机械通气引起老年病人呼吸道感染原因的分析与对策

目的：探讨262例机械通气引起老年病人呼吸道感染原因。方法：进行机械通气后第3天予以痰培养，以后每周一次痰培养，均用无菌吸痰管抽吸送检病原微生物。结果：262例发生肺部感染135人．发生率51．5％，送检标本210次，其中铜绿假单胞菌98株，溶血性葡萄菌24株，白色念珠菌68株，金黄色葡萄球菌20株。结论：必须采取预防院内感染有效措施，才能有效地预防医院内感染的发生。     

Mechanical ventilation in medical and neurological diseases: 11 years of experience

Mechanical ventilation (MV) is imperative in many forms of acute respiratory failure (ARF). The aim of this work was to review all episodes of MV in a Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU) during the 11-year period 1976-1986. Four per cent (n = 1008) of 24,899 admissions to the MICU were treated with MV. The mean age of ventilator-treated patients was 53 +/- 18 years, and obviously it increased during the period of study. The average duration of MV was 4.7 d. MICU mortality, hospital mortality and 2-year mortality rates for patients subjected to MV were 33%, 38% and 46%, respectively. The mortality rate did not change during the study period. Cerebrovascular and malignant diseases carried the highest mortality rates, 75 and 79%, respectively, whereas mortality in patients ventilated because of drug overdose (n = 313) was only 2%. The results of this study confirm previously published findings concerning the outcome of MV, and we conclude that the effects of MV remain discouraging in medical and neurological patients. Improved quality of ventilator therapy and monitoring, as well as continued research directed at the causes of ARF, are equally important in reducing the mortality in ARF.     

Prognostic factors in pulmonary tuberculosis requiring mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory failure

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The prognosis in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation is believed to be poor. The aim of this study was to identify factors contributing to in-hospital mortality in these patients. METHODS: The medical records of 32 patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis as a primary cause of acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation in the medical intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary referral hospital over a 10-year period were reviewed retrospectively, and predictors of mortality were assessed. RESULTS: The patients' median age was 69 years (range 25-88 years). The median length of intensive care unit stay was 11 days (range 2-88 days), and the median duration of mechanical ventilation was 9 days (range 2-86 days). Overall in-hospital mortality was 59% (19/32). Independent predictive factors of in-hospital mortality included tuberculous-destroyed lungs (hazard ratio 6.61, 95% CI: 1.21-36.04, P = 0.029), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores > or =20 (hazard ratio 4.90, 95% CI: 1.43-16.80, P = 0.012) and sepsis (hazard ratio 5.84, 95% CI: 1.63-20.95, P = 0.007). CONCLUSION: Acute respiratory failure caused by pulmonary tuberculosis necessitating mechanical ventilation has a high mortality rate and poor prognosis, particularly in patients with tuberculous-destroyed lungs, high Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores and sepsis.     

机械通气患者营养支持应用探讨

目的比较机械通气的患者肠内与肠外营养的效果与优缺点。方法选择呼吸监护室的呼吸衰竭行机械通气患者60例,随机分为肠内营养组（治疗组n=30）与肠外营养组（对照组n=30）。治疗组给予瑞高,对照组给予一般静脉营养支持治疗。对比两组血气、营养指标变化、撤机、住ICU与营养支持时间和并发症发生情况。结果除住ICU时间治疗组短于对照组（P〈0．05）外,其余指标两组无显著性差异。患者肠内与肠外营养一样可取得较好疗效,但肠内营养方便,并发症较轻,可缩短住ICU时间,是花费低、效果好的营养支持途径。     

Alcohol use disorders increase the risk for mechanical ventilation in medical patients

BACKGROUND: Annually, more than 300,000 patients receive mechanical ventilation in an intensive care unit in the United States. The hospital mortality for ventilated patients may approach 50%, depending on the primary diagnosis. In trauma and surgical patients, a diagnosis of alcohol use disorder (AUD) is common and is associated with a prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation. The objective of this study is to determine whether the presence of AUD and the development of alcohol withdrawal are associated with an increased use and duration of mechanical ventilation in patients with medical disorders that commonly require intensive care unit admission. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, a large all-payer inpatient database representing approximately 1,000 hospitals. For the years 2002 to 2003, adult patients with 1 of the 6 most common diagnoses associated with medical intensive care unit admission were included in the study. Both univariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression were performed to determine whether AUD and alcohol withdrawal were independently associated with the use and duration of mechanical ventilation in these patients. RESULTS: There were a total 785,602 patients who fulfilled 1 of the 6 diagnoses, 26,577 (3.4%) had AUD, 3,967 (0.5%) had alcohol withdrawal, and 65,071 (8.3%) underwent mechanical ventilation (53% <96 hours, 47%> or =96 hours). Independent of the medical diagnosis, AUD was associated with an increased risk of requiring mechanical ventilation (13.7 vs 8.1%, odds ratio=1.49, 95% confidence interval [1.414; 1.574], p<0.0001) but was not associated with a prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation. However, the presence of alcohol withdrawal was associated with a longer duration of mechanical ventilation (57 vs 47%> or =96 hours, odds ratio=1.48, 95% confidence interval [1.266; 1.724], p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with medical diagnoses associated with intensive care unit admission, AUD increases the risk for mechanical ventilation while the development of alcohol withdrawal is associated with a longer duration of mechanical ventilation.     

