鼻咽癌抗独特型抗体疫苗的研究进展

抗独特型抗体因叮模拟肿瘤抗原，打破免疫耐受，已应用于卵巢癌、乳腺癌、黑色素瘤、结肠癌、淋巴瘤、胰腺癌等多种肿瘤的综合治疗中，并已取得一定疗效。文章就抗独特型抗体在鼻咽癌免疫治疗中的应用及发展趋势作一综述。     

鼻咽癌抗独特型单克隆抗体的主动免疫初探

用湖南鼻咽癌细胞株HNI2为免疫原,制备了数株抗鼻咽癌单抗(Abl).再用两株Abl(FC_2、HNI-5)为免疫原,制备了两株抗独特型单抗Ab2(2H4和5D3).体外和体内实验证实,2H4、5D3能替代鼻咽癌抗原,诱导体液和细胞免疫应答.因而认为它们可以作为新型抗鼻咽癌疫苗的候选物.选择19例晚期鼻咽癌病人用氢氧化铝凝胶沉淀的Ab2(Alum-2H4、Alum5D3),配合放疗进行主动免疫治疗;9例单纯接受放疗的晚期鼻咽癌病人作为对照组.经血清学检测发现,治疗组病人的抗抗独特型抗体(Ab3)、抗肿瘤抗体(Ab1’)水平均有不同程度增高,但也产生了人抗鼠抗体(HAMA).血清细胞因子TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-2水平在大多数治疗组病人中升高,而对照组Ab1 TNF-α、IFN-γIFM及IL-2血清水平均未升高.初步临床研究显示,鼠源性抗独特型单抗用于临床治疗是安全的,且Ab2能模拟肿瘤相关抗原,激发机体产生主动免疫应答.     

用抗独特型抗体主动免疫增强鼻咽癌放疗病人的免疫功能

针对鼻咽癌细胞膜抗原制备了一株单克隆抗体（Ａｂ１），且又对该（Ａｂ１）可变区制备了一株单抗（Ａｂ２），此Ａｂ２能象鼻咽癌细胞膜抗原一样与Ａｂ１可变区的抗原结合位结合，因此在功能上Ａｂ２能够模拟原抗原，刺激机体的免疫系统。用该Ａｂ２对鼻咽癌放疗病人作主动免疫治疗，并设放疗加生理盐水注射对照组。检测了血清中人抗鼠抗体（ＨＡＭＡ）的产生情况，并检测了治疗前后各项体液免疫指标，包括抗Ａｂ２抗体（Ａｂ３）和抗鼻咽癌细胞抗体（Ａｂ１）水平以及各项细胞免疫指标，包括血清中细胞因子ＴＮＦ－α、ＩＬ－２、ＩＦＮ－γ的水平和外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）ＩＬ－２ｍＲＮＡ的表达。结果表明，与对照组相比，鼻咽癌抗独特型抗体能使鼻咽癌放疗病人的免疫指标上升，有增强免疫功能的作用，可能是一种有益的辅助疗法。     

鼻咽癌抗独特型疫苗的制备及临床研究

目的：制备具有内影像特征的抗独特型抗体,用于鼻咽癌病人的主动免疫治疗以探讨其抗肿瘤效应。方法：用杂交瘤技术制备针对Ａｂ１可变区的抗独特型单抗（Ａｂ２）,免疫同系动物诱导产生免疫应答并用氢氧化铝凝胶沉淀法制成抗独物型疫苗,对１９例晚期鼻咽癌放疗病人作主动免疫治疗,９例放疗加生理盐水注射为对照组,用ＥＬＩＳＡ检测治疗前后病人血清抗体和细胞因子水平。用原位Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ杂交检测外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭ     

人源抗肝癌单链抗体库的构建及初步鉴定

目的构建人源抗肝癌单链抗体基因噬菌体表面呈现文库。方法利用噬菌体表面呈现技术,构建基因文库,经过panning筛选富集后,用ELISA方法检验抗原结合活性。结果从30个噬菌体克隆中筛选到8个具有肝癌细胞株SMMC7721结合活性的阳性克隆。结论从外周血淋巴细胞中获取可变区基因,利用噬菌体抗体库技术制备人源抗肝癌单链抗体的策略是可行的。     

抗独特型抗体对肿瘤的免疫治疗

1974年Jerne提出网络学说以来,对独特型(Id)、抗独特型(A-Id)、抗抗独特型调节网络进行了大量的研究,其中最受关注的是处于正负调节枢纽的Id环节,Id亦为抗原决定簇,为V基因编码的抗体和TCR表型.根据这一学说认为外在抗原为抗体中Id和T细胞受体所模仿,抗原注射于机体所产生的抗体为Ab1,而Ab1本身具有免疫原性产生A-Id抗体(Ab2),有一部分Ab2在三度空间模仿外在抗原,称     

抗独特型抗体在肿瘤主动免疫治疗研究中的进展

抗独特型抗体具有模拟抗原及免疫调节双重作用，能代替肿瘤抗原，诱发特异性免疫反应，临床初步应用显示出一定疗效。本文对抗独特型抗体及其在肿瘤主动免疫治疗研究中的进展作一综述。     

