门体分流对肝脏及胰岛细胞功能的影响

本实验动态观察犬行门腔和肠腔端侧分流术后对肝脏和胰岛细胞功能的影响。分析两组分流术后肝脏形态学改变和门脉血中胰岛素浓度与肝血流量变化之间的关系后,作者认为肝血流量减少是肝功能恶化的主要因素,两组分流术后周围血和门脉血中胰岛素和胰高糖素水平均降低,且同时有胰岛A,B细胞数量减少和胰腺空泡变性等。上述变化门腔分流组较肠腔分流血为明显。由此提示,门体分流术,尤其是全门体分流术可损害胰腺内分泌功能。     

DYNAMIC OBSERVATION ON THE CHANGES OF PLASMA SOMATOSTATIN AND GLUCAGON DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF CIRRHOSIS AND AFTER PORTACAVAL SHUNTING IN THE CIRRHOTIC RATS

In the present study we observed dynamically and systemically the changes of plasma somatostatin and glucagon in the peripheral and portal vein, and the changes of pancreatic immunopathology in the course of development of cirrhosis induced by CCl_4 and after portacaval shunt (PCS) in the cirrhotic rats as well as investigated their causes and correlationship. The results showed that hyperglucagonemia was caused by spontaneous portosystemic shunting and surgically induced portacaval anastomosis. Moreover, there was much higher level of glucagon in the portal vein with corresponding increase of A cells in PCS rats than those in the controls, indicating that another cause for elevation of glucagon was hypersecretion of pancreatic A cells. Our data demonstrated that both deterioration of liver function and portosystemic shunting might not be responsible for the elevated level of somatostatin in the cirrhotic rats with PCS. However, there was a closed positive correlation between plasma glucagon and somatostatin. Thus it was concluded that hyperglucagonemia stimulated the release of somatostatin. In view of the fact the elevated level of glucagon was much higher than that of somatostatin, there was probably a relative lack of somatostatin in cirrhosis with portal hypertension.     

门体分流对脂代谢的影响

本实验系统观察犬门腔和肠腔端侧分流术后脂代谢变化并探讨其原因。结果表明,门体分流术后血浆胆固醇的降低与肝脏受损,胰岛素转离肝脏和高胆酸血症有关。高胆酸血症主要为门体分流术后肝肠循环阻断和肝功能恶化所致。胆酸、胆固醇和高密度脂蛋白的变化程度均与肝脏形态学变化程度一致。因此其血浓度变化可反映肝功能状况,特别是血浆胆酸值可作为检测肝功能的一项敏感指标。此外,尚发现门体分流术后甘油三酯和胆固醇卵磷酯脂肪酰转移酶的变化与肝脏损害无明显关系。     

肠腔侧侧分流术治疗门静脉高压症的临床研究

目的 探讨小口径肠腔侧侧分流术（ＭＣＳ－ＳＳ）治疗门静脉高压症的可行性。方法 将ＭＣＳ－ＳＳ的吻合口径控制在６～８ｍｍ,并观察了自由门静脉压（ＦＰＰ）、吻合口分流率（ＰＳＳａ）、门静脉向肝血流灌注（ＰＶＦ）及动脉血酮体比值（ＡＫＢＲ）等指标。结果 分流术后ＰＶＦ、ＡＫＢＲ、ＦＰＰ等均显著下降,但小口径组降幅明显小于对照组,ＰＳＳａ也明显低于对照组,而止血效果较对照组却无显著差别。结论 小口径ＭＣＳ     

Effects of hepatotrophic factors on the liver after portacaval shunt in rats with portal hypertension