有创后序贯无创机械通气治疗重度COPD呼吸衰竭患者疗效观察

目的探讨有刨与无创序贯机械通气在治疗COPD重症呼吸衰竭的效果。方法选择40例COPD呼吸衰竭患者，随机分为两组，20例为有刨与无创序贯治疗组，20例为对照组，常规有创通气，以PSV方式至撤机。观察有创通气时间、总机械通气时间，医院获得性肺炎，住院时间、治疗费用等的差异；结果序贯治疗组与对照组，有创通气时间分别是（8．03±1．68）d和（15．02±2．96）d，总机械通气时间分别是（11．38±3．25）d和（19．29±4．11）d，VAP发生例数分别是3例和17例，住院时间分别是（15．89±2．01）d和（26．21±1．57）d，治疗费用分别是（1．09±0．01）万元和（1．92±0．06）万元，两组间比较差异有显著差异性（P〈0．05）。结论对COPD重症呼吸衰竭病例，采用有创与无刨序贯机械通气治疗可降低有刨机械通气时间、减少VAP的发生，减少住院时间及住院费用。     

肺栓塞的诊断及无创机械通气干预治疗探讨

目的分析肺栓塞的临床特点和无创机械通气在肺栓塞合并呼吸衰竭中的疗效。方法对我院近5年肺栓塞的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果大多数肺栓塞患者均存在基础疾病,具典型临床表现者10例(<30%),螺旋CT肺动脉造影(CT-PA)可明确诊断。31例并呼吸衰竭者予无创机械通气,治疗前及机械通气治疗后3d和5d的血气分析、心率及呼吸频率的数值有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论肺栓塞的临床症状与体征多种多样、缺乏特异性,诊断应提高对肺栓塞的警惕性,综合分析。无创机械通气在肺栓塞合并呼吸衰竭患者中疗效确切,值得临床推广。     

经鼻气管插管机械通气抢救呼吸衰竭97例临床分析

目的探讨经鼻气管插管机械通气治疗呼吸衰竭的应用价值。方法对97例慢性呼衰急性加重或急性呼衰患者行纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管机械通气治疗。结果88例抢救成功，顺利脱机拔管，死亡9例。抢救成功率90．7％。结论通过该法建立人工气道并机械通气抢救呼吸衰竭疗效满意。     

机械通气中气道压力增高的原因与防治

目的探讨机械通气患者气道压力增高的原因与防治对策。方法对本科2000年1月～2005年8月收治的112例机械通气病例进行回顾性分析。结果发生气道压力增高49例。其原因包括:气道阻塞31例,支气管痉挛7例,肺水肿5例,单肺通气3例,导管受压2例,气胸1例。结论气道阻塞、支气管痉挛、肺水肿为气道压力增高的主要原因。综合防治措施,可防止气道压力增高的发生,提高救治存活率。     

无创机械通气治疗高龄不宜气管插管患者多器官功能衰竭的疗效评价

目的评价无创机械通气治疗高龄不宜气管插管患者多器官功能衰竭的效果。方法 18例高龄不宜气管插管的多器官功能衰竭患者给予常规治疗,包括抗感染、抗炎、支气管扩张剂以及相应的对症治疗,同时采取BiPAP呼吸机行无创机械通气,在机械通气前、机械通气后2 h、12 h做血气分析,并观察临床效果。结果 13例患者被成功救治,5例患者死亡,病死率为27.8%,成功救治者和失败者之间在器官衰竭数、APACHEⅡ评分、治疗2 h及12 h后pH、PaCO2、治疗后12 h PaO2有明显差异(P<0.01)。结论无创机械通气可用于高龄不宜气管插管患者多器官功能衰竭的治疗,器官衰竭数、APACHEⅡ评分及治疗后早期血气改善情况等因素可影响NIMV的救治成功率。     

机械通气治疗急性重度有机磷农药中毒并呼吸衰竭的临床研究

目的 探讨机械通气在急性重度有机磷农药中毒( ASOPP)并呼吸衰竭患者救治中的临床价值.方法 分析2003年5月至2010年12月收治的ASOPP合并呼吸衰竭患者92例,其中机械通气治疗组(A组)47例,未行机械通气治疗组(B组)45例,比较两组住院时间及临床疗效.结果 A组住院时间明显短于B组(P＜0.01),而临床疗效显著高于B组(P＜0.01).结论 机械通气是救治ASOPP并呼吸衰竭的重要方法,能显著提高临床治愈率,缩短住院时间.     

