灵芝菌对茯苓药材的生物转化研究

目的：利用灵芝菌对中药材茯苓药材进行固态生物转化,研究转化产物中总多糖和总三萜量的变化情况。方法：采用微波法提取茯苓及转化产物中的总多糖并采用苯酚-硫酸法进行含量测定;采用超声法提取茯苓及转化产物中总三萜并用香草醛-高氯酸法进行含量测定。结果：经生物转化后产物中的总多糖含量明显高于未经转化的茯苓药材（P<0.01）,而总三萜含量明显升高（P<0.01）,说明灵芝菌的生物转化过程改变了茯苓药材的原始特性;茯苓对灵芝生长具有促进作用,表现为灵芝菌丝生长旺盛未受抑制、转化产物中总多糖及总三萜含量显著高于茯苓原药材。结论：利用灵芝菌对中药茯苓进行生物转化来提高总多糖和总三萜含量,具有方法简单、成本低等优点,在中药现代化中有较高的应用价值。     

灵芝甾醇类活性成分及其抗肿瘤作用机制的研究进展

目前关于灵芝抗肿瘤的研究,多集中在多糖和三萜类成分的研究,甾醇类成分很少引起人们的注意,但笔者认为甾醇、三萜和多糖共同构成灵芝抗肿瘤的物质基础。甾醇的抗肿瘤作用不容忽视,多种甾醇类单体成分报道具有抗肿瘤活性,如麦角甾醇、过氧化麦角甾醇等;在甾醇组分(多个有效单体成分构成)层次上研究灵芝抗肿瘤物质基础,更符合中医药理论体系。文章对近年来灵芝中发现的甾醇类活性成分及其抗肿瘤作用的机制进行了综述。     

灵芝孢子粉化学成分和药理作用的研究进展及其质量标志物（Q-Marker）预测分析

灵芝孢子粉是灵芝的生殖细胞，包含灵芝所有的化学成分，主要含有灵芝三萜类、多糖类、甾体类、脂肪酸类和蛋白质类等多种化合物。灵芝孢子粉具有抗肿瘤、免疫调节、抗氧化、保护心血管、保肝护肝等药理作用。《中国药典》2020年版对灵芝孢子粉的质量控制标准尚未明确规定，就灵芝孢子粉化学成分和药理作用研究进展进行综述，并基于质量标志物（quality marker，Q-Marker）理论，从植物亲缘性与特有性、有效性、可测性、临床应用、可入血成分等方面进行Q-Marker预测分析，初步推测多糖类、灵芝酸、甾醇类（麦角甾醇）、不饱和脂肪酸（油酸）等成分为其Q-Marker，为规范灵芝孢子粉质量研究和建立、完善灵芝孢子粉质量标准提供参考。     

Anti-androgenic activities of Ganoderma lucidum

The inhibitory effects of methanol extracts of 19 edible and medicinal mushrooms on 5alpha-reductase activity were examined. The extract of Ganoderma lucidum Fr. Krast (Ganodermataceae) showed the strongest 5alpha-reductase inhibitory activity. The treatment of the fruit body of Ganoderma lucidum or the extract prepared from it significantly inhibited the testosterone-induced growth of the ventral prostate in castrated rats. These results showed that Ganoderma lucidum might be a useful ingredient for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).     

灵芝孢子粉破壁技术、质量分析与深加工相关研究进展

破壁灵芝孢子粉为一种灵芝深加工产品,具有多种药理学活性,更易被人体吸收。灵芝孢子的破壁方法包括生物化学法、物理法和机械法等,工业生产多综合利用多种方法。破壁灵芝孢子粉的质量分析还没有统一的国家标准,灵芝孢子粉质量可以参考地方标准进行综合评价,还可以参考近期发表的一些分析方法。灵芝孢子粉提取物产品以孢子油为主,其它产品也有研发并推出市场。药理学研究表明,灵芝孢子油、灵芝孢子粉水提物和醇提物均具有抗癌活性,有良好的应用前景。     

灵芝主要化学成分及其药理作用研究述评

灵芝是我国传统的补益药,其体内含有多种化学成分,具有免疫调节、抗肿瘤、抗惊厥、降血脂等多种药理作用。就近年来国内外对灵芝的化学成分及其药理作用的研究进行综述,以期为今后的灵芝生物活性物质的开发和利用提供参考。     