Background Portacaval shunt （PCS） prevent hepatotrophic factors from flowing into the liver, but they enter directly the systemic circulation and worsen liver injury. This study was designed to investigate the effects of hepatotrophic factors through the portal vein on the liver in rats with portal hypertension after portacaval shunt. Methods Intrahepatic portal hypertension （IHPH） was induced by intragastric administration of carbon tetrachloride, and end-to-side PCS was performed. Eight normal rats served as controls, and eight rats with IHPH served as IHPH model （IHPH group）. Another 32 rats with IHPH-PCS were randomly subdivided into 4 groups： normal saline （NS） given to 8 rats, hepatocyte growth factor （HGF） 8, insulin （INS） 8, hepatocyte growth factor and insulin （HGF＋INS） 8. Hepatotrophic factors were infused into the portal vein through an intravenous catheter. Portal venous pressure （PVP） was measured. The levels of serum alanine aminotransferase （ALT） and aspartate aminotransferase （AST） were tested biochemically and those of hyaluronic acid （HA） and laminin （LN） were measured by radioimmunoassay. Hepatic fibrosis was assessed histologically and the expression of collagens type I and In were detected immunohistochemically. Ultrastructural change of hepatocytes and the number of mitochondria were observed under an electron microscope. The data were compared between groups and subgroups by Student-Newman-Keuls procedure with SPSS 10.0. Results PVP was significantly higher in the IHPH rats than in the control rats （P〈0.05）. The levels of serum ALT, AST, HA, and LN, hepatic fibrosis score, the amount of collagen deposition, collagens type I and III increased more significantly in the IHPH group than in the control rats （P〈0.05）. The number of mitochondria decreased more significantly in the IHPH rats than in the control rats （P〈0.05）. The levels of serum ALT, AST, HA and LN as well as hepatic fibrosis score, the amount of collagen deposition, and the amount of collagens type I and M in the HGF and HGF＋INS rats were significantly lower than those in the NS rats （P〈0.05）. The damage to hepatocyte ultrastructure was markedly alleviated and the number of mitochondria was increased more significantly in the HGF and HGF＋INS rats than in the NS rats under an electron microscope. Conclusions Perfusion of exogenous hepatotrophic factors through the portal vein can alleviate liver injury, minimize the damage to the ultrastructure of hepatocyte, protect liver function, and lessen hepatic fibrosis in rats with portal hypertension after PCS.     

经颈静脉肝内门腔分流术的应用解剖

为给临床经颈静脉肝内门腔分流术的应用提供解剖学基础。在３０例离体成人肝脏标本上雕制出肝静脉、门静脉，观察肝静脉的汇合类型、开口形态、位置、大小、距肝上缘的距离，观察了肝静脉、门静脉的空间关系，测量了肝静脉、门静脉重叠部的管径、间距。结果发现：肝内静脉与门静脉重叠中，以肝中静脉和门静脉左主支之间的间距最近，为８．８４±４．８ｍｍ；门静脉右叶上段支位于肝右静脉正下方，间距为６．７±２．３ｍｍ，穿刺途径以肝右静脉至门静脉右干为最佳，肝左静脉、门静脉左叶段支管径纤细，且肝左叶实质薄，应用价值不大。     

TIPSS术后肝脏血流动力学状态的超声评价

目的　探讨经颈静脉肝内门体分流 (TIPSS)术后肝脏血流动力学的改变。方法　采用超声评价 41例肝硬化患者TIPSS术前及术后 1个月的门静脉充血指数 (CI)以及右肝动脉阻力指数 (RI)变化情况 ,以了解肝脏血流动力学状态。结果　术后 1个月患者右肝动脉RI较术前明显减低 (P <0 .0 1) ,门静脉CI较术前显著下降 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　TIPSS术后肝脏血流动力学状态明显改变 :由术前门脉、肝动脉双重供血变为主要由肝动脉代偿供血 ,同时门静脉压力显著降低。超声显像可客观反映这种变化。     

经颈静脉肝内门体静脉分流(TIPS)术后并发肝性脑病的临床分析

目的研究经颈静脉肝内门体静脉分流（TIPS）术后患者肝性脑病的发生机制及与手术方式/支架规格的关系,改进TIPS手术。方法对我科1999～2006年间225例患者的术前及术后肝功、血氨,及手术中使用支架规格,穿刺门静脉情况,曲张静脉栓塞情况等资料进行统计、分析。结果行TIPS术后临床症状和体征均得到不同程度改善,急诊出血停止,腹水逐渐消退。穿刺门脉左支患者肝性脑病发生率明显低于穿刺门脉右支。使用8mm支架肝性脑病发生率亦明显低于使用10mm支架。结论选择门静脉左支作为门腔静脉分流道,植入8mm内径血管支架,可以显著降低肝性脑病发生率,并保护肝功能,而对分流道远期开通率无明显差异。     

