2型糖尿病合并肾动脉狭窄相关危险因素临床分析

目的：探讨糖尿病合并肾动脉狭窄相关危险因素与高效临床检测方法,以期能及时发现糖尿病合并肾动脉狭窄患者,极早治疗,避免肾功能恶化。方法对120例糖尿病合并肾功能不全,或者难治性高血压的患者,应用肾动脉 CTA检查,根据有无肾动脉狭窄分为2组,收集各组患者年龄、血压、糖尿病病程、吸烟及冠心病病史等情况,彩超检查两肾长径差值、叶间动脉 RI 、肾动脉血流流速及颈动脉内膜厚度,实验室检查血肌酐、尿蛋白、血脂、胱抑素 C、糖化血红蛋白及同型半胱氨酸等指标。结果 DSA证实肾动脉CTA阳性患者均有不同程度肾动脉狭窄,肾动脉狭窄患者的年龄、血压、叶间动脉 RI 、肾动脉血流流速及颈动脉内膜厚度、血脂、胱抑素 C、糖化血红蛋白及同型半胱氨酸等指标均与非狭窄组有明显统计学差异,其中胱抑素C、糖化血红蛋白及同型半胱氨酸呈正相关。而2组患者两肾长径差值、血肌酐、尿蛋白无统计学差异。结论肾动脉 CTA检查发现肾动脉狭窄的准确率高达100%。糖尿病患者的年龄、高血压水平,糖尿病病程、高血脂、肾动脉血流流速、叶间动脉 RI 、颈动脉内膜厚度联合血清胱抑素C、糖化血红蛋白及同型半胱氨酸等指标可以及早发现肾动脉狭窄,可作为预测糖尿病动脉狭窄的指标应用于临床。     

介入治疗肾血管性高血压

目的总结经皮腔内血管成形术（ＰＴＲＡ）＋内支架植入术治疗肾血管性高血压的疗效。方法１９９５～１９９８年介入治疗肾血管性高血压患者２６例。对肾动脉硬化导致的肾动脉近端病变直接行支架植入术。对肾动脉硬化致肾动脉中远端病变及大动脉炎,纤维肌肉发育不良性肾动脉病变先行ＰＴＲＡ术,效果不好或失败者行支架植入术。选择Ｐａｌｍａｚ支架。结果ＰＴＲＡ＋支架植入术技术成功率１００％,近期临床治愈改善率９２．３％,随访治愈改善率８６．４％。结论ＰＴＲＡ＋支架植入术即时安全有效,治愈改善率满意,可作为肾血管性高血压的首选治疗方法。     

肾血管性高血压的介入治疗

目的：研究经皮腔内血管成形术加内支架植入术治疗肾动脉狭窄致致肾血管性高山压的临床效果。方法：选用Palmaz支架,对7例大动脉炎、2例动脉弱样硬化,3例纤维肌性发育不良所致肾动脉病变先行经皮腔内血管成形术,然后放置支架,术后患者行常规抗凝治疗,结果：12例患者,经皮腔内血管成形术加支架植入术技术成功率为100％,血压下降60－120／35－100mmHg近期随访－32个月未见复发,结论：经皮腔内血管成形术加支架植入术治疗肾血管性管高血压效果满意,创伤小,患者痛苦少,为肾动脉狭窄所致肾血管性高血压较理想的治疗方法。     

肾动脉原位切开扩张术治疗肾血管性高血压三例报告

肾动脉原位切开扩张术治疗肾血管性高血压三例报告亓天伟史本康陈钦忠近年来，多采用经皮腔内血管成形术（ＰＴＡ）治疗肾动脉狭窄所致的肾血管性高血压。由于此类病人常伴有腹主动脉严重病变使肾动脉狭窄处病变复杂，或因肾动脉多段狭窄等情况，在行经皮肾动脉扩张术选择...     

经皮肤穿刺插管血管腔内整形术(PTA)治疗肾血管性高血压(综述)

据最近美国统计大约有2300万人患高血压,其中约4％(100万人)是肾血管性高血压,其病因大多是由于动脉粥样硬化,动脉内纤维肌性增生等所引起的。肾动脉狭窄或阻塞过去的治疗方法有二种:一是外科治疗,包括狭窄段切除吻合术、主动脉肾动脉旁路手术、肾切除术等。成功率根据年龄及发病原因的不同约在60～90％之间,手术死亡率约为2～14％,因手术有一定危险性,故应用多限于进行性及双侧病变     

