristics and surgeon expertise.     

剖宫产术后瘢痕部位妊娠20例诊疗分析

目的：探讨预防、诊断和治疗剖官产术后子宫切口瘢痕部位妊娠的有效方法。方法：对2003年6月-2008年7月收治的20例剖宫产瘢痕部位妊娠患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：超声检查为诊断子宫切口妊娠的主要依据。明确诊断后患者的治疗效果明显优于未确诊前开始治疗者。借助于妊娠部位血流阻断的处理方式好于直接进行吸宫。两组比较,结局差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：早期诊断是成功治疗剖宫产术后子宫切口瘢痕部位妊娠的关键,介入治疗是最快捷有效的治疗方法,经腹或经腹腔镜保守手术,以及全身或局部使用甲氨蝶呤（MTX）后吸宫的治疗效果明显优于单纯吸宫。     

定量三维彩色能量多普勒超声评估剖宫产后子宫瘢痕部位妊娠的价值

目的:应用三维彩色能量多普勒超声(3D-CPA)定量检测剖宫产后子宫瘢痕部位妊娠(CSP)种植处微循环血管参数并评价其对该疾病诊疗的价值。方法:选择甲氨蝶呤子宫动脉栓塞化疗(简称栓塞化疗)后行人工流产的胚囊型CSP的患者38例,使用经阴道彩色多普勒超声和3D-CPA对患者进行检查并测量病变部位栓塞化疗术前及术后1周相应的血管参数,包括:血管形成指数(VI)、血流指数(FI)、血管形成-血流指数(VFI)、搏动指数(PI)、阻力指数(RI)。分析栓塞化疗术前VI、FI、VFI与患者血β-HCG值及PI、RI的关系。按刮宫时出血量≤100ml与>100ml分组并比较栓塞化疗术前检查时血管参数。结果:①栓塞化疗术前的VI值与血β-HCG值呈正相关(r=0.952,P<0.01),术前VI、FI、VFI与RI呈负相关(r=-0.456,r=-0.324,r=-0.298;P<0.05);②栓塞化疗术后的VI值(6.564±2.089)明显低于栓塞化疗前(11.223±2.865)(P<0.01);③刮宫术中出血量>100ml的患者栓塞化疗前的VI值(14.506±2.897)明显大于出血量≤100ml的患者VI值(8.989±2.324)(P<0.01)。结论:运用3D-CPA定量检测CSP微循环参数,其中VI值为较有价值的指标,结合其他辅助检查可为该疾病的临床诊疗提供有价值的信息。     

Transvaginal Methotrexate Injection for the Treatment of Cesarean Scar Pregnancy: Efficacy and Subsequent Fecundity

Study ObjectiveTo investigate the efficacy of local methotrexate (MTX) injections under transvaginal ultrasound guidance for treatment of cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) and to assess fecundity after treatment.DesignRetrospective review (Canadian Task Force classification II-3).SettingUniversity hospital.PatientsEight women with CSP.InterventionTransvaginal MTX injection.Measurements and Main ResultsWe retrospectively reviewed 8 CSP cases treated with local MTX injection under transvaginal ultrasonographic guidance. In all cases, the serum human chorionic gonadotropin concentration was monitored and the gestational sac was evaluated using ultrasonography after treatment. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed as necessary. Patient clinical characteristics, clinical course after treatment, treatment efficacy, and fecundity after treatment in patients desiring subsequent pregnancies were evaluated. All 8 women were successfully treated without the need for blood transfusions or surgical procedures, although 2 required additional MTX therapy via local injection or systemic administration. The mean (SD) time to human chorionic gonadotropin normalization was 78.5 (37.7) days (range, 42–166 days). Four of 5 patients desiring subsequent pregnancies after the treatment had uneventful parturition, and recurrent CSP was diagnosed in 1 patient.ConclusionsTransvaginal MTX injection was effective and safe as sole treatment of CSP. Although the treatment course tended to be long, this method can be considered the first choice of treatment in patients desiring future pregnancies. However, careful attention should be paid to the possibility of CSP recurrence.     

子宫动脉栓塞术治疗剖宫产后子宫瘢痕部位妊娠46例临床疗效分析

目的:探讨子宫动脉栓塞术治疗剖宫产后子宫瘢痕部位妊娠的价值。方法:对四川大学华西第二医院2008年3月至2010年3月剖宫产后子宫瘢痕部位妊娠行双侧子宫动脉栓塞治疗的46例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:45例治疗有效,有效率97.8%(45/46)。36例患者介入治疗后行清宫术,35例术中和术后均无大出血,1例患者在栓塞治疗后22天因大出血切除子宫;另10例未行清宫术。所有患者血β-HCG平均1月降至正常,同时超声检查也恢复正常。术后并发症主要为发热(19例)和局部疼痛(41例)。结论:子宫动脉栓塞术是一种安全、有效治疗剖宫产后子宫瘢痕部位妊娠的方法。