不同手术方式对肝硬变大鼠线粒体呼吸功能的影响

对大鼠肝硬变门静脉高压症及不同术式对其肝脏功能的影响进行观测以评价各术式的治疗效果。动物分为肠腔侧侧分流术、远端脾分流术、门奇断流术、肝硬变及正常对照组。     

依据血流动力学改变选择肠腔侧侧分流术最佳吻合口径

利用肝硬变门脉高压模型大鼠行不同吻合口径的肠腔侧侧分流术（ＭＣＳ－ＳＳ），通过术后３周不同口径的ＭＣＳ－ＳＳ的全肝血流量（ＴＨＢＦ）、自由门脉压（ＦＰＰ）及肝脏组织学改变，确定最佳吻合口径。结果表明，吻合口径等于肠系膜上静脉口径的ＭＣＳ－ＳＳ组（简称“等口”组，以下类推）较“半口”组降压效果明显，ＴＨＢＦＴ降较２“倍口”组轻，优于“半口”及“倍口”组吻合，是ＭＣＳ－ＳＳ之最佳吻合口径。     

METABOLIC DERANGEMENT OF GLUCOSE, BILE ACID AND AMINO ACIDS AFTER PORTASYSTEMIC SHUNTS IN CIRRHOTIC RATS

Carbon tetrachloride was used to induce cirrhosis in 81 Wistar rats. The animals were divided into three groups to receive end-to-side mesocaval shunt (MCS), end-to-side portacaval shunt (PCS) and Sham operation as control, respectively. Dynamic values of blood glucose and hormones for regulating glucose metabolism, SGPT, serum glycine conjugated cholic acid (CCA) and free serum amino acids were determined and compared with those obtained from 10 normal rats. The determinations suggested that the insulin level depended on the severity of hepatocellular damage with hyperglucagonemia after portasystemic shunt, and CCA was markedly elevated in MCS rats after interruption of the enterohepatic circulation. Changes of CCA were also influenced by hyperglucagonemia and poor liver function in PCS rats. Increase in the aromatic amino acids (AAA) level was related to the impaired hepatic function and hyperglucagonemia. However, decrease in the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) level was not likely in response to the serum insulin level. Therefore, it is concluded that imbalance of serum amino acids has partial relationship with the derangement of glucose metabolic hormones.     

联合应用脾肾分流加贲门周围血管离断术治疗门脉高压症

目的　探讨联合应用脾肾分流加贲门周围血管离断术治疗门脉高压症的效果。方法　29例病人术前均确诊为肝硬化、门脉高压症,全部采用脾肾分流加贲门周围血管离断术治疗。结果　手术成功率达100%,术后自由门静脉压(FPP)降低有显著意义(P<0.01),术后随访6～24个月,患者食管胃底静脉曲张大部分消失,少部分有不同程度的改善,肝功亦有好转,无肝性脑病发生,无再出血。结论　脾肾分流加贲门周围血管离断术,既保留了断流术和分流术的优点,又克服了二者的缺点,是一种较理想的治疗门静脉高压症的手术方式。     