肾血管性高血压的介入治疗

我们评价经皮肾动脉腔内成形术（PTRA）及内支架植入术治疗肾血管性高血压（RVH）的疗效。 一、对象和方法 1．对象：肾动脉狭窄19例，其中男5例，女14例，平均年龄39．3岁（21～73岁），均符合血管成形术适应证，并排除了禁忌证。单侧肾动脉狭窄12例，双肾动脉狭窄7例。肾动脉开口病变4例，非开口病变15例。动脉粥样硬化性狭窄18例，多发性大动脉炎1例，其中4例患者合并肾功能不全。     

肾动脉狭窄的腔内治疗

自1934年Goldblatt发现肾动脉狭窄与高血压的关系以及1978年Gruntzig首次报道1例经皮腔内肾血管成形术（percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty, PTRA）以来，肾动脉狭窄可导致肾血管性高血压和缺血性肾病已形成共识。目前，肾动脉狭窄的治疗方式包括药物治疗、手术治疗及腔内治疗，合理治疗仍存在争议。但不可否认，腔内治疗是目前多数医疗机构普遍采用的治疗方法。     

肾血管性高血压的经皮肾栓塞

肾栓塞用于治疗血透和肾移植后发生严重高血压的病人是有效的,亦用于少数肾血管性高血压患者,但尚无长期随访报告。本文报告8名肾血管性高血压病人肾栓寒治疗后5～49个月的随访结果。 8名病人(男5,女3,年龄7～64岁)的高血压病因包捂单肾发育不全、肾动脉粥样硬化性狭窄(>90％)、血栓形成及小叶内动脉狭窄等。他们虽接受降压药治疗,但血压仍高达160～240/100～140mmHg,已不能作血管成形术和外科分流术,肾全切或大部切除术具有高度危险性。根据血管病变部位,6名病人作总肾栓塞,2名小叶内动脉狭窄病人作受累血管栓塞。术后两     

肾血管性高血压诊断方法的评估及进展

肾血管性高血压诊断方法的评估及进展王仁顺，莫克俭，王晋高血压由肾动脉狭窄（ＲＡＳ）引起者约占５％～１０％。１９３４年Ｇｏｌｄｂｌａｔｔ用犬做实验，缩窄单侧肾动脉可引起高血压，为肾血管性高血压（ＲＶＨ）奠定了坚实的基础，半个多世纪过去了，ＲＶＨ的研究有...     

肾动脉狭窄的介入治疗分析

目的 分析介入治疗肾动脉狭窄（RAS）的疗效。方法自2003年3月至2008年3月共收治45例RAS患者,53支肾动脉中单纯行腔内球囊扩张术（PTA）治疗11支,行球囊扩张及内置支架术（PTA／Stent）治疗者42支,随访9～48个月,检测患者的血压与血肌酐水平,并作肾动脉彩超。结果手术成功率为100％。手术后高血压治愈者9例,改善28例,肾功能改善12例。肌纤维发育不良及多发性大动脉炎的血压改善有效率均为100％,高于动脉粥样硬化的有效率65．1％（P〈0．05）。行彩色多普勒超声检查肾动脉18支,发现再狭窄者7支。结论PTA和PTMStent治疗肾动脉狭窄具有微创、安全、有效的优点。     

Erkrankungen der Nierenarterien

Renal artery diseases are rare, but seen more often in the last years due to demographic changes and increasing non invasive diagnostics. There are different types of pathologies involving the renal arteries. The clinical manifestation is mostly hypertension or renovascular insufficiency. The main indication for endovascular therapy is hypertension, especially in young patients with fibromuscular stenosis and in elderly patients with progressive atherosclerotic stenosis with severe hypertension. The surgical therapy is left for complex reconstructions, for aneurysm resection and for simultaneous renal and aortic revascularizations in elderly patients with a high comorbidity. The indication for surgical therapy is mostly renovascular insufficiency or rather organ preservation. The different therapeutic procedures, endovascular or surgical, are demonstrated according to outcome, complications and evidence.     

Renovascular hypertension. 8 years experience of a vascular surgery centre

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the technical success and clinical outcome of surgical revascularization, angioplasty and/or stenting for renal artery stenosis (RAS) in patients with renovascular hypertension (RVH). The secondary aim was to identify independent negative predictors of blood pressure control after successful renal revascularization. METHODS: From January 1998 to July 2006, we treated 97 cases of RAS in 83 RVH patients. Inclusion criteria were RAS > or =80% associated with hypertension refractory to medical control with at least three drugs including a diuretic. Therapeutic options were surgical revascularization in 15 cases (11 renal endarterectomies, 4 aortorenal bypasses) and endoluminal treatment in 82 (14 balloon angioplasties, 68 stents). RESULTS: Technical success was 100% for both surgical and endovascular procedures; 13 cases of restenosis (> or =80%) were detected: 12 (14.6%) in the endoluminal group and one (6.6%) in the surgical group (P=0.68). During the follow-up period (average 37 months, range 6-94), blood pressure control improved in 43% of patients, disease stabilized in 37% and the natural course of RVH deteriorated in 20%. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that only a long history of antihypertensive drug use was a predictor of inefficacy of blood pressure control after revascularization (P<0.04). CONCLUSION: The complete resolution of RVH associated with severe RAS appears unrealistic in several cases. Early and long-term results in terms of technical success and restenosis were acceptable and similar for surgical and endovascular renal intervention. An early diagnosis of RVH could improve the control of hypertension after successful renal revascularization.     

