保留颈深神经和颈外静脉的改良颈淋巴清扫术的临床研究

根治口腔鳞癌时采用传统的颈淋巴清扫术常行整块颈部组织切除,由此会带来一些不可避免的术后并发症,对患者肩功能造成严重的影响。笔者采用保留颈外静脉及颈神经丛深支的颈淋巴清扫术,大大降低了患者术后并发症的发生率,提高了患者的生存质量,现将结果报道如下。1对象和方法1.1     

221例根治性颈淋巴清扫术的临床评价

本文报告221例根治性全颈淋巴请扫术。原发部位以腮腺、舌、颊、牙龈等为主,其中鳞癌占68.77％;颈清标本阳性率为67.42(149/221);本组无手术死亡;术后并发症59例,以感染为主占74.57％。随访3、5年生存率分别为69.86％和56.46％,与作为对比研究的单纯局部切除的129例的50.38％和39.93％统计分析,生存率有显著差异(p<0.01)。作者认为,颈清扫是一种必须的治疗手段,其价值在于可明显提高头颈癌瘤患者的五年生存率,因此临床上应持积极态度。     

保留颈外静脉及颈丛神经深支颈淋巴清扫术式的相关基础研究

目的　研究保留颈外静脉及颈丛神经深支对颈淋巴清扫术的安全性、彻底性及术后颅内和面部静脉回流的影响。方法　20例口腔鳞癌患者均采用联合根治术并保留颈神经丛深支。按保留颈外静脉与否将患者随机分为两组,每组10例。检测患者术前、术后的面部组织间质压,免疫组织化学技术染色淋巴管并计数其密度,观察记录患者的术后主观症状。结果　保留颈外静脉组术后面部组织间质压的升高及持续时间均低于不保留组。颈部不同结构淋巴管密度的均值由高至低依次为:颈内静脉、胸锁乳突肌、副神经、颈外静脉和颈丛深支。结论　保留颈外静脉及颈丛神经深支不影响颈淋巴清扫术的安全性及彻底性,并可有效改善患者术后颅内和面部的静脉回流,保存肩功能。     

双侧颈淋巴清扫术在口腔癌治疗中的应用

本文对近年来17例双侧颈淋巴清扫术作了回顾性研究,并就其有关理论问题、颈内静脉的处理及并发症的防治作了详尽的探讨。     

双侧颈淋巴清扫术在口腔癌治疗中的应用

本文对近年来17例双侧颈淋巴清扫术作了回顾性研究，并就其有关理论问题，颈内静脉的处理及并发症的防治作了详尽的探讨。     

保存颈内静脉的改良根治性颈淋巴清扫术的临床评价

目的 :对口腔癌及口咽癌颈淋巴清扫术中保存颈内静脉术式的临床效果进行评价。方法 :回顾分析本院近 10年内所行的根治性颈淋巴清扫术和保存颈内静脉的改良根治性颈淋巴清扫术病例资料。比较 2种术式的术后面部水肿和颅内高压持续时间及程度、2组患者的术后局部复发情况和生存时间。结果 :保存颈内静脉的改良根治性颈淋巴清扫术的术后颌面部水肿和头晕症状程度轻于根治性颈淋巴清扫术 ,持续时间缩短。改良根治性颈淋巴清扫术 3年和 5年生存率分别是 72 .6%和 5 3 .3 % ,局部复发率 5 .1% ;而根治性颈淋巴清扫术 3年和 5年生存率分别是 75 .2 %和 5 7.8% ,局部复发率 4.8%。二者 3组指标差异均无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :保存颈内静脉的改良根治性颈淋巴清扫术和经典的根治性颈淋巴清扫术临床疗效相近 ,术后并发症轻 ,且能保存颈内静脉 ,为可能的再次手术治疗创造了条件 ,值得临床推广。     

