肝肿瘤实时灰阶谐波超声造影与动态增强螺旋CT对照研究

目的 探讨实时灰阶谐波超声造影和动态增强螺旋CT对肝局灶性病变的诊断价值.方法 选择肝局灶性病变患者49例,共54个病灶.其中包括原发性肝癌29个,转移性肝癌4个,肝血管瘤11个,肝局灶性结节增生7个,肝硬化结节1个,肝脂肪浸润不均2个.分别进行实时灰阶谐波超声造影和动态增强螺旋CT检查,比较肝肿瘤在两种成像方法中的表现.结果 两种成像方法显示的肝肿瘤在不同时相的表现及在动脉相的增强类型相一致.超声造影鉴别诊断肝良恶性病变的敏感性、特异性和准确性分别为 90.9%（30/33）、90.5%（19/21）和 90.7%（49/54）;动态增强螺旋CT鉴别诊断肝良恶性病变的敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为 90.9%（30/33）、95.2%（20/21）和 92.6%（50/54）,二者鉴别肝局灶性病变良恶性的能力差异无显著性意义.结论 实时灰阶谐波超声造影和动态增强螺旋CT均能反映肝病变的血流动力学特性,均有助于肝肿瘤的鉴别诊断.     

肝肿瘤实时超声造影研究

目的 探讨实时超声造影在肝肿瘤诊断中的价值。方法 对30例共35个肝内占位性病变进行实时谱波超声造影检查，其中16个原发性肝癌，4个转移性肝癌，9个肝血管瘤，5个局灶性结节性增生，及1个硬化结节，选用百胜Megas超声诊断仪（机械指数0.04-0.06)和Bracco公司的SonoVue超声造影剂。结果 经超声造影后，35个病灶均有不同程度的增强，其实时增强方式有整体性，周边型、及中央型三种；造影增强至峰值时的病灶表现有均状、环状及不均性增强。肝癌以整体型和不均状为主；肝血管瘤以周边型和环状增强为主；局灶性结节性增生以中央型和均状增强为主。结论 实时超声造影能反映不同肝肿瘤的血流动力学改变，可帮助提高肝肿瘤的超声诊断的准确性。     

肝局灶性病变超声造影反向脉冲谐波显像的临床研究

目的 探讨不同肝局灶性病变在超声造影反向脉冲谐波显像时的动态灌注过程及其特征。方法 对7例肝细胞性肝癌，6例转移性肝肿瘤，1例腺瘤，6例血管瘤，1例局灶性脂肪浸润，3例局灶性慢性炎症，1例多房囊肿共25个肝局灶性病变进行超声造影反向脉冲谐波动态显像，观察病灶内及肝实质的灌注过程。结果 25例均观察到动脉期(5～24s)、门脉期(19～85s)、实质期(200～320s)。7例肝细胞性肝癌均为肝动脉期完全显著增强；5例转移癌为门脉期增强，2例在实质期发现更多病灶；6例血管瘤均显示出特征性的填充式增强；2例慢性炎症及1例脂肪浸润未见增强；1例腺瘤为门脉期显著增强；1例多房囊肿则为实质期低回声缺损。结论 超声造影反向脉冲谐波显像可清晰显示肝局灶性病变及肝实质的动态灌注过程，对诊断和鉴别诊断具有明确的临床应用价值。     

超声造影与数字减影血管造影在原发性小肝癌诊断中的对比研究

目的通过原发性小肝癌超声造影后的组织血流特征与数字减影血管造影（DSA）强化特征的对比分析，评价超声造影的临床诊断价值。方法25例常规超声发现肝脏内局灶性病变并经穿刺和病理诊断为原发性小肝癌的患者，经肘静脉团注Sono Vue，采用超声造影二次谐波成像技术，实时观察注射造影剂后病灶增强特征，然后该组患者均行DSA肝动脉造影。结果对25例原发性小肝癌患者进行超声造影与DSA检查，其中20例超声造影增强方式为快速增强，并在实质期快速消退，呈典型的“快进快出”的HCC增强模式与DSA肝动脉造影表现相同；其中1个病灶呈“快进慢出”模式，2个病灶呈“轻度慢进慢出”模式，与DSA肝动脉造影表现基本符合；有2例超声造影未检测出肿瘤样特征性图像改变，而经DSA肝动脉造影检测出并诊断为小肝癌。结论SonoVue超声造影二次谐波成像技术能动态显示病灶的增强特征，对原发性小肝癌的诊断和鉴别诊断均具有较高的临床应用价值，可提高早期诊断的检出率。     