Epidemiology and clinical presentation

Renovascular disease appears to be increasing in prevalence, particularly in older subjects with atherosclerotic disease elsewhere. Its clinical manifestations and presentation are changing because of rapid advances in medical therapy and other comorbid events. Although fibromuscular dysplasia and other diseases affecting the renal artery can produce the syndrome of renovascular hypertension, atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis is the most common clinical entity. It can produce a spectrum of manifestations, ranging from asymptomatic ("incidental"), identified during angiographic evaluation of other conditions, to progressive hypertension to accelerated cardiovascular disease with pulmonary edema and advanced renal failure. With the widespread application of drugs which block the renin-angiotensin system, including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin antagonists, many cases of renovascular hypertension remain unsuspected and never produce adverse effects. Clinicians need to be alert to the potential for disease progression, with the potential for total renal artery occlusion and/or loss of viable renal tissue. Selection of patients for renal revascularization depends on individual balance of risks and benefits regarding the likely outcomes regarding both improvements in blood pressure control and preservation of renal function.     

Radiological predictors of response to renovascular reconstructive surgery.

The aim of this study was to identify preoperative angiographic criteria which could be used to predict the response to renovascular reconstruction. A cohort of 49 patients who survived for more than 6 months after renovascular reconstruction was studied. All preoperative angiograms were reviewed independently and the renal size, degree of stenosis and the length of the lesion recorded. The response of blood pressure and renal function to surgery were correlated with the angiographic findings. We found that 58% of patients had long-term improvement in blood pressure control, though the response was significantly better where both kidneys were >12 cm in size (82%) compared with when both kidneys were < 12 cm (25%), P < 0.02. The degree of stenosis, while showing a trend towards a better blood pressure response with increasing stenosis, was not a statistically significant factor. None of the angiographic criteria examined could be used to predict the response in renal function. We have shown that the preoperative renal size is the only angiographic factor that may have some role in predicting the response of blood pressure to renovascular reconstruction.     

Renovascular hypertension: predicting surgical cure with exercise renography

Renal artery stenosis with resultant renovascular hypertension has attracted clinical attention because the disease is potentially curable and because numerous diagnostic and therapeutic modalities compete for clinical acceptance. An exercise-mediated disturbance of renal hippurate transport was recently described, and has been implicated as having a role in nephrogenic fixed hypertension. To predict the final course of renovascular hypertension before operation we carried out a prospective study with the goal of verifying the predictive value of exercise hippurate scintigraphy. The study was to test the hypothesis that patients with disturbance of renal hippurate transport (pathologic renogram) induced by exercise would have stabilized hypertension and would continue to be hypertensive after operation. Thirty-one patients with hypertension who had unilateral or bilateral renovascular stenosis documented on angiography were referred to rest and exercise hippurate scintigrams before operation. The results of the examinations at rest served as standard and were compared with the exercise scintigrams. In 19 of the 31 (61%) patients a disturbance of transrenal hippurate transport evolved during exercise, whereas 12 (39%) patients failed to respond to exercise with altered hippurate kinetics. Twenty-six patients went on to renovascular operations; five had percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Revascularization results differed markedly when the blood pressure response of patients with positive results on exercise (abnormal) and patients with negative results on exercise (normal) were compared. Ten of 12 patients with hypertension who had normal exercise renograms were cured. In comparison, blood pressure values were little influenced by therapy in patients with an abnormal response, where 17 of 19 patients continued to have hypertensive disease after therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Treatment of renovascular disease and of renovascular hypertension

ABSTRACT: Treatment of occlusive lesions of renal arteries, defined as renovascular disease (RVD), is aimed both at preventing ischemic renal disease (IRD) and rescuing renal function through revascularization procedures, such as PTRA, endovascular stenting and surgical revascularization, as well as curing or improving hypertension in the presence of renovascular hypertension (RVH), i.e. hypertension caused by these vascular lesions. Preventive treatment of IRD is still an individual decision making process based on the type of renal lesions, degree of renal stenosis and progressive loss of renal mass as well as on immediate and late technical success of revascularization procedures together with their rate of complications. Rescue of renal function and-or prediction of the outcome of renal function after successful revascularization depends not only on the possibility of clarifying whether the decrease in renal function is a functioning-reversible phenomenon linked to renal hypoperfusion but also on the potential risk that the revascularization procedure may induce irreversible kidney damage. The rationale for treating RVH through revascularization procedures derives from the possibility of establishing a pathogenetic link between the occlusive lesions and hypertension, mainly through renal vein renin measurement and captopril renography and possibly their combination. Finally, medical treatment of hypertension is needed in patients who cannot undergo or refuse revascularization and whose blood pressure is not normalized by these procedures.     