指纹图谱和体外细胞活性跟踪相结合考察温度对灵芝中三萜类成分的影响

目的:探讨温度对灵芝中主要抗肿瘤活性三萜类成分含量的影响.方法:采用HPLC灵芝醇提取物中三萜类成分在不同温度处理后的指纹图谱的变化,并结合体外人肺癌SPC-A-1细胞株,通过MTT法评价不同温度影响下的灵芝提取物对肿瘤细胞增殖的抑制作用.结果:灵芝中三萜类成分显著受到温度的影响.在选定的20个特征峰中,第4,14,15,16号峰的峰面积变化经100℃加热处理后最为显著,与未加热处理的灵芝提取物的色谱峰相比,这4个峰的峰面积下降幅度分别高达42.601％,35.909％,49.359％,64.061％.体外细胞活性实验表明经不同温度处理下的灵芝提取物的抗肿瘤活性不同,灵芝提取物的IC50由1.44 g·L-1(醇提取物)升高到2.77 g·L-1(100℃下处理的样品).结论:温度可显著影响灵芝抗肿瘤活性三萜类成分的含量变化,高温易造成其活性成分的损失,进而引起灵芝抗肿瘤活性的降低.     

Effects of ganoderma lucidum extract on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in a rat model

Chemotherapy is highly cytotoxic, causing a number of severe adverse effects such as nausea and vomiting. Herbal medicines, which can often be used on a daily basis for prolonged treatment, may be clinically beneficial. Ganoderma lucidum or Lingzhi mushroom has been recognized as a remedy in treating a number of medical conditions, including balancing immunity and decreasing drug-induced side effects. It has been shown that rats react to emetic stimuli, like the chemotherapy agent cisplatin, by increased consumption of kaolin, known as pica; and this rat model has been utilized to evaluate novel anti-emetic compounds. In this study, we evaluated the effects of a G. lucidum extract (SunRecome, the most commonly used Lingzhi mushroom extract in China) in attenuating cisplatin-induced nausea and vomiting in the rat pica model. We observed that intraperitoneal cisplatin injection caused a significant increase in kaolin intake at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours, reflecting cisplatin's nausea and vomiting action. This cisplatin-induced kaolin intake dose-dependently decreased after 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg G. lucidum extract injection (p < 0.01). In addition, there was a significant reduction of food intake after cisplatin. The cisplatin-induced food intake reduction improved significantly after G. lucidum extract administrations in a dose-related manner (p < 0.01), suggesting a supportive effect of the extract on general body condition. Future controlled clinical trials are needed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of this herbal medication.     

Influence of Ganoderma lucidum on blood biochemistry and immunocompetence in horses

The characteristic ingredients of Ganoderma lucidum, such as polysaccharides, triterpenoids, nucleic acids and small proteins, have been found and proved to have many special pharmacological properties. Mice and rats have been extensively used to investigate the effects of G. lucidum. Experiments with horses as an animal model for investigating the effects of G. lucidum have never been reported. The purpose of this investigation was to understand the influence of G. lucidum feeding on blood biochemistry and immunocompetence in horses. Complete blood count (CBC) and blood biochemistry were surveyed routinely. Cellular-mediated immunity was monitored by flow cytometry to survey the percentage changes of CD5+, CD4+, CD8+ T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). The effect of G. lucidum on humoral immunity was experimented by fast plate agglutination test to survey the change and manifestation of the titer of specific anti-egg albumin antibodies in the serum after egg albumin injection. The findings on CBC and blood biochemistry indicated that G. lucidum was quite safe to horses. Experimental result on cell-mediated immunity showed that G. lucidum could increase the percentage of CD5+, CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes in PBLs (p < 0.001). Experimental result on humoral immunity showed that G. lucidum could help the horses to produce a significantly higher quantity of specific antibodies in a shorter time (p < 0.001).     

Germplasm resources and secondary metabolism regulation in Reishi mushroom(Ganoderma lucidum)OA

Ganoderma lucidum is a valuable medical macrofungus with a myriad of diverse secondary metabolites, in which triterpenoids are the major constituents. This paper introduced the germplasm resources of genus Ganoderma from textual research, its distribution and identification at the molecular level. Also we overviewed G. lucidum in the components, the biological activities and biosynthetic pathways of ganoderic acid, aiming to provide scientific evidence for the development and utilization of G. l...     

