深圳市1994～2001年检出脊髓灰质炎疫苗株病毒的急性弛缓性麻痹病例流行病学分析

为了解深圳市检出脊髓灰质炎 (脊灰 )疫苗株病毒的急性弛缓性麻痹 (AFP)病例流行病学特征及疫苗相关麻痹型脊灰 (VAPP)病例发生情况 ,对 1 994～ 2 0 0 1年检出脊灰疫苗株病毒的AFP病例进行分析。结果显示 :病例分布在 0～ 3岁儿童 ,男性多于女性 ;发病时间、地区无明显聚集趋势 ;无脊灰疫苗免疫史的占 55 .55 % ,均为外来流动儿童 ;检出脊灰疫苗株Ⅱ型病毒占 44 .45 % ,残留麻痹率高。VAPP发生率为 0 .90 / 1 0 0万 ,服苗者VAPP发生率为0 .68/ 1 0 0万 ,首次服苗VAPP发生率为 4 .0 9/ 1 0 0万 ,服苗接触者VAPP发生率为 0 .2 3/ 1 0 0万。提示应加强外环境中脊灰病毒的监测和相关研究     

疫苗相关麻痹型脊髓灰质炎的研究进展

实现无脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)目标后,已无本土脊灰野病毒的循环,但需维持口服脊灰疫苗(OPV)的高免疫覆盖率.OPV会在少数的服苗者或其接触者中发生与疫苗相关的麻痹型脊灰(VAPP)病例,现对OPV引发的VAPP发生率、病毒型别分布、人群分布、OPV免疫剂次与VAPP发生的关系等进行综述.世界各地VAPP的发生率存在着明显的差异,美国1/250万(疫苗分发量),英国为1/140万,我国北京、上海市VAPP的发生率分别为1.7/100万和0.52/100万.病毒型别主要为Ⅲ型,其次为Ⅱ型.主要发生在＜1岁儿童,且多为首次服苗后.VAPP的发生主要与疫苗毒株抗原漂移、毒力回升和基因重组有关.机体免疫缺陷者更易发生.联合应用OPV与增效型灭活脊灰疫苗(eIPV)或单用eIPV进行免疫是否能有效地减少VAPP的发生目前正在进一步研究中.     

北京市1989～2002年疫苗相关麻痹型脊髓灰质炎病例的监测

北京市急性弛缓性麻痹 (AFP)病例监测系统 1989～ 2 0 0 2年共诊断疫苗相关麻痹型脊髓灰质炎 (脊灰 )(VAPP) 2 0例 ,其中首次服苗VAPP 18例 ,接触服苗VAPP 2例。所有病例均 <2岁 ,<6月龄病例占 85 %。男女发病之比为 9∶1。每年VAPP发生率无明显季节性高峰和地区差异。VAPP总发生率为 1 2 0 / 10 0万剂口服脊灰减毒活疫苗 (OPV)投放量或 1 5 9/ 10 0万剂OPV接种量 ,首次服苗VAPP发生率为 13 18/ 10 0万剂首次服苗量 ,接触服苗VAPP发生率为 0 16 / 10 0万剂OPV接种量。监测结果表明 ,北京市VAPP发生的危险性高于中国其它省份和其它许多国家与地区 ;免疫缺陷和 /或肛门周围脓肿可能是VAPP重要的危险因素。在中国当前尚未改变脊灰疫苗免疫策略的情况下 ,为减少和避免VAPP的发生 ,必须加强接种前儿童病史询问和体检 ,严格掌握接种禁忌证 ;同时要加强对VAPP的监测工作。     

湛江市1994～2003年检出脊髓灰质炎疫苗株病毒的急性弛缓性麻痹病例流行病学分析

目的 了解湛江市检出脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)疫苗株病毒的急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例的流行病学特征及疫苗相关麻痹型脊灰(VAPP)病例的发生情况。方法 对1994～2003年检出脊灰疫苗株病毒的AFP病例进行分析。结果 1994～2003年共报告AFP 199例,其中检出脊灰疫苗株病毒16例,平均检出率为8．04％。对检出脊灰疫苗株的AFP病例分析结果显示：病例以≤1岁儿童为主(14例),男性多于女性;地区分布无明显聚集性,发病季节高峰在每年12～2月;检出的疫苗株以Ⅱ型病毒为主(9例),残留麻痹率较高;VAPP发生率为0．37／100万,服苗VAPP发生率为0．22／100万,首次服苗发生率为1．87／100万,接触者VAPP发生率为0．15／100万。结论 脊灰疫苗株病毒可能在湛江市外环境发生循环．今后必须提高脊灰疫苗免疫覆盖率,以阻止脊灰疫苗株病毒的循环。     

陕西省1999～2002年检出脊髓灰质炎疫苗相关株病毒的急性弛缓性麻痹病例流行病学分析

分析了陕西省 1999～ 2 0 0 2年检出脊髓灰质炎 (脊灰 )疫苗相关株病毒的急性弛缓性麻痹 (AFP)病例的流行病学特征 ,以及疫苗相关麻痹型脊灰 (VAPP)的发生情况。结果显示 :AFP病例集中在 0～ 2岁儿童 ,占 6 8 6 % ;男性多于女性 ;发病无地区、时间分布特征 ;零剂次免疫和未全程免疫儿童占 6 2 9% ;VAPP发生率为 0 32 /10 0万 ,服苗者VAPP发生率和接触者VAPP发生率均为 0 16 /10 0万。建议提高VAPP诊断准确性 ,加强AFP病例监测 ,保证高水平免疫接种率。     