RICU有创通气患者下呼吸道感染病原菌研究

目的　研究呼吸重症监护病房 (RICU)内有创机械通气患者 4 8小时后下呼吸道致病菌的细菌学情况。方法　对RICU内的 5 5例有创机械通气患者分别于上机后 4 8小时、5～ 7天、14天或拔管前采集下呼吸道分泌物作细菌培养、药敏及定量分析 ,细菌学资料作统计学分析。结果　采集下呼吸道分泌物12 9例次 ,86次细菌培养阳性 ,分离细菌 112株 ,以G-杆菌为主 ,占 91.0 7%。G-杆菌以铜绿假单胞菌(39.2 8% ) ,鲍曼不动杆菌 (2 3.2 1% )和大肠埃希菌 (7.14 % )为主。这些细菌具有多耐药性和较高的耐药率。结论　RICU患者下呼吸道感染菌随病程进展变化较大 ,特别是机械通气 4 8小时后 ,常以铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和大肠埃希菌为主 ,应经常监测病原微生物学 ,指导抗生素正确使用 ,减少下呼吸道院内感染 ,降低死亡率。     

Noninvasive mechanical ventilation and corrective surgery for treatment of a child with severe kyphoscoliosis

We report on an 11-year-old boy with severe kyphoscoliosis and respiratory failure. Noninvasive mechanical ventilation by nasal mask and hospitalization resulted in improved pulmonary function, thus facilitating corrective surgery for kyphoscoliosis. Following surgery, the patient remained on mechanical ventilation at home. Clinical and pulmonary function stabilized after discharge, as noted on a 1-month follow-up visit.     

神经重症科机械通气患者鲍曼不动杆菌感染耐药分析

目的了解神经重症ICU患者机械通气下呼吸道鲍曼不动杆菌感染及耐药情况。方法对本院神经重症医学科住院机械通气患者鲍曼不动杆菌对临床常见抗生素耐药情况进行分析,并对治疗效果评价。结果 98例鲍曼不动杆菌对临床常见药物耐药非常严重,大部分均在60.00%以上,对多粘菌素敏感性最高,98例患者66例治愈或者好转,32例对治疗无效,其中死亡15例。结论本院神经重症医学科鲍曼不动杆菌耐药率非常高,多粘菌素可作为泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌首选用药。     

Outcomes for older trauma patients in the emergency department screening positive for alcohol,cocaine, or marijuana use

Background: Substance use among older adults is an increasing concern, with the prevalence of substance use in older populations expected to double in the next decade. Drug and alcohol use is associated with trauma risk and outcomes, but little is known about the specific risk for older trauma patients. Objectives: To evaluate the association between drug and alcohol use and trauma outcomes among adults aged 55 years and older. Methods: This retrospective observational study included older adults from the Illinois Trauma Registry between 1999 and 2009. Exclusion criteria were age younger than 55 years or absent date of birth, ethanol level, or urine drug screen (UDS). Alcohol intoxication was defined as ethanol level greater than 80?mg/dL. UDS was used to screen cocaine and marijuana use. Analyses, for both the alcohol and the marijuana/cocaine groups, compared outcomes for patients with negative vs. positive screens. Results: 21?320 patients were included in the alcohol analysis and 17?077 in the drug analysis. Compared to non-intoxicated patients, alcohol-intoxicated patients had significantly (p?0.001) lower in-hospital mortality, decreased ICU admission, decreased intubation rate, and shorter hospital length of stay. Patients screening positive for cocaine or marijuana had significantly longer lengths of stay with increased ICU admission compared with those who screened negative. Conclusion: Among older trauma patients, this study shows significant associations with multiple trauma outcomes, including one between elevated ethanol concentrations and improved outcomes. Future research into the causes of these findings could inform the care of older trauma patients and aid in prevention of injuries.     

