cdk-5过度表达对神经细丝磷酸化的影响

目的在细胞水平研究cdk-5过度表达对神经细丝磷酸化的影响。方法 用脂质体转染技术将cdk-5基因转入N2a细胞株中,并建立稳定表达cdk-5的N2a/cdk-5细胞株,免疫沉淀法及酶活性测定检测cdk-5活性,免疫荧光和免疫印迹技术检测cdk-5的表达和神经细丝的磷酸化状态。结果 在N2a细胞株转染组中,cdk-5表达增加,并使抗体SMI31显色增强,SMI32显色减弱,提示神经细丝被过度磷酸化。与此同时,cdk-5酶活性较未转染组提高3.5倍。结论提示细胞水平的cdk-5过度表达会导致cdk-5过度激活和神经细丝过度磷酸化,而过度磷酸化的神经细丝可能参与了阿尔茨海默病的病理过程。     

糖原合酶激酶-3在MLL型白血病中的作用

糖原合酶激酶-3（GSK3）是一种多功能的丝氨酸／苏氨酸激酶,被不同的刺激启动,作用于众多的信号通路,在许多生理过程中起到了核心的作用,这包括转录、细胞周期的区分、细胞凋亡、细胞的结局和干细胞的维持等。其中有几条通路和疾病的发生关系密切,这预示着GSK3特异性抑制剂可用于疾病的治疗。GSK3通过糖原合酶的灭活而促进非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病的进展,还可以激活转录因子NF—κB加速不同炎症性过程,但至今其机制还不清楚。GSK3介导牛磺酸（tau）的高度磷酸化可能促进了阿尔茨海默病和其它神经性病变的进展,但是GSK3活化后却能抑制肿瘤细胞的信号通路。GSK3的这个重要的作用在于可以间接的诱导诸如β-连环蛋白（β-catenin）、MYCN和JUN等底物磷酸化,导致其破坏和／或灭活,从而抑制其它促进肿瘤细胞增殖和自我更新的信号通路。     

糖尿病大鼠海马组织内Tau蛋白磷酸化水平和糖原合成激酶-3β活性增高

目的研究1型及2型糖尿病对海马组织内Tau蛋白部分位点磷酸化水平的影响,并探讨其作用机制。方法同月龄Wistar大鼠,分为对照组(CTL)、1型(T1DM)及2型(T2DM)糖尿病模型组。葡萄糖氧化酶法检测血糖,放免法检测血浆胰岛素,Western blot分析海马内总Tau以及Tau蛋白上部分位点(pSer199、pThr212、pSer214、pSer396及pSer422)的磷酸化水平。γ32P标记的ATP和特异性底物肽检测海马内胰岛素信号传导系统中的关键酶糖原合成激酶-3β(GSK-3β)活性。结果T1DM及T2DM组血糖水平显著高于CTL组(P<0.001);T2DM组血浆胰岛素水平显著高于CTL组(P<0.001),而T1DM组显著低于CTL组(P<0.01);T2DM组胰岛素抵抗指数显著高于T1DM及CTL组(P<0.001)。T1DM及T2DM组大鼠海马组织内总Tau蛋白水平与CTL比较无显著差异,但阿尔茨海默病相关的Tau蛋白磷酸化位点pS199、pT212及pS396在T1DM及T2DM组都呈现过度磷酸化状态。同时,GSK-3β活性在这两种糖尿病大鼠模型的海马组织内明显增高(P<0.01,P<0.001)。结论糖尿病大鼠海马组织内Tau蛋白部分位点磷酸化水平增高。胰岛素信号系统功能低下而导致传导途径中GSK-3β活性上调,这可能是引起大鼠海马内Tau蛋白磷酸化的一个主要原因。     

磷脂酰肌醇3激酶对哮喘大鼠气道上皮细胞诱导型一氧化氮合酶表达的调控作用

目的： 探讨磷脂酰肌醇3激酶（PI3K）抑制剂wortmannin对哮喘大鼠支气管上皮细胞诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）表达的影响。方法: 24只成年哮喘大鼠随机分成对照组、哮喘组以及PI3K抑制剂wortmannin干预组。对支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）细胞总数及嗜酸性粒细胞进行计数,免疫组织化学检测大鼠支气管上皮细胞iNOS蛋白的表达,RT-PCR检测肺组织iNOS mRNA的表达,分光光度计检测肺组织PI3K活性、iNOS活性及NO含量。结果: 哮喘组大鼠BALF细胞总数计数及嗜酸性粒细胞分类均高于对照组;PI3K抑制剂wortmannin干预组BALF嗜酸性粒细胞计数及分类明显低于哮喘组,差异显著。哮喘组肺组织PI3K活性、iNOS活性及NO含量高于对照组,PI3K抑制剂wortmannin干预组肺组织PI3K活性、iNOS活性及NO含量低于哮喘组。哮喘组大鼠支气管上皮细胞iNOS蛋白及肺组织iNOS mRNA表达较对照组明显增强,但PI3K抑制剂wortmannin组iNOS蛋白及mRNA表达均明显弱于哮喘组。结论: PI3K可调节哮喘大鼠气道iNOS表达,影响哮喘气道炎症反应。     