肝肿瘤实时超声造影的血流动力学分析

目的探讨实时超声造影在肝肿瘤诊断中的价值。方法对29例患者共34个肝内实质占位病变进行实时谐波超声造影检查．其中16个原发性肝癌．4个转移性肝癌，9个肝血管瘤，5个局灶性结节性增生。结果经超声造影后，34个病灶均有不同程度的增强并有不同的增强特点。肝癌表现多为整体快速增强，呈不均状．并在门脉期快速消退；肝血管瘤多呈周围向心性增强．呈环状或周围结节状．并持续较长时间；肝局灶性结节性增生表现为中央扩散型快速均匀增强．并充盈整个门脉期。如以肝肿瘤在动脉期增强而在门脉期减退呈低回声作为诊断肝癌的指标．则超声造影诊断肝癌的敏感性、特异性及准确性分别为95％(19／20)、100％(14／14)和97％(33／34)。结论实时超声造影能反映不同肝肿瘤在不同时相上的不同表现，可帮助提高肝肿瘤超声诊断的准确性。     

超声造影在肝占位性病变诊断中的应用

目的探讨超声造影剂声诺维(SonoVue)在不同肝占位性病变中超声造影特点.方法对30例原发性肝癌、17例转移性肝癌、8例肝血管瘤、7例肝局灶性结节增生、9例结节性肝硬化、1例炎性包块,共72例患者的肝占位性病变进行实时超声造影检查,并与彩色多普勒超声、增强CT及病理结果进行比较.结果经超声造影后,各种肝内占位性病灶均显示不同程度的增强特点.肝癌表现多为动脉相快速显影,门脉相快速消退,呈"快进快出"型;肝血管瘤动脉相时无明显变化,增强方式以门静脉期周边缓慢增强,呈向心样填充,即从周边向中心部持续充填,造影剂显影持续时间较长;肝转移癌动脉相为均匀性增强或周边环状增强,内部可有轻度点状增强改变,实质期迅速出现回声减弱改变,易发现微小病灶;肝局灶性结节增生也为动脉期迅速增强,表现为门静脉期保持呈持续增强改变,以中央扩散型的均匀持续增强为主,在延迟相中有明显的造影剂摄取.结论不同的肝占位性病变在实时超声造影能表现出不同的时相特点,超声造影有助于提高对肝肿瘤超声诊断的特异性、敏感性及准确性.     

肝局灶性炎性病变的超声造影增强表现

目的探讨肝局灶性炎性病变超声造影的增强表现。方法采用造影剂SonoVue和对比脉冲序列成像技术对肝脓肿、炎性假瘤、胆管周围炎症、肝结核和真菌感染共58个肝局灶性炎性病灶施行了超声造影检查。观测病灶的增强水平、形态以及随时相变化的特点。结果32个肝脓肿病灶在动脉期呈现高增强、等增强和低增强分别为26个、5个和1个;30个病灶为周边环状增强伴中央无增强,其中22个见内部分隔状增强;20例显示动脉早期病灶所在区域肝组织楔形高增强;26个高增强病灶至门脉期14个、至延迟期共21个消退至低增强;5个等增强病灶至门脉期3个、至延迟期共4个消退至低增强。5例胆管周围炎症者动脉期表现为不均匀高增强（3例）或等增强（2例）,门脉期及延迟期所有病灶减退至低增强。19个炎性假瘤病灶动脉期高增强、等增强和低增强分别为11个、3个和5个,其中12个具有周边环状增强的特点,门脉期及延迟期所有病灶均表现为低增强。1个肝结核病灶和1个真菌感染炎性病灶动脉期均呈不均匀高增强,门脉期及延迟期亦减退至低增强。结论肝脓肿病灶大多数在门脉期为低增强,与欧洲指南所描述的典型表现有所不同。胆管周围炎和局灶性非化脓性炎症病变则表现出在动脉期高增强或等增强后,门脉期及延迟期消退为低增强,与恶性肿瘤的增强模式相似。     