山东省疑似脊灰质炎疫苗相关病例流行病学分析

目的：了解山东省脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）疫苗相关病例（VAPP）的发病情况,方法：对山东省1993－2000年期间通过急性驰缓性麻痹监测系统报告81例疑似VAP病例进行流行病学分析。结果：以脊灰减毒活疫苗（OPV）投放量计算,疑似VAPP发生率为0．27／100万－1．33／100万,平均为0．79／100万;首次服苗、再次服苗及全程免疫后,疑似VAPP发生率分别为7．34／100万、2．58／100万、0．61／100万。疑似例中以Ⅱ型脊灰病毒为主,服苗病例中Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型病毒的分离率基本相同服苗病例的平均潜伏期为45天;60天后随访时均殖留麻痹。结率：我国进一步加强对VAPP的研究,应考虑以脊灰来活疫苗（IPV）替代OPV进行常规免疫,以避免VAPP的发生。     

河南省2004～2015年疫苗相关麻痹型脊髓灰质炎病例分析北大核心

目的分析河南省口服脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）减毒活疫苗（OPV）接种后疫苗相关麻痹型脊灰（Vaccine-associated Paralytic Poliomyelitis,VAPP）病例发生规律,为其防控措施制定提供科学依据。方法采用描述性分析方法对河南省2004-2015年VAPP病例进行分析。结果 2004-2015年河南省共报告VAPP病例26例,发生率为0.16/100万剂次;其中首剂OPV接种后VAPP 20例（73.08%）,发生率为1.11/100万剂次。发生数男女性比为5.5∶1。23例（88.46%）为2-6月龄儿童。接种至麻痹平均时间间隔为23天。病例麻痹部位主要为双下肢、单下肢。麻痹60天后随访均有残留麻痹。14例（53.85%）病例合并其他疾病,其中9例合并肛周脓肿。在13例脊灰疫苗病毒分离阳性的VAPP病例中,Ⅱ型占61.54%。结论 VAPP病例以低月龄、首剂OPV接种儿童为主。应密切关注脊灰疫苗免疫策略调整后VAPP发生情况。     

山东省疑似脊髓灰质炎疫苗相关病例流行病学分析

目的了解山东省脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)疫苗相关病例(VAPP)的发病情况.方法对山东省1993～2000年期间通过急性弛缓性麻痹监测系统报告的81例疑似VAPP病例进行流行病学分析.结果以脊灰减毒活疫苗(OPV)投放量计算,疑似VAPP发生率为0.27/100万～1.33/100万,平均为0.79/100万;首次服苗、再次服苗及全程免疫后,疑似VAPP发生率分别为7.34/100万、2.58/100万和0.61/100万.疑似VAPP的发生多为散发,男性高于女性;病毒分离发现,接触病例中以Ⅱ型脊灰病毒为主,服苗病例中Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型病毒的分离率基本相同;服苗病例的平均潜伏期为45天;60天后随访时均残留麻痹.结论我国应进一步加强对VAPP的研究,应考虑以脊灰灭活疫苗(IPV)替代OPV进行常规免疫,以避免VAPP的发生.     

2004-2013年河南省脊髓灰质炎疫苗 相关麻痹型病例分析

摘要:目的　了解河南省疫苗相关麻痹型脊髓灰质炎（Vaccine-Associated Paralytic Poliomyelitis,VAPP）病例发生情况,为其防控策略制定提供科学依据。方法　对河南省2004-2013年的VAPP病例进行描述性分析。结果　河南省2004-2013年共发生VAPP病例19例,VAPP发生率为0.14/100万,首剂服苗VAPP发生率为0.93/100万。VAPP病例男女性别比为8.5∶1,2～6月龄儿童占73.68%。73.68%的病例为首次服苗,服苗至麻痹平均时间间隔为23 d,随访均有残留麻痹。病例便标本病毒分型以Ⅱ型为主。结论　VAPP病例以低月龄、首次服苗儿童为主。应加强接种前预检工作,严格掌握禁忌症。同时适时调整脊灰疫苗免疫策略,减少或避免VAPP的发生。     

2008-2011年河北省脊髓灰质炎疫苗接种相关病例流行病学分析

目的了解河北省2008-2011年口服脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗（OPV）相关病例（VAPP）发生情况。方法估算河北省VAPP发生率并进行临床及流行病学分析。结果 VAPP发生率为0.28/100万,首次服苗后发生率为1.45/100万;服苗至麻痹平均间隔时间为20.2 d,12例VAPP均集中在8月龄及以下婴儿,男女之比为5∶1。麻痹以单肢和双下肢为主,病毒分离以Ⅲ型为主。结论河北省2008-2011年由OPV引起的VAPP发生率较低,但应进一步加强研究,严格掌握VAPP的诊断标准。适时调整脊灰疫苗免疫策略,减少和/或避免VAPP的发生。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.