改良根治性颈淋巴清扫术中两种副神经解剖方法比较

目的：比较改良根治性颈淋巴清扫术术中两种不同的副神经解剖方法的差异。方法：对我院81例术前判断cNo的口腔癌患者行功能性颈淋巴清扫术,副神经解剖方法分胸锁乳突肌前缘和斜方肌前缘两种,记录观察统计副神经与周围组织解剖关系,比较副神经解剖时间,术中误伤副神经几率及术后肩综合征发生情况。结果：胸锁乳突肌前缘解剖方法快速简便,受颈丛神经干扰少,不易误伤副神经,术后肩综合征发生率低,易于掌握,平均副神经解剖时间10~15 min;而斜方肌前缘解剖方法平均20~30 min,术中易受颈丛神经分支的干扰,容易误伤副神经。结论：胸锁乳突肌前缘解剖方法比斜方肌前缘解剖方法有较明显优越性。     

112例口腔癌颈淋巴清扫术的临床评价

目的 探讨口腔癌患者颈淋巴结清扫术的适应症。方法 研究112例口腔癌患者的术后淋巴结病理切片,分析淋巴结转移与肿瘤原发部位、体积大小、分化程度的关系。结果 腭、上颌骨、舌等部位肿瘤转移率较高,颈淋巴转移和肿瘤大小、表面积成正相关,和分化程度戍负相关,颈淋巴状况对判断颈淋巴结有无转移作用不大。结论 临床资料结合CT、MRI、细胞学穿刺检查可为选择颈淋巴清扫术提供参考,减少临床上手术过度。     

选择性颈淋巴清扫术及其适应证的评价

作者通过对３８２例行颈淋巴清扫术的口腔癌患者的回顾性研究，对选择性（即预防性）颈清扫术及其适应证进行评估。本研究重点分析了各种相关因素与颈淋巴结转移的关系。结果表明：各种口腔癌的颈淋巴结总转移率为４４％（１６７／３８２）。而在术前未扪及肿大淋巴结者即隐匿性转移率为２３％（１９／８４）。颈淋巴转移的发生频率与原发灶的大小、部位、肿瘤细胞的分化程度和肿瘤类型等密切相关。特别是颈淋巴结的状况是评估颈部转移的重要信息。本研究强调对原发灶及颈淋巴的仔细检查和综合分析，有助于更准确判断是否有颈淋巴转移及是否应行ＥＮＤ。     

功能性颈淋巴清扫术治疗口腔癌30例术式探讨

传统根治性颈清扫术由于需将颈内静脉、胸锁乳突肌及副神经等结构切除，致使术后多数患者存在程度不等的肩部下垂、上肢活动受限、颈部不对称、患侧面部水肿等后遗症。为此，1999-01～2002-04，我们采用保留颈内静脉、胸锁乳突肌及副神经的功能性颈清扫术治疗口腔癌患者30例，报告如下。     

Supraomohyoid neck dissection and modified radical neck dissection for clinically node-negative oral squamous cell carcinoma: A prospective study of prognosis,complications and quality of life

BackgroundTo assess the prognosis and morbidity between supraomohyoid neck dissection (SOND) and modified radical neck dissection (MRND) for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in patients with a clinically node-negative neck (cN0).Patients and methodsThis prospective randomized study began in June 1999, and patient accrual concluded in May 2010. The cN0 neck was confirmed on clinical palpation by senior doctors. Ultimately, there were 322 patients recruited into the study.ResultsPatient demographics were well balanced between the two groups. There were 10 patients in the SOND group and 21 patients in the MRND group who developed nodal recurrence without associated local recurrence or distant metastasis. The 3-year neck control rate (NCR) rate was 92.6% for the SOND group and 87.5% for the MRND group (in favor of SOND, P = 0.108). There was no significant difference between the SOND group and the MRND group in the 3-year disease-specific survival (DSS) rate (79.0% vs. 76.9%, P = 0.659). Importantly, there were significantly fewer complications in the SOND group compared with the MRND group (13.0% vs. 21.9%, P = 0.040). The disease-free survivors in the SOND group also reported better pain relief (P = 0.013) and shoulder function (P < 0.001) than those in the MRND group one year after treatment.ConclusionsWe recommend SOND as a priority treatment for cN0 OSCC patients.     