肝良性占位病变低机械指数反向脉冲谐波实时超声造影研究

目的 利用超声造影剂SonoVue及实时超声造影技术观察肝良性占位病变造影剂灌注特点，探讨其对肝良性占位病变分类诊断的意义。方法 选择103例病理证实的肝良性占位病变患者（血管瘤33例，肝硬化增生结节11例，肝细胞腺瘤3例，胆管细胞腺瘤1例，局灶性结节增生6例，局灶性坏死11例，炎性假瘤4例，肝脓肿18例，局灶性脂肪浸润不均匀14例，血管平滑肌脂肪瘤2例），采用超声造影剂SonoVue（2．4ml团注）和低机械指数（M10．09～0．15）反向脉冲谐波造影成像技术进行实时超声造影观察。结果 81．8％（27／33）肝血管瘤表现为周边结节状增强及向心性增强模式；83．3％（5／6）局灶性结节增生早期动脉相显示“轮辐状”增强；90．9％（10／11）肝硬化增生结节和100％（14／14）局灶性脂肪浸润不均匀超声造影变化与周边肝组织基本一致；腺瘤及血管平滑肌脂肪瘤动脉相均显示快速整体增强100％（6／6），延迟相83．3％（5／6）显示为等回声或高回声；92．9％（13／14）局灶性坏死和炎性假瘤超声造影病灶内未见增强；94．4％（17／18）肝脓肿造影后病灶内出现大小不等的无回声区呈融合状，与周围肝组织界线清楚。结论 低机械指数反向脉冲谐波实时超声造影可准确显示大多数肝良性占位病灶的不同灌注特点，对分类诊断具有重要价值。     

肝局灶性病变超声造影诊断指标初探

目的 探讨适宜中国肝局灶性病变的超声造影诊断指标。方法 以注射造影剂后肝动脉开始显影作为动脉相的起始时间，以门静脉开始显影作为门脉相起始时间，以肝实质增强达峰值为实质相起始时间；分析682例肝局灶性病变超声造影肝动脉、门静脉的始增时间及肝实质的增强峰值时间、肝内病灶的开始减退时间，分析增强模式。结果 肝硬化与非肝硬化组肝动脉、门静脉及肝实质始增时间有显著差异，肝内良恶性病灶增强退出时间有显著差异。85％的原发性肝癌及99％肝转移癌在注射造影剂后180s内退出，故以180s作为延迟相起始时间及与实质相的划分点，由此将超声造影分为四个时相。结论 由于肝背景不同造成血流动力学差异，病灶增强时相以自身背景对比更为适宜；根据新的时相定义及病灶增强退出特征，总结出中国人肝癌及其他肝局灶性病变的超声造影诊断标准。     

肝脏局灶性病变超声造影与增强CT动脉期增强特征的对比研究

目的 比较肝脏局灶性病变超声造影和增强CT动脉期增强特征的不同.方法 对29例共38个肝脏局灶性病变行超声造影及增强CT检查,观察2种检查方法的增强特征,重点观察动脉早期(0～25 s)增强特征.根据超声造影与增强CT动脉期肝脏局灶性病变的增强类型,将病灶的增强方式分为0～Ⅲ级:0级:无增强;Ⅰ级:周边增强或中心点状强化;Ⅱ级:轮辐状增强、蜂窝样增强或不均匀性增强;Ⅲ级:整体增强.结果 (1)超声造影后,38个病变中,始增强时间＜25 s的病变占36个(94.74％),峰值时间＜25 s的病变占29个(76.32％).(2)超声造影增强为Ⅱ～Ⅲ级病灶共25个(65.79％),增强CT增强为Ⅱ～Ⅲ级病灶共13个(34.21％).两者之间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 与增强CT相比,超声造影对动脉期出现较早(＜25 s)的肝脏局灶性病变有重要的诊断价值.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.