灵芝和紫芝对照提取物在灵芝样品指纹图谱分析的应用

目的使用赤芝对照提取物(CZERS)、紫芝对照提取物(ZZERS)对所收集18批次灵芝药材进行高效薄层色谱(HPTLC)以及高效液相色谱(HPLC)指纹图谱分析。方法使用HPTLC指纹图谱方法,高效娃胶预制板,以氯仿-乙腈-甲醇-甲酸=13:2:0.5:0.53次展开和环己烷-乙酸乙酯-甲醇-甲酸=15:5:0.5:0.52次展开的方法分别分析灵芝三萜酸类和甾醇类成分。使用HPLC指纹图谱方法,Kromasil 100-5 C18柱(4.6mm×250 mm,5μm);流动相:A-乙腈,B-0.02%嶙酸;梯度洗脱程序:0~40min,29%→33%A,40-70 min,33%→65%A,70-105 min,65%→100%A;105-120 min,100%A;检测波长244 nm(DAD检测器);流速1.OmL·min^-1;进样量10μL;柱温25℃。结果使用对照提取物(ERS)和指纹图谱分析方法,可以区分赤芝,无柄灵芝和紫芝。不同种类和生长方式的灵芝成分存在差异。结论灵芝品种繁多,分野生和人工培养,而人工培养的培养基又有不同,导致不同灵芝个体间成分存在差异。使用特定品种的ERS和指纹图谱分析方法更加适合灵芝多成分整体质量控制的需求。     

On the anti-inflammatory and anti-phospholipase A(2) activity of extracts from lanostane-rich species

We have studied extracts from three species rich in lanostane triterpenes for their activity against different in vivo models of inflammation induced by TPA, EPP and PLA(2). The inhibitory effect against PLA(2) in vitro was also studied. When the Poria cocos extract was tested against PLA(2)-induced mouse paw edema, it was active by the oral and parenteral routes. Its effect was greater in both magnitude and duration than that of Pistacia terebinthus and Ganoderma lucidum extracts. P. terebinthus was effective against chronic and acute inflammation, and according to a preliminary chromatographic analysis, its seems to be a good source of lanostane anti-inflammatory agents. G. lucidum was the least effective of the three species studied and, unlike the other two, failed to inhibit the activity of PLA(2) in vitro.     

3种灵芝多糖的研究

 目的对3种灵芝多糖的含量、单糖组成和糖蛋白含量进行研究。方法提取和纯化灵芝子实体、菌丝体和发酵液多糖,应用高效液相色谱法和凯氏定氮法对多糖的含量、单糖组成及糖蛋白质含量作了分析、比较。结果3种灵芝多糖含量分别为：子实体含0.75%;菌丝体含2.13%;发酵液含0.982 g·L^-1。3种多糖均由葡萄糖、果糖组成,这两种单糖在子实体和菌丝体多糖中的摩尔比相同,为7∶1;在发酵液多糖中的摩尔比为2∶1。3种灵芝多糖中糖蛋白含量分别为：子实体多糖含12.22%;菌丝体多糖含26.62%;发酵液多糖含2.92%。结论研究结果为综合开发利用灵芝提供了科学依据。     

参灵合剂对H22肝癌小鼠抑瘤及免疫调节的影响

目的探讨参灵合剂对H22肝癌小鼠的抗肿瘤作用及其机制。方法采用H22肝癌荷瘤小鼠模型,按体质量随机分为正常组、对照组、人参组、灵芝组、半枝莲组和参灵合剂组,每组20只。正常组和对照组每日均给予生理盐水20 mL/kg,人参组每日灌胃人参皂苷25 mg/kg,灵芝组每日灌胃灵芝多糖提取物830 mg/kg,半枝莲组每日灌胃半枝莲多糖200 mg/kg,参灵合剂组每日灌胃参灵合剂10 g,各组均持续灌胃10 d。检测药物抑瘤率及对胸腺指数与脾脏指数、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）和血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）等指标的影响。结果参灵合剂组对原发性肝癌荷瘤小鼠有显著的抑制作用,抑瘤率为36.80%;与对照组相比,参灵合剂组明显改变肝癌小鼠的外周血白细胞、脾脏指数和胸腺指数（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）;给药组对TNF-α和VEGF有显著影响（P〈0.05）。结论人参皂苷、半枝莲多糖、灵芝多糖提取物和参灵合剂对原发性肝癌小鼠模型均有一定的抑瘤作用,其中参灵合剂抑瘤作用最强。     

灵芝多糖类成分及其生物活性研究进展

灵芝是常用的名贵中药材,药用历史悠久,药用价值高。多糖类成分是灵芝(赤芝Ganodermalucidum和紫芝G.sinense)中重要的生物活性成分之一,具有免疫调节、抗肿瘤、保肝、抗氧化、降血糖、心血管系统和神经保护等作用,具有潜在的开发应用价值。通过对近年来国内外灵芝多糖的结构特征、生物活性以及潜在作用机制的相关文献进行归纳总结,为明确灵芝多糖的现代药用价值提供基础,为灵芝多糖作为治疗药物和辅助性功能食品的开发提供参考和借鉴。     