糖原合酶激酶-3β信号分子在心肌肥厚中的作用

Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is a serine/threonine protein kinase, which takes part not only in glycogen metabolism, but also in cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. GSK-3β is inhibited by growth factors and hypertrophic stimuli through phosphorylation of its N-terminal end serine (Ser9) residue. It is also activated by phosphorylation of its tyrosine (Tyr216) residue. GSK-3β is profoundly inactivated in mice with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and plays a secondary role in myosin heavy chain mutation. However, the role of GSK-3β in HCM was controversial. Recent studies have demonstrated that the activation of GSK-3β inhibits the myocardial hypertrophy, and is regulated by Wnt/Frizzld and PI3-K/Akt signaling pathways. This article introduces the molecular role of glycogen synthase kinase-3β signaling in myocardial hypertrophy and the different pathways on the activity of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β)     

氧化应激介导糖原合成酶激酶-3β促进肝细胞凋亡

目的探讨糖原合成酶激酶-3β(GSK3β)在氧化应激诱导肝细胞凋亡中的作用。方法以人肝HL-7702细胞为研究对象,H2O2/抗霉素A诱导细胞产生氧化应激,建立肝细胞凋亡模型。SB216763为GSK3β特异性抑制剂,在H2O2/抗霉素A给药前2 h干预。采用钙黄绿素乙酰甲酯/碘化丙啶(PI)双染色观察细胞存活情况,采用annexinⅤ-FITC/PI联合流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡,同时对细胞培养上清进行乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)检测来评价细胞死亡程度;Western blot法检测p-GSK3β、GSK3β、caspase-3、cleaved caspase-3、c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)和细胞色素C(Cyt C)蛋白的表达。结果 H2O2/抗霉素A诱导的氧化应激促进了GSK3β活性增加,抑制GSK3β活性缓解了氧化应激和由氧化应激引起的细胞凋亡。与氧化应激模型组相比,SB216763干预组中PI染色的细胞显著减少,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率降低,细胞培养上清中LDH显著降低,Western blot法结果显示干预组中cleaved caspase-3、JNK、Cyt C蛋白表达下降。结论 GSK3β是氧化应激诱导细胞凋亡通路中的一种重要信号分子,抑制其活性可减轻氧化应激而改善肝细胞凋亡。     

糖原合成酶激酶3在阿尔茨海默病中的作用

糖原合成酶激酶-3(glycogen synthase kinase-3,GSK-3)作为体内主要的蛋白激酶之一,广泛地参与了生长发育、凋亡衰老和肿瘤形成等重大生命过程.GSK-3β-Ser9和GSK-3α-Ser21位点的磷酸化修饰是机体对GSK-3活性调控的关键过程,GSK-3参与了tau蛋白过度磷酸化修饰、β淀粉样蛋白异常聚集和神经元凋亡等过程,因此对GSK-3活性调控的研究是阿尔茨海默病等神经退行性疾病的发病机制和相关治疗研究中的焦点问题之一.     

脂联素通过激活PP2A减轻H_2O_2诱导的SH-SY5Y细胞损伤及tau蛋白过度磷酸化

目的:观察脂联素(adiponectin)对H2O2诱导的人神经母细胞瘤SH-SY5Y细胞活力及tau蛋白磷酸化的影响并探讨其作用机制。方法:采用MTT法并观察细胞形态,检测脂联素对H2O2诱导的SH-SY5Y细胞活力损伤的影响;应用Western blotting观察脂联素对tau蛋白磷酸化及蛋白磷酸酶2A(protein phosphatase 2A,PP2A)和糖原合酶激酶3β(glycogen synthase kinase-3β,GSK-3β)活性的影响。结果:脂联素减轻了H2O2诱导的SH-SY5Y细胞损伤(P0.01)。脂联素上调了H2O2诱导的SH-SY5Y细胞的PP2A活性,明显减轻此时tau的异常过度磷酸化(P0.01)。PP2A抑制剂冈田酸阻断了脂联素的保护作用(P0.01)。脂联素同时使H2O2诱导的SH-SY5Y细胞的GSK-3β磷酸化水平上升(P0.01)。结论:脂联素减轻H2O2诱导的SH-SY5Y细胞损伤及tau蛋白异常过度磷酸化,其机制可能与激活PP2A并抑制GSK-3β信号途径有关。     