Bilateral radical neck dissection with immediate reconstruction of the internal jugular vein

Head and neck surgery for advanced neck disease may require ablation of critical structures, including the internal jugular vein (IJV). Although unilateral ligation of the IJV is not commonly associated with a significant increase in morbidity, bilateral sacrifice of the internal venous system may cause severe complications. We present the case of a 60-year-old man with a T4N2cM0 tumour of the left and right hypopharynx. The evolution of the disease required a bilateral modified radical neck dissection and sacrifice of both IJVs. We describe a vein grafting technique for the IJV using the external jugular vein as a donor vessel. Postoperative computed tomography imaging confirmed adequate blood perfusion. This report describes two new and accessible surgical options for immediate IJV grafting. Although this modification slightly increases the surgery time and technical difficulty, it allows immediate restoration of venous perfusion, which may improve the prognosis and patient outcomes.     

Neck failure following pathologically node-negative neck dissection (pN0) in oral squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Due to the risk of occult cervical metastasis, elective neck dissection (END) is recommended in the management of patients with early oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and a clinically node-negative (cN0) neck. This paper presents a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that recorded isolated regional recurrence (RR) in the pathologically node-negative neck dissection (pN0) neck following END in order to quantify the failure rate. Pubmed and Ovid databases were systematically searched for relevant articles published between January 2009 and January 2019. Studies reporting RR following END in patients with OSCC who had no pathological evidence of lymph node metastasis were eligible for inclusion in this meta-analysis. In addition, a selection of large head and neck units were invited to submit unpublished data. Search criteria produced a list of 5448 papers, of which 18 studies met the inclusion criteria. Three institutions contributed unpublished data. This included a total of 4824 patients with median follow-up of 34 months (2.8 years). Eight datasets included patients staged T1-T4 with RR 17.3% (469/2711), 13 datasets included patients staged T1-T2 with RR 7.5% (158/2113). Overall across all 21 studies, isolated neck recurrence was identified in 627 cases giving a RR of 13.0% (627/4824) on meta-analysis. Understanding the therapeutic effectiveness of END provides context for evaluation of clinical management of the cN0 in these patients. A pathologically negative neck does not guarantee against future recurrence.     

颈清扫术100年——历史和今天

颈清扫术问世100年以来，已经治愈了无数颈淋巴转移癌患者。外科根治概念几经转变，从广泛整块切除到分区切除受侵淋巴结，强调生存率和生存质量并重。本文对颈清扫术的历史演变进行了回顾，并指出了今后改进发展的方向。     

功能性与根治性颈淋巴清扫术在早期口腔鳞状细胞癌治疗中的疗效比较

目的:探讨功能性颈淋巴清扫术(functional neck dissection,FND)与根治性颈淋巴清扫术(radical neckdissection,RND)在口腔鳞状细胞癌中的临床疗效.方法:63例口腔鳞状细胞癌患者,分为FND组(n=30)和RND组(n=33),FND组保留胸锁乳突肌、副神经、颈内静脉及耳大神经,术后随访2组患者的肩外展功能、耳大神经功能、颈部是否明显凹陷及颈部复发率.应用SPSS 18.0软件包对数据进行单因素x2检验、两独立样本均数t检验,以及Fisher确切概率检验.结果:FND与RND组之间在年龄、性别、肿瘤部位、T分期、N分期、组织学分化程度、病理学类型、术前化疗及术后化疗等方面无显著差异(P＞0.05).所有患者均为N0或N1期,FND组术后肩关节活动度、耳垂感觉麻木及颈部凹陷改善程度显著优于RND组(P＜0.05);术后随访2年,FND组的颈部复发率与RND组无显著差异(P=1.000).结论:对于N0或N1期口腔鳞状细胞癌患者,FND与RND相比,患者颈部复发率无显著差异,但其并发症显著减少,可明显提高患者术后的生活质量.     