栽培赤芝与紫芝化学成分的比较

本文对赤芝(含发酵菌丝体)、紫芝多糖含量进行了测定,多糖含量由高到低顺序为:赤芝发酵菌丝体>赤芝>紫芝;并用高效液相和薄层层析法对三萜酸类成分进行了定性鉴别。     

灵芝及其近缘种高效薄层色谱指纹图谱的研究

 目的 以赤芝为基础建立灵芝三萜类化合物高效薄层荧光色谱指纹图谱,并与赤芝的近缘种无柄灵芝、 平盖灵芝 等的指纹图谱进行比较分析。 方法 硅胶 GF₂₅₄ 高效预制薄层板,以 正己烷 - 乙酸乙酯 - 甲醇 - 甲酸（ 30 ∶ 30 ∶ 2 ∶ 0.2 ）为展开剂展开,展至约 5 cm ,再以正己烷 - 乙酸乙酯 - 甲醇 - 甲酸（ 30 ∶ 30 ∶ 1 ∶ 0.2 ）为展开剂进行二次展开, 10% 硫酸乙醇溶液显色后获得 薄层荧光色谱指纹图谱,经指纹图谱系统解决方案软件（ Chromafinger^TM ）生成共有模式,并进行相似度和主成分分析。 结果 赤芝薄层荧光色谱指纹图谱由 9 个特征荧光条斑组成。荧光色谱图像与轮廓扫描图谱结合分析比较,建立了赤芝指纹图谱模式。赤芝与紫芝、无柄灵芝、 平盖灵芝、薄树芝、黑芝 等在三萜类化合物方面区别较大。 结论 通过指纹图谱考察,当前市场灵芝类型主要是赤芝、紫芝为主流,但两者区别较大,其他灵芝的近缘种均为代用品,不可做灵芝使用,应加以区别。     

灵芝总三萜与紫杉醇或与顺铂在对人源肿瘤细胞细胞毒性中的相互作用

目的：灵芝三萜类化合物是常被用于辅助性肿瘤治疗的灵芝中具有细胞毒性作用的主要成分。本研究考察灵芝总三萜和化疗药物之间的相互作用。方法：应用了两种肿瘤细胞株即人宫颈瘤HeLa细胞株和人非小细胞肺癌A549细胞株。检测了将灵芝总三萜与紫杉醇或顺铂合用时对细胞的毒性作用，并用Chou and Talalay合用指数法判断合用的相互作用类型。结果：灵芝总三萜和紫杉醇的合用在HeLa细胞中表现为协同作用而在A549细胞中表现为加合作用。灵芝总三萜与顺铂的合用效果则依赖于该两种药物的作用强度，即当其中一种药物的作用强于另外一种时表现为拮抗作用，而当两种药物的作用相似时表现为协同作用。结论：灵芝总三萜可以促进某些化疗药物的作用。     

灵芝总三萜与紫杉醇或与顺铂在对人源肿瘤细胞的细胞毒性中的相互作用

目的:灵芝三萜类化合物是常被用于辅助性肿瘤治疗的灵芝中具有细胞毒性作用的主要成分.本研究考察灵芝总三萜和化疗药物之间的相互作用.方法:应用了两种肿瘤细胞株即人宫颈瘤HeLa细胞株和人非小细胞肺癌A549细胞株.检测了将灵芝总三萜与紫杉醇或顺铂合用时对细胞的毒性作用,并用Chou and Talalay合用指数法判断合用的相互作用类型.结果:灵芝总三萜和紫杉醇的合用在HeLa细胞中表现为协同作用而在A549细胞中表现为加合作用.灵芝总三萜与顺铂的合用效果则依赖于该两种药物的作用强度,即当其中一种药物的作用强于另外一种时表现为拮抗作用,而当两种药物的作用相似时表现为协同作用.结论:灵芝总三萜可以促进某些化疗药物的作用.     

灵芝对氟他胺大毒肝毒性的预防作用

目的：研究灵芝对大鼠ig氟他胺引起肝毒性的预防作用。方法：大鼠ig灵芝500mg/kg2d，再ig氟他胺，测定转氨酶活性、谷胱甘肽含量及其相关酶的活性。结果：大鼠连续ig氟他胺10d后，血清转氨酶活性明显升高，氟他胺200mg/kg可明显降低肝谷甘肽含量，升高谷胱甘肽-S转移酶和谷胱肽过氧化物酶活迟性。大鼠ig灵芝500mg/kg2d后，再同时ig氟他胺200mg/kt，可明显抑制氟他胺引起的转氨酶活性升高，抑制GSH含量降低。结论：灵芝对大鼠ig氟他胺引起的肝毒性有一定的预防作用。