氯化钴对神经型一氧化氮合酶在人神经母细胞瘤细胞表达的影响

目的研究CoCl2刺激后nNOS及其产物在人神经母细胞瘤细胞系SK-N-SH细胞中的表达变化。方法培养SK-N-SH细胞,用CoCl刺激细胞,Real-TimePCR检测nNOS mRNA表达变化,Western-blot检测蛋白表达,荧光法检测NO产量的变化。结果 CoCl2刺激后nNOS mRNA和蛋白在SK-N-SH细胞表达水平从刺激后12h开始表达增强,持续到48h,同时NO的生成量也明显升高。结论 CoCl2刺激引起SK-N-SH细胞nNOS表达水平及其产物NO明显升高。     

Expression of endometrial glycogen synthase kinase-3beta protein throughout the menstrual cycle and its regulation by progesterone

Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) is a serine/threonine kinase that plays a role in glycogen synthesis by inhibiting glycogen synthase (GS) through phosphorylation. We hypothesized that GSK-3beta by virtue of its role in glycogen synthesis through the inhibition of GS will play a role in the preparation of the endometrium for blastocyst implantation. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis and Western blot analysis (WBA) detected GSK-3beta in the endometrium, myometrium, Fallopian tube and ovary. WBA showed more than 5-fold higher endometrial expression of the phosphorylated GSK-3beta (pGSK-3beta) isoform (inactive) in the secretory phase as compared with the proliferative phase (P < 0.001), whereas no differences in total GSK-3beta expression were detected. IHC analysis confirmed the WBA and showed marked expression of pGSK-3beta predominantly in glandular epithelial cells in early and mid secretory endometrium with scant expression during the proliferative phase. In in vitro experiments using human endometrial-derived epithelial cell line (HES), progesterone did not alter total GSK mRNA or protein expression. However, progesterone induced a dose-dependent increase in the expression of pGSK-3beta, which could be blocked by RU486. Cyclic expression of GSK-3beta's active and inactive forms in the endometrium suggests that sex hormones regulate the expression of this enzyme. In vitro experiments demonstrate that progesterone through receptor-mediated mechanisms induces phosphorylation of endometrial GSK-3beta.     

Thapsigargin-induced apoptosis was prevented by glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitors in PC12 cells

Uncontrolled calcium stress has been linked causally to a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, including ischemia, excitotoxicity and Alzheimer's disease. Thapsigargin, which increases [Ca²⁺]_i, induces apoptotic cell death (chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation) accompanied by caspase-3 activation in PC12 cells. We examined whether GSK-3 is involved in thapsigargin-induced cell death by using GSK-3 inhibitors in PC12 cells. Cells treated with 0.1 μM thapsigargin for 24 h shrank. The injured cells underwent chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation, indicating apoptotic cell death. We assayed the effects of selective GSK-3 inhibitors, SB216763, azakenpaullone and alsteropaullone on thapsigargin-induced apoptosis. These inhibitors completely protected cells from thapsigargin-induced apoptosis. Alsterpaullone did not reduce the GRP78 protein expression induced by thapsigargin, suggesting that GSK-3 activation is not involved in induction of GRP78. In addition, GSK-3 inhibitors inhibited caspase-3 activation accompanied by thapsigargin-induced apoptosis. We showed in this report that thapsigargin-induced apoptosis is prevented by GSK-3 inhibitors, suggesting that thapsigargin induces caspase-dependent apoptosis mediated through GSK-3 activation in PC12 cells.     

Endoplasmic reticulum stress induces p53 cytoplasmic localization and prevents p53-dependent apoptosis by a pathway involving glycogen synthase kinase-3beta

The tumor suppressor p53, a sensor of multiple forms of cellular stress, is regulated by post-translational mechanisms to induce cell-cycle arrest, senescence, or apoptosis. We demonstrate that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibits p53-mediated apoptosis. The mechanism of inhibition involves the increased cytoplasmic localization of p53 due to phosphorylation at serine 315 and serine 376, which is mediated by glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3beta). ER stress induces GSK-3beta binding to p53 in the nucleus and enhances the cytoplasmic localization of the tumor suppressor. Inhibition of apoptosis caused by ER stress requires GSK-3beta and does not occur in cells expressing p53 with mutation(s) of serine 315 and/or serine 376 to alanine(s). As a result of the increased cytoplasmic localization, ER stress prevents p53 stabilization and p53-mediated apoptosis upon DNA damage. It is concluded that inactivation of p53 is a protective mechanism utilized by cells to adapt to ER stress.     