鼻咽癌抗独特型抗体的基础和初期临床研究

基于抗独特型抗体在免疫网络中的特殊地位，尤其是抗独特型抗体在肿瘤免疫治疗及预防中的潜力引起了广泛兴趣，国外已对多种实体瘤制备了相应抗独特型抗体．并已(或准备)试用于临床。但未见有鼻咽癌抗独特型抗体的研究报导。鼻咽癌为我国有区域性分布的高发肿瘤，对其常规治疗之外的免疫治疗研究不够充分     

用抗独特型疫苗主动免疫治疗鼻咽癌病人的临床研究

目的：探讨抗独特型疫苗主动免疫治疗鼻咽癌病人的抗肿瘤效应。;用两标具有鼻咽癌相关抗原内像的抗独特型单克隆抗体２Ｈ４,５Ｄ３,经氢氧化铝凝胶沉淀示制备成抗独特型疫苗Ａｌｕｍ－２Ｈ４,Ａｌｕｍ－５Ｄ３,对１９例晚期鼻咽癌放疗病人作主动免疫治疗,９例放疗加生理盐水注射为对照组。用ＥＬＩＳＡ检测治疗前后病人血清抗体和细胞因子水平。     

小细胞肺癌抗独特型单链抗体的表达及活性研究

目的:在大肠杆菌中高效表达小细胞肺癌(SCLC)抗独特型抗体3F6单链抗体(ScFv),并获得具有生物学活性的ScFv。方法:从SCLC抗独特型抗体3F6小鼠杂交瘤细胞中提取总RNA,反转录为cDNA。利用小鼠抗体骨架区共用引物,PCR扩增单抗重链可变区(VH)和轻链可变区(VL)。通过人工设计的柔性连接肽(Gly4Ser)3连接构建3F6ScFv。再将其重组到原核表达载体pQE31中,构建3F6ScFv表达载体。转化大肠杆菌M15,IPTG诱导表达,用NiNTA树脂对表达产物进行变性纯化。通过凝胶(SephacrylS200)柱上在位复性后,用竞争ELISA检测复性的3F6ScFv活性。结果:获得了SCLC抗独特型抗体3F6的VH和VL基因,构建了3F6ScFv表达质粒。在大肠杆菌中高效表达3F6ScFv,表达蛋白的相对分子质量为32×103,以包涵体形式存在。纯化后获得较纯的3F6ScFv蛋白,经复性后可竞争2F7抗体与SCLCNIHH128细胞结合。结论:成功构建、表达、纯化和复性了SCLC抗独特型抗体3F6ScFv,获得有活性的3F6ScFv,为SCLC抗独特型抗体的进一步研究奠定了基础。     

人源性肺癌噬菌体展示单链抗体库的构建

目的:构建人源性肺癌噬菌体单链抗体库,为筛选肺癌相关抗原的抗体奠定基础。方法:提取肺癌转移淋巴结总RNA,用RT-PCR技术扩增人抗体重链可变区(VH)和轻链可变区(VL)基因,在体外将VH和VL连接成单链抗体(ScFv)基因,并克隆到噬菌粒载体pCANTAB 5E中,电转化至感受态的大肠杆菌TG1,经辅助噬菌体超感染,形成噬菌体单链抗体库,采用限制性内切酶鉴定其多样性。结果:从肺癌转移淋巴结中成功提取RNA,逆转录PCR扩增出人可变区基因,连接形成单链抗体,最终构建了库容为1.2×108的抗人肺癌单链抗体库。BstNⅠ酶切法证明构建的抗体库具有良好的多样性。结论:成功地构建了噬菌体展示的抗人肺癌单链抗体库,为进一步筛选肺癌相关蛋白的可溶性抗体奠定了基础。     

结肠癌单抗MC5的噬菌体呈现型单链可变区片段的制备

背景与目的：MC5是一种特异性良好的针对人结肠癌的鼠源性单克隆抗体,而将鼠源性抗体小型化可使其用于在体研究时引起人抗鼠抗体反应的可能性大大降低。本研究的目的是制备MC5的噬菌体呈现型单链可变区片段（ScFv)。方法：从分泌MC5的杂交瘤细胞分离mRNA,RT-PCR分别扩增抗体的重,轻链可变区DNA（VH和VL DNA）,两者经linker DNA连接形成ScFvDNA,将ScFvDNA与噬粒载体pCANTAB5E的连接产物转化于大肠杆菌TG1,经M13KO7辅助噬菌体感染后,获得重组噬菌体抗体ScFv,以高表达MC5结合抗原的细胞株SW480对重组噬菌体抗体ScFv进行两轮筛选后,随机挑取克隆经ELISA筛选呈现MC5 ScFv的噬菌体单克隆,经竞争ELISA对阳性克隆结合抗原的能力进行鉴定。结果：VH,VL和ScFvDNA分别约为340bp,320bp和750bp,在随机筛检的25个克隆中得到10个呈现MC5ScFv的噬菌体单克隆,其中结合抗原能力强的克隆有3个,结论：用噬菌体呈现技术成功地制备了单抗MC5的ScFv,为拓展该抗体的应用范围奠定了基础。     