肠腔分流条件下猪单纯门静脉阻断的安全时限

目的 利用人工血管行肠系膜上静脉与肝下下腔静脉搭桥建立暂时性肠腔分流动物模型,初步摸索肠腔分流条件下猪单纯门静脉阻断的安全时限.方法 将14头正常巴马小型猪分为A组(门静脉阻断120 min)、B组(门静脉阻断150 min),(n=7).两组动物在全麻插管呼吸机辅助呼吸的条件下用人造血管在肠系膜上静脉、肝下下腔静脉间架桥,建立临时性肠腔分流模型,按分组阻断门静脉.对照观察两组动物在阻断前、复流前、复流后2 h及术后1、3、5 d的ALT、AST、TBIL及肝组织病理变化情况.结果 ①整个阻断门静脉的过程中,各组动物肠管未见明显淤血,颜色基本正常,证实采用人工血管在肠系膜上静脉与肝下下腔静脉间架桥行暂时性门腔分流有效.②A组动物长期存活率为100%,B组长期存活率为57.1%,两组动物存活率有显著差异(P<0.05).③在复流前、复流2 h、术后1 d各相同时相点,B组动物的ALT、AST、TBIL组较A组明显升高(P<0.05).④A组门静脉阻断120 min,汇管区炎细胞浸润;复流2 h后,病变进一步加重,肝细胞出现变性,灶性坏死,肝窦充血,汇管区及肝窦内明显炎细胞浸润.B组门静脉阻断150 min 肝见汇管区大量出血,白细胞聚集,细胞广泛空泡样变,肝组织灶性坏死;复流2 h后,进一步加重,肝细胞广泛气球样变、脂肪变性,内皮细胞肿胀、水肿明显,肝窦广泛充血,汇管区及肝窦大量炎性细胞浸润,B组较A组损伤更为显著,两组有显著性差异.电镜下B组较A组线粒体水肿,内质网扩张扩张更为明显,且出现细胞核高度浓缩,纤维沉积等不可逆损伤.结论 在肠腔分流条件下,避免肠道淤血,正常巴马小型猪耐受单纯门静脉阻断安全时限为120 min.     

肝内门-体分流在大鼠肝缺血/再灌注损伤中的作用

目的探讨肝内门-体分流（IPSS）在大鼠肝缺St／再灌注（I／R）损伤中的作用和机制。方法健康雄性SD大鼠12只，作右侧颈动脉、颈静脉插管，开腹后，经回结肠静脉作门静脉插管，分别用以输血、输液、给药、留样、检测等。随机分为2组（每组6只）。假手术组（对照组）：术中只分离肝周围韧带，不作肝门阻断及再灌注。I／R组：进行45min的部分肝门阻断及60min的再灌注。待I／R组再灌注60min后，2组于相同时点经门静脉输注D-山梨醇（10mmol／L，0．2ml／min），同时取颈动脉、门静脉、肝静脉血各1ml待测山梨醇浓度。电磁血流量计测定门静脉血流量（PVF）、肝动脉血流量（HAF）。根据颈动脉、门静脉、肝静脉的山梨醇浓度及PVF、HAF，计算肝山梨醇摄取率、功能性肝血流量（FHBF）和肝内门-体分流量（IHSF）。结果与对照组相比，I／R组肝山梨醇摄取率和FHBF减少，IHSF增加（P〈0．01）。结论肝I／R过程中，IPSS开放、FHBF减少可能与再灌注损伤有关。     

门静脉高压的外科治疗现状及进展

传统的门静脉高压症的外科治疗主要有断流术和门体静脉分流术2大类。断流术是一类相对简便的手术,不足之处在于术后再出血率明显高于分流手术。门腔静脉侧侧分流加肝动脉强化灌注术联合术式,既能保持一定的门静脉向肝血供和提高肝动脉对肝脏的供氧量,又能疏通门静脉系统的高血流状态,故其术后并发症发生率、手术病死率和再出血率均有明显下降,疗效好。肝移植手术的出现,对彻底治愈肝硬化门静脉高压症带来了希望。但对我国大量肝炎后肝硬化、血吸虫性肝硬化并发门静脉高压症、食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的患者,不可能全都采用肝移植治疗。因此,传统疗法在较长时间内仍然会有用武之地。术前综合分析患者临床指标和肝功能实验室检查有助于评价肝硬化患者肝储备功能,预测手术风险及术后转归。     

分流术及断流术对门静脉高压症病人血胰岛激素水平的影响

本文报告不同术式对门静脉高压症病人血胰岛激素水平影响的临床实验研究结果。21例肝硬变门静脉高压症病人外周血和门脉血IRI、IRG水平均显著升高。DSCS和PAD能不同程度改善病人胰岛素血症,但未能改善病人胰高糖素血症;MCS术后胰岛素血症和胰高糖素血症则较术前加重。     