Unfolded protein response activates glycogen synthase kinase-3 via selective lysosomal degradation

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a stress response that is activated upon disturbed homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum. In Alzheimer's disease, as well as in other tauopathies, the UPR is activated in neurons that contain early tau pathology. A recent genome-wide association study identified genetic variation in a UPR transducer as a risk factor for tauopathy, supporting a functional connection between UPR activation and tau pathology. Here we show that UPR activation increases the activity of the major tau kinase glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3 in vitro via a selective removal of inactive GSK-3 phosphorylated at Ser^21/9. We demonstrate that this is mediated by the autophagy/lysosomal pathway. In brain tissue from patients with different tauopathies, lysosomal accumulations of pSer^21/9 GSK-3 are found in neurons with markers for UPR activation. Our data indicate that UPR activation increases the activity of GSK-3 by a novel mechanism, the lysosomal degradation of the inactive pSer^21/9 GSK-3. This may provide a functional explanation for the close association between UPR activation and early tau pathology in neurodegenerative diseases.     

Activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibits protein phosphatase-2A and the underlying mechanisms

The activity of protein phosphatase-2A (PP-2A) is significantly suppressed in the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, but the mechanism is not understood. Here, we found an in vivo association of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) with inhibitor-2 of PP-2A (I₂^PP-2A). The activation of GSK-3 resulted in accumulation of I₂^PP-2A with concomitant suppression of PP-2A activity and increases of tau phosphorylation in HEK293, N2a and PC12 cells, while inhibition of GSK-3 caused decreases of I₂^PP-2A with increased PP-2A activity and decreased tau phosphorylation. A positive correlation between GSK-3β and I₂^PP-2A (R = 0.9158) and a negative correlation between GSK-3β and PP-2A (R = −0.9166) were detected. GSK-3 activation did not affect I₂^PP-2A mRNA level, while it increased the mRNA level of a heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein A18 (hnRNP A18). The activation of GSK-3 increased the expression and the activity of proteasome system. It suggests that activation of GSK-3 inhibits PP-2A through up-regulation of I₂^PP-2A with hnRNP A18-involved mechanism.     

Effect of low glycogen on glycogen synthase in human muscle during and after exercise

Subjects cycled at a work load calculated to elicit 75% of maximal oxygen uptake on two occasions: the first to fatigue (34.5 ± 5.3 min; mean ± SE), and the second at the same workload and for the same duration as the first. Biopsies were obtained from the quadriceps femoris muscle before and immediately after exercise, and 5 min post-exercise. Before the first experiment, muscle glycogen was lowered by a combination of exercise and diet, and before the second, experiment muscle glycogen was elevated. In the low glycogen condition (LG), muscle glycogen decreased from 169 ± 15 mmol glucosyl units kg^-1dry wt at to rest to 13 ± 6 after exercise. In the high glycogen condition (HG) glycogen decreased from 706 ± 52 at rest to 405 ± 68 after exercise. Glycogen synthase fractional activity (GSF) was always higher during the LG treatment. During exercise in the HG condition, those subjects who cycled for < 35 min (n= 3) had GSF values in muscle which were lower than at rest, whereas those subjects who cycled for > 35 min (n= 4) had values which were similar to or higher than at rest. Thus the change in GSF in muscle during HG was positively related to the exercise duration (r= 0.94; y = 254–17x + 0.3x²; P < 0.001) and negatively related to the glycogen content at the end of exercise (r=–0.82; y= 516–2x + 0.001x²; P < 0.05). During LG exercise GSF remained constant. GSF increased markedly after 5 min post-exercise in both HG and LG conditions. cAMP dependent protein kinase activity increased similarly during both LG and HG exercise and reverted to the preexercise values 5 min post-exercise. It is concluded that muscle contraction decreases GSF, but low glycogen levels can attenuate or abolish the decrease in GSF. The rapid increase of GSF during recovery from exercise does not require glycogen depletion during the exercise.     