Evidence-based medicine in renal artery stenting

Atherosclerotic renovascular disease is an increasingly recognized cause of severe hypertension and declining kidney function. Patients with atherosclerotic renovascular disease have been demonstrated to have an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events. Over the course of the last two decades renal artery revascularization for treatment of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (RAS) has gained great increase via percutaneous techniques. However the efficacy of contemporary revascularization therapies in the treatment of renal artery stenosis is unproven and controversial. The indication for renal artery stenting is widely questioned due to a not yet proven benefit of renal revascularization compared to best medical therapy. Many authors question the efficacy of percutaneous renal revascularization on clinical outcome parameters, such as preservation of renal function and blood pressure control. None of the so far published randomized controlled trials could prove a beneficial outcome of RAS revascularization compared with medical management. Currently accepted indications for revascularization are significant RAS with progressive or acute deterioration of renal function and/or severe uncontrollable hypertension, renal function decline with the use of agents blocking the renin-angiotensin system and recurrent flash pulmonary edema. The key point for success is the correct selection of the patient. This article summarizes the background and the limitations of the so far published and still ongoing controlled trials.     

Cutting balloon angioplasty of resistant renal artery stenosis caused by fibromuscular dysplasia

Balloon angioplasty is an established intervention to treat renovascular hypertension. Conventional balloon angioplasty is usually effective in cases of renovascular hypertension caused by fibromuscular dysplasia. In the present report, we describe two cases of renovascular hypertension caused by fibromuscular dysplasia in which stenotic lesions were resistant to conventional balloon angioplasty but were successfully managed by a cutting balloon. After cutting balloon angioplasty, systemic blood pressure was normalized in both patients, without the use of antihypertensive agents. Angioplasty by using a cutting balloon is a new therapeutic choice against renal artery stenosis that is resistant to dilation by a conventional balloon.     

Long-term outcome after surgical kidney revascularization for fibromuscular dysplasia and atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis

PURPOSE: At a time of minimally invasive surgery in urology, the role of surgical kidney revascularization in the management of renal artery disease has changed during the last decade. Our experience with surgical kidney revascularization, and the long-term clinical outcomes of fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) and atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis are reviewed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study group comprised 140 patients with renovascular hypertension, 72 with FMD and 68 with atherosclerotic renal artery disease, who underwent surgical revascularization between 1982 and 1999. The indications for surgical revascularization were the treatment of hypertension and the preservation of renal function in 17 patients with renal artery occlusion, 55 with ostial stenosis, 52 with branch stenosis, 6 with bilateral artery stenosis, 7 with solitary kidney renal artery stenosis and 3 with solitary kidney renal artery occlusion. RESULTS: Postoperative blood pressure and renal function were monitored for 1 to 17 years (mean 11.3). Long-term blood pressure control was observed in 93% of patients with FMD and in 71% of those with atherosclerosis. Improvement or stabilization of renal function was observed in 92% of patients with FMD and in 68% of those with atherosclerosis. The preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate compared to postoperative was significantly increased in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical kidney revascularization is effective in secondary hypertension with a high long-term efficacy in the normalization of blood pressure and in the preservation of renal function, especially in patients with a solitary or 1 functional kidney.     

The current status of surgical therapy for renal artery disease

The first reports of surgically curable hypertension in the late 1930s led to enthusiasm among clinicians for removing kidneys with arterial stenosis in hypertensive patients. The development of vascular surgical techniques in the 1950s made it possible to achieve successful renal revascularization in many of these cases. However, the cause and effect relationship between a stenotic renal artery lesion and hypertension was poorly understood and many patients treated surgically had no improvement of blood pressure postoperatively. Continued experience in this field during the past two decades has significantly improved our understanding of the natural history and functional significance of renovascular disorders. Patients with renovascular hypertension can now be identified with a high degree of accuracy and successful renal revascularization is possible in most cases. Nevertheless, multiple factors must be weighed in determining whether medical or surgical therapy is more appropriate for a given patient. These include the causal relationship of renovascular disease to hypertension, the adequacy of blood pressure control with medical therapy, the natural history of untreated renovascular disease with particular regard for the risk of sustaining impaired renal function, the medical condition of the patient, the morbidity and results of surgical therapy, and the availability of other therapeutic options such as percutaneous transluminal dilatation.