Construction and selection of human anti-idiotypic antibody single chain variable fragments or CDR3 fragments of nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with NPC were immunized in vitro by anti-NPC monoclonal antibody FC2 and transformed by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Detection showed that of 10 NPC patients, 8 patients' B cells immunized by FC2 and transformed by EBV produced anti-idiotypic antibodies to NPC. Five types of VH genes and 7 types of VL genes were obtained by RT-PCR amplification and then connected with (Gly4Ser)3 linker to form 14 types of scFv genes. ScFv genes digested with Sfi I were cloned into vector fUSE5 and transformed into E. coli MC 1061. Phage anti-idiotypic antibody library with 1.5 x 10(8) clones was obtained. After four rounds of panning, 270 phage clones were selected randomly and 91 FC2-positive clones were obtained by Sandwich ELISA, the positive ratio was 33.7%. 5 clones (D83, E92, G22, I50, I54), which might display beta type Ab2 scFv, were selected by binding inhibition test. These 5 phage anti-idiotypic antibodies were further analyzed by DNA sequencing. The VDJ regions of G22, I50, I54 belonged to VH4-39-D4-11-JH3-linker-V1-19-JL2, VH4-4-D4-11-JH6 and VH4-31-D4-11-JH6, respectively. E92 had the same VDJ regions with G22; D83 had the same VDJ regions with 150. So, a strategy for preparing and selecting beta type Ab2 scFv or CDR by means of immunization in vitro, EBV transformation and phage display technique is feasible, which paves a way for preparing cancer vaccine using beta type Ab2 scFv.     

Serologic diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. A double-blind study of four EB virus antibodies with evaluation by sequential discrimination

It is generally known that a close relationship exists between Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Recently, patients with early lesions of NPC have been detected in the general population by use of serologic mass survey. Using the double-blind method, we have studied the diagnostic value of the four EBV antibody titers, VCA-IgA, VCA-IgG, EA-IgA and EA-IgG, in four groups of subjects, each consisting of 50 persons: patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC group), patients with cancers other than NPC in the head and neck regions (HNC group), patients with cancers outside of head and neck regions (OC group) and normal individuals (NS group). The results of these four antibodies were evaluated both singularly and together by multivariate sequential discrimination. Taking 1:10 as the criterion of being positive, in the NPC group, the positive rate of VCA-IgA is 88%, the VCA-IgG rate is 100%, the EA-IgA rate is 48% and the EA-IgG rate is 74%. In the non-NPC group, the positive rates of VCA-IgA are as high as 86%-92%, but those of the other antibodies are as low as 0-42%. The positive rates and the geometric mean titers of these four antibodies were all elevated as compared with those in the three non-NPC groups. These differences are statistically significant. VCA-IgG is unimportant in the diagnosis of NPC because of its low specificity. By treating the antibody titers of VCA-IgA, VCA-IgG, EA-IgA and EA-IgG with sequential discrimination, the correlation rate between the serology and pathology of NPC is 88% and the false positive rate is 7.3%.     

ISOLATION OF ENDOTOXIN-SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES BY SELECTION OF AN SINGLE CHAIN PHAGE ANTIBODY LIBRARY

The development of antibody is now in the era of genetic engineered antibody after polyclonal antibody and monoclonal antibody. Among this, the technique of phage antibody library that is based on Smith抯 phage surface display system reported in 1985[1] has great potential in not only the preparation of human originated antibody but also the diagnosis and treatment of tumor. According to recent data, related papers have been increasingly reported on malignant melanoma[2-4], tumor-associated an…     

Familial nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Hong Kong: epidemiology and implication in screening

The pathogenetic mechanism of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is still unclear. Its familial aggregation, on the other hand, has been well documented by many epidemiological studies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical characteristics of familial NPC in an endemic region. Between March 1994 and November 2005, 1,202 consecutive patients were treated at our institution. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to their family history: group 1 had at least one first-degree relative with NPC at the time of diagnosis, and group 2 did not. There were 125(10.4%) patients in group 1, 66% of them had diseased siblings, 44% had diseased parents and 2% had diseased offspring. The patients in group 1 were on average about 2 years younger than group 2 at diagnosis (47.9 vs. 49.8, P = 0.04). There were also more stage I–II patients in group 1 (37 vs. 23%, P < 0.01). Although the 5 year overall survival was also higher with group 1 (79 vs. 69%, P < 0.01), only age, sex, T classification and N classification were found to be significant independent factors but not family history per se (P = 0.10). Similar findings were observed after excluding screen-detected patients from group 1. The high incidence of familial clustering and improved outcomes from early detection highlight the importance of screening among these high risk family members. Accepted for poster presentation at the World Cancer Congress of International Union Against Cancer 2008. An erratum to this article can be found at     

Epstein-Barr virus and nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Since its discovery 50 years ago, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been linked to the development of cancers originating from both lymphoid and epithelial cells. Approximately 95% of the world’s population...