New puzzles for the use of non-invasive ventilation for immunosuppressed patients

On October 27, 2015, Lemile and colleagues published an article in JAMA entitled “Effect of Noninvasive Ventilation vs. Oxygen Therapy on Mortality among Immunocompromised Patients with Acute Respiratory Failure: A Randomized Clinical Trial”, which investigated the effects of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in 28-day mortality of 374 critically ill immunosuppressed patients. The authors found that among immunosuppressed patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure, early NIV compared with oxygen therapy alone did not reduce 28-day mortality. Furthermore, different from the previous publications, there were no significant differences in ICU-acquired infections, duration of mechanical ventilation, or lengths of ICU or hospital stays. The study power was limited, median oxygen flow used was higher than used before or 9 L/min, NIV settings provided tidal volumes higher than what is considered protective nowadays or from 7 to 10 mL/kg of ideal body weight and the hypoxemic respiratory failure was moderate to severe (median PaO₂/FIO₂ was around 140), a group prone to failure in noninvasive ventilatory support. Doubts arose regarding the early use of NIV in immunosuppressed critically ill patients with non-hypercapnic hypoxemic respiratory failure that need to be solved in the near future.     

Institutional care for long-term mechanical ventilation in Canada: A national survey

INTRODUCTION:No national Canadian data define resource requirements and care delivery for ventilator-assisted individuals (VAIs) requiring long-term institutional care. Such data will assist in planning health care services to this population.OBJECTIVE:To describe institutional and patient characteristics, prevalence, equipment used, care elements and admission barriers for VAIs requiring long-term institutional care.METHODS:Centres were identified from a national inventory and snowball referrals. The survey weblink was provided from December 2012 to April 2013. Weekly reminders were sent for six weeks.RESULTS:The response rate was 84% (54 of 64), with 44 adult and 10 pediatric centres providing data for 428 VAIs (301 invasive ventilation; 127 noninvasive ventilation [NIV]), equivalent to 1.3 VAIs per 100,000 population. An additional 106 VAIs were on wait lists in 18 centres. More VAIs with progressive neuromuscular disease received invasive ventilation than NIV (P<0.001); more VAIs with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (P<0.001), obesity hypoventilation syndrome (P<0.001) and central hypoventilation syndrome (P=0.02) required NIV. All centres used positive pressure ventilators, 21% diaphragmatic pacing, 15% negative pressure and 13% phrenic nerve stimulation. Most centres used lung volume recruitment (55%), manually (71%) and mechanically assisted cough (55%). Lack of beds and provincial funding were common admission barriers.CONCLUSIONS:Variable models and care practices exist for institutionalized care of Canadian VAIs. Patient prevalence was 1.3 per 100,000 Canadians.     

Pneumothorax in patients with respiratory failure in ICU

Pneumothorax is not an uncommon occurrence in ICU patients. Barotrauma and iatrogenesis remain the most common causes for pneumothorax in critically ill patients. Patients with underlying lung disease are more prone to develop pneumothorax, especially if they require positive pressure ventilation. A timely diagnosis of pneumothorax is critical as it may evolve into tension physiology. Most occurrences of pneumothoraces are readily diagnosed with a chest X-ray. Tension pneumothorax is a medical emergency, and managed with immediate needle decompression followed by tube thoracostomy. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest remains the gold standard for diagnosis; however, getting a CT scan of the chest in a critically ill patient can be challenging. The use of thoracic ultrasound has been emerging and is proven to be superior to chest X-ray in making a diagnosis. The possibility of occult pneumothorax in patients with thoracoabdominal blunt trauma should be kept in mind. Patients with pneumothorax in the ICU should be managed with a tube thoracostomy if they are symptomatic or on mechanical ventilation. The current guidelines recommend a small-bore chest tube as the first line management of pneumothorax. In patients with persistent air leak or whose lungs do not re-expand, a thoracic surgery consultation is recommended. In non-surgical candidates, bronchoscopic interventions or autologous blood patch are other options.     

序贯机械通气联合参麦注射液治疗COPD重症呼吸衰竭临床研究

目的探讨有创与无创序贯性机械通气联合参麦注射液在COPD重症呼吸衰竭中疗效。方法对105例COPD重症呼吸衰竭患者随机分为三组：A组肺部感染控制窗出现后,继续按常规有创机械通气方法治疗,以目前临床常用脱机模式压力支持（PS）模式脱机。B组即序贯组出窗后立即拔出气管插管,改用口鼻面罩双水平气道正压通气（B iPAP）。C组B组加用中药参麦注射液对COPD进行干预,参麦注射液40 m l加入5%葡萄糖250 m l静滴,每日1次,共10 d。比较三组总机械通气时间、VAP例数、住院时间。所得数据应用SPSS10.0统计分析。结果三组患者发生VAP的例数分别为16、8和5（P〈0.05）,总机械通气时间为（441±36）、（292±29）和（245±26）h（P〈0.05）;住院时间为（633±83）、（391±43）和（369±41）h（P〈0.05）。结论在肺部感染控制窗指导下的序贯性机械通气联合参麦注射液治疗COPD重症呼吸衰竭,可以明显缩短机械通气时间,降低VAP发病率,缩短总住院时间,改进治疗效果,是具有临床实用价值的有效脱机方案。