Surgery for maxillary oral squamous cell carcinoma: the effect of surgical resection margins and elective neck dissection on oncological outcomes

Maxillary oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is uncommon. Surgical resection is challenging due to the anatomy, and the role of elective neck dissection (END) is not well-defined. A retrospective cohort study of patients with maxillary OSCC treated with primary surgery between 2007 and 2019 was conducted. Primary tumours of sinonasal origin with extension into the oral cavity were excluded. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional hazards models. Sixty-seven patients were included; mean follow-up was 55 months. On univariate analysis, clear (≥5 mm) margins were associated with higher disease-free (68% vs 36%, P = 0.019) and overall survival (75% vs 36%, P = 0.004) than close/involved (<5 mm) margins. In clinically node-negative patients, the risk of occult cervical metastasis in tumours with depth of invasion (DOI) ≥ 3 mm and T2–4 tumours was 22% and 25%, respectively. END in these groups was associated with a lower rate of loco-regional recurrence (DOI ≥3 mm subgroup: 5% vs 38%, P = 0.029; T2–4 subgroup: 6% vs 50%, P = 0.028) and longer time to recurrence (DOI ≥3 mm subgroup: 119 months vs 96 months, P = 0.042; T2–4 subgroup: 117 months vs 56 months, P = 0.031) than observation of the neck. On multivariate analysis, close/involved margins were associated with an increased risk of overall mortality (hazard ratio 3.4, 95% confidence interval 1.0–11.3, P = 0.043) and disease recurrence (hazard ratio 2.8, 95% confidence interval 1.1–7.1, P = 0.031). In maxillary OSCC, a ≥ 5 mm histological margin should remain the goal of ablative surgery. END should be considered in tumours with DOI ≥ 3 mm.     

Duplication of internal jugular vein and relation to the spinal accessory nerve

We report a case of duplication of the internal jugular vein in which the duplication was incomplete and the accessory nerve lay deep to the vein.     

功能性根治性颈淋巴清扫术中的副神经手术解剖及保留方法

目的：探讨功能性根治性颈淋巴结清扫术中的副神经解剖及保留方法。对33例口腔癌患者术前颈部淋巴结检查阴性者行三保留功能性根治性颈清扫术。介绍副神经的寻找及保留方法，记录副神经与周围结构关系、手术时间及术后淋巴结病理检查结果等。结果：82％（27／33）副神经穿过胸锁乳突肌，18％（6／33）在胸锁乳突肌深面行走；85％（28／33）副神经和颈神经根间存在吻合交通支；副神经在耳大神经出胸锁乳突肌后缘中点上方2cm范围内出该肌；70％（23／33）副神经在进入斜方肌前约2－3cm基本与该肌前缘平行下行后进入该肌；副神经游离；解剖时间约20－30min；术后病理证实27％（9／33）病例颈淋巴结转移。结论：在胸锁乳突肌前缘上份深面及后缘中点上易于寻找副神经，耳大神经出胸锁乳突肌后缘中点是协助寻找副神经的重要解剖标志。     

肩胛舌骨上颈清扫术对cN0口腔癌患者颈部复发影响的Meta分析

目的:评价肩胛舌骨上颈清扫术对cN0口腔癌患者颈部转移及复发的影响。方法:评价国内外1985～2004年公开发表的关于肩胛舌骨上颈清扫术与根治性颈淋巴清扫术对cN0口腔癌患者颈部转移及复发影响的对照研究,研究组接受肩胛舌骨上颈清扫术,对照组为根治性颈淋巴清扫术,结局变量为研究组与对照组颈部区域转移及复发率,应用RevMan4.2.2进行Meta分析。结果:肩胛舌骨上颈清扫组的转移及复发优势比OR=1.34,95%置信区间[0.74,2.43],表明肩胛舌骨上颈清扫组与根治性颈清扫组比较,对cN0口腔癌患者术后颈部转移及复发影响的差异无统计学意义。结论:对于cN0口腔癌患者的颈部淋巴结处理,肩胛舌骨上颈淋巴清扫术与根治性颈淋巴清扫术的治疗效果一样,无显著差异。但由于某些偏倚因素可能影响结果,此结论仅供参考,尚需待新研究出现时予以再次论证。