吡咯烷二硫代氨基甲酸酯对2型糖尿病大鼠肝糖原合成的影响

目的:探讨吡咯烷二硫代氨基甲酸酯(PDTC)对糖尿病大鼠肝糖原合成的影响及其机制。方法:雄性Wistar大鼠,随机分为2组:正常饮食组和高脂饮食组。喂养8周后,高脂饮食组大鼠腹腔注射单剂量链脲佐菌素(STZ)27 mg/kg复制2型糖尿病大鼠模型,2型糖尿病大鼠造模成功后随机分为3组:糖尿病模型组、PDTC治疗组和胰岛素治疗组。PDTC治疗组大鼠每天腹腔注射PDTC(50 mg/kg)1次;其它各组每天同一时间注射相同体积的生理盐水,胰岛素治疗组大鼠在处死前1 h腹腔注射胰岛素(1 U/kg)1次。治疗1周后尾静脉采血测定各组大鼠血糖水平,然后断头处死大鼠,测定肝组织中肝糖原的含量,采用Western blotting分析大鼠肝脏中蛋白激酶B(PKB/Akt)和糖原合成酶激酶-3β(GSK-3β)磷酸化水平的变化。结果:糖尿病模型组与正常饮食组大鼠相比血糖显著升高(P0.01);肝糖原含量明显减少(P0.01);肝脏中Akt及GSK-3β磷酸化水平明显降低(P0.01)。与糖尿病模型组大鼠相比,PDTC治疗组与胰岛素治疗组大鼠肝糖原合成均显著增加(P0.01);血糖均明显降低(P0.01);肝脏中Akt和GSK-3β磷酸化水平均明显增加(P0.01)。结论:PDTC可通过调控Akt/GSK-3β活性,增加肝糖原合成,降低血糖。     

Regulation of GLUT4 protein and glycogen synthase during muscle glycogen synthesis after exercise

The pattern of muscle glycogen synthesis following its depletion by exercise is biphasic. Initially, there is a rapid, insulin independent increase in the muscle glycogen stores. This is then followed by a slower insulin dependent rate of synthesis. Contributing to the rapid phase of glycogen synthesis is an increase in muscle cell membrane permeability to glucose, which serves to increase the intracellular concentration of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) and activate glycogen synthase. Stimulation of glucose transport by muscle contraction as well as insulin is largely mediated by translocation of the glucose transporter isoform GLUT4 from intracellular sites to the plasma membrane. Thus, the increase in membrane permeability to glucose following exercise most likely reflects an increase in GLUT4 protein associated with the plasma membrane. This insulin-like effect on muscle glucose transport induced by muscle contraction, however, reverses rapidly after exercise is stopped. As this direct effect on transport is lost, it is replaced by a marked increase in the sensitivity of muscle glucose transport and glycogen synthesis to insulin. Thus, the second phase of glycogen synthesis appears to be related to an increased muscle insulin sensitivity. Although the cellular modifications responsible for the increase in insulin sensitivity are unknown, it apparently helps maintain an increased number of GLUT4 transporters associated with the plasma membrane once the contraction-stimulated effect on translocation has reversed. It is also possible that an increase in GLUT4 protein expression plays a role during the insulin dependent phase.     

Improved insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake and glycogen synthase activation in rat skeletal muscles after adrenaline infusion: role of glycogen content and PKB phosphorylation

Aim: Effects of in vivo adrenaline infusion on subsequent insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake and glycogen synthase activation was investigated in slow‐twitch (soleus) and fast‐twitch (epitrochlearis) muscles. Furthermore, role of glycogen content and Protein kinase B (PKB) phosphorylation for modulation insulin sensitivity was investigated. Methods: Male Wistar rats received adrenaline from osmotic mini pumps (≈150 μg kg^?1 h^?1) for 1 or 12 days before muscles were removed for in vitro studies. Results: Glucose uptake at physiological insulin concentration was elevated in both muscles after 1 and 12 days of adrenaline infusion. Insulin‐stimulated glycogen synthase activation was also improved in both muscles. This elevated insulin sensitivity occurred despite the muscles were exposed to hyperglycaemia in vivo. After 1 day of adrenaline infusion, glycogen content was reduced in both muscles; insulin‐stimulated PKB ser⁴⁷³ phosphorylation was increased in both muscles only at the highest insulin concentration. After 12 days of adrenaline infusion, glycogen remained low in epitrochlearis, but returned to normal level in soleus; insulin‐stimulated PKB phosphorylation was normal in both muscles. Conclusion: Insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake and glycogen synthase activation were increased after adrenaline infusion. Increased insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake and glycogen synthase activation after adrenaline infusion cannot be explained by a reduction in glycogen content or an increase in PKB phosphorylation. The mechanisms for the improved insulin sensitivity after adrenaline treatment deserve particular attention as they occur in conjunction with hyperglycaemia.