门腔分流术后经门静脉输入肝营养因子对肝功能的保护作用

目的 观察肝硬变、门静脉高压症大鼠接受门腔分流手术后,经门静脉输入肝营养因子(促肝细胞生长素、胰岛素)对肝脏功能、病理改变及纤维化程度的影响.方法 肝硬化门静脉高压大鼠随机数字表法分人正常对照组、肝硬变模型组、生理盐水(NS)治疗对照组、促肝细胞生长素(HGF)治疗组、胰岛素(INS)治疗组、促肝细胞生长素+胰岛素(HGF+INS)治疗组.各治疗组大鼠行门腔静脉端侧分流术后给予相应肝细胞营养因子,治疗结束时,取血测定肝功能,取肝组织进行肝硬化分级.结果 血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT):HGF治疗组(42.0±9.5)U/L、HGF+INS治疗组(30.1±4.1)U/L明显低于NS组(56.5±12.4)U/L;天门冬氨酸转氨酶(AST):HGF治疗组(172.9±42.8)U/L、HGF+INS治疗组(133.7±21.2)U/L明显低于NS组(266.9±81.5)U/L;血清透明质酸(HA):HGF治疗组(435.4±127.7)μg/L、HGF+INS治疗组(322.5±52.3)μg/L明显低于NS组(563.0±146.4)μg/L,层粘连蛋白(LN)较NS组明显降低(均P＜0.05);各治疗组肝脏纤维化评分、Masson染色胶原沉积面积均较NS治疗对照组明显降低(均P＜0.01).结论 肝硬变大鼠接受门腔分流手术后,经门静脉输入肝营养因子(促肝细胞生长素+胰岛素)可以有效的改善大鼠的肝功能及肝细胞损害,并在一定程度上改善¨静脉高压大鼠的肝脏纤维化程度.     

经门静脉肝内胰岛细胞移植

为了探讨胰岛细胞移植的最适宜部位，利用四氧嘧啶诱发的糖尿病鼠，以经门静脉肝内移植为实验组，腹腔内和肌肉内移植为对照组，移植用胶原酶消化提取的乳鼠胰岛细胞．结果，实验组治愈率为６０％，与对照组相比有有显著性差异．移植后第８周，未形成肝门静脉高压症，肝脏苏木素 伊红染色切片上，未见病理变化，再经胰岛素抗体过氧化物酶 抗过氧化物酶法证实肝脏内有散在的胰岛细胞分泌的胰岛素颗粒．实验结果认为，肝脏是特殊免疫器官，排斥反应小，肝内移植易于诱发免疫耐受或免疫无反应性，其特殊的血运和生理功能是胰岛细胞移植的最佳部位．     

TIPS不同术式的临床疗效分析

目的：比较经颈静脉肝内门体分流术（TIPS）不同术式的临床疗效。方法方便选取回顾性分析该院2008—2014年收治的肝硬化行TIPS术患者90例,选取穿刺门静脉左、右支各45例,比较术后肝性脑病和支架内狭窄的发生率。结果所有患者手术均成功。随访期间,穿刺门静脉左支发生肝性脑病4例,穿刺门静脉右支发生肝性脑病12例,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;穿刺门静脉左支发生支架内狭窄3例,穿刺门静脉右支发生支架内狭窄11例,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论穿刺门静脉左支建立分流道可以降低术后肝性脑病及支架内狭窄的发生率。     

不同术式治疗门脉高压的效果及对门脉系统血流动力学影响的研究

目的：探讨不同术式对门静脉高压症的治疗效果及对门脉血流动力学的影响。方法：①将病人随机分为脾肾静脉分流(SRS)组、贲门周围血管高断(PCDV)组和SRS PCDV组。②术前1周和术后2周彩色多普勒超声测量门静脉、脾静脉和肠系膜上静脉的内径、最大血流速度、血流方向、门静脉侧枝循环和血栓形成的情况，术中动态测量自由门静脉压(FPP)。③手术方法：SRS组，脾切除、脾肾静脉吻合；PCDV组，脾切除、贲门周围血管高断；SRS PCDV组，脾切除、脾肾静脉吻合加贲门周围血管离断。结果：断流术可直接阻断脾胃区反常血流，但术后门静脉高压瘀血状态依然存在。分流术后门静脉压力明显降低，但肝脏血流受到严重影响。断流术加分流术组术后的PVF、FPP介于断流组和分流组之间，仍为正常高值。结论；SRS PCDV在门静脉高压症的治疗中是合理的，而互具有临床实用价值。