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Zusammenfassung Die Bauchhöhle hat ein Faszienskelett, das durch ihren permanenten veränderhchen Ruhetonus verspannt gehalten wird. Zur Bauchhöhle gehören mit der seitlichen Bauchmuskulatur auch das Zwerchfell und der Beckenboden. Willkürliche und reflektorische Tonusänderungen bedingen ihre Verformung und ihren Verschluß oder ihre Eröffnung. Am Versuchstier haben wir diesen Ruhetonus schon in der Schwanzmuskulatur nachgewiesen, von der der Beckenboden des Menschen stammesgeschichtlich abstammt. Der Beckenboden bildet mit den Sphinkteren das anorektale Kontinenzorgan. Es ist, phylogenetisch erklärbar, bei der Frau viel schwächer entwickelt als beim Mann. Diese unterschiedliche Mächtigkeit ist his zu den Kernen des Rückenmarks, die diese Muskulatur steuern, zu verfolgen. Diese Asthenie des weiblichen Kontinenzorgans wird durch das Gebären und die Obstipation noch zusätzlich belastet. Das gleiche gilt für die Bauchdecke der Frau, die, wie hier nachgewiesen wird, nach einer Gravidität die gleichen, bleibenden Denervationserscheinungen ihrer Muskulatur erkennen läß t. Es sind die gleichen Schäden, die der Beckenboden mit den Sphinkteren erleidet. In schwereren Fällen ist neben der Inkontinenz also auch ein Schlotterbauch die Folge dieser Belastungen. Der ruhetonisierte Beckenboden kann das spastische Beckenbodensyndrom, die kontinente Obstipation, zur Folge haben. Sic kann psychotherapeutisch geheilt werden. Davon muß die inkontinente Obstipation unterschieden werden, die manchmal mit einem Mastdarmvorfall einhergeht. Bei ihr liegt das Hindernis im Darm. Sic kann in schweren Fällen durch eine Sigmaresektion gebessert werden. Die Denervationsinkontinenz ist am besten durch das operative Engerstellen des ganzen Levatortrichters zu bessern. Voraussetzung ist: Der gelähmte Beckenboden muß noch eine Restruheaktivität aufweisen.
Acquired disturbances of muscles of the peritoneal cavity
The peritoneal cavity has a fascial skeleton that is kept under tension by permanent variable resting tone maintained by the abdominal muscles. The lateral abdominal muscles, the diaphragm and the pelvic floor are all components of this fasciomuscular support system. Voluntary and reflective changes in muscle tension allow the entry and exit of matter into and out of the spherical abdominal cavity by opening and closing of specialized wall segments called sphincters. We have previously demonstrated the existence of a resting tone in the tail muscles of mammals from which the human pelvic floor muscles are derived. The pelvic floor and its integrated sphincters form the anorectal organ of continence. This organ is much weaker in females than in males. The spinal centers that govern continence, contain in the female significantly fewer ganglion cells than the corresponding centers in the male. Childbirth and a commonly found tendency to develop constipation are additional stressors for the congenitally weaker female organ of continence. We explain in this paper why the abdominal wall and the pelvic floor may suffer stretch-induced denervation injuries during pregnancy and delivery. Such damage may persist in later life and can give rise to incontinence and flabby abdomen. Based on our work in this field, we found a new differentiation between continent and incontinent constipation. Continent constipation is caused by spasticity of the pelvic floor characterized by abnormally high sphincter activity. This spastic pelvic floor syndrome can be treated successfully by psychotherapeutic techniques. Incontinent constipation, in contrast, is always associated with subnormal activity of the sphincters and may be a cause of rectal prolapse. It can be treated successfully by anterior rectosigmoid resection. Incontinent constipation will also require operative approximation of the levators in many cases. Improvement cannot be expected to result from this procedure, however, unless the pelvic floor shows some residual resting activity.
Korrespondenz an: em. Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. mult. F. Stelzner  相似文献   

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Greb C  Kalem T  Kälble T 《Der Urologe. Ausg. A》2003,42(1):82-9; discussion 87
The spore-forming anaerobic bacterium Clostridium difficile has become a serious enteropathogen. Oral and parenteral administration of antibiotics can cause ecological disturbances in the normal intestinal microflora. Suppression of the normal microflora may lead to reduced colonization resistance with subsequent overgrowth by pre-existing, naturally resistant microorganisms, such as C. difficile. C. difficile infection shows a range of clinical presentations between an asymptomatic carrier state, light diarrhea without inflammatory changes, and pseudomembranous colitis. C. difficile infection is acquired by the fecal-oral or environmental-oral routes. From March 2000 through March 2001 we assessed 48 cases of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD). Of these, 21 were due to C. difficile (CDAD). Cephalosporin was the agent most commonly associated with CDAD. Avoidance of cephalosporins, strict use of "single shot" prophylaxis, isolation of infected, symptomatic patients in single-bed rooms, improved hygiene and complete room disinfection lead to a rapid decrease of CDAD. The etiology, prognosis and prophylaxis are discussed in this paper.  相似文献   

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OBJECTIVE: The reconstruction of the anterior column of the thoracolumbar spine is still controversial. METHODS: The clinical notes and radiographs of 50 consecutive patients (29 M, 21 F, 43 years) treated with the Synex implant were reviewed at operation and at 12 and 20 months postoperatively. RESULTS: Of 45 patients, 25 returned to pre-injury activities within 1 year and 29 of 39 within 20 months. Two-thirds of the patients who were followed up returned to their job. After 1 year 25 of 45 patients had no or mild limitations in their back function. Six months later this group decreased to 6 of 39 patients. Visual analog scale (VAS) decreased from 87/100 preoperatively to 65/100 at the 1-year follow-up. The average permanent reduction of the injured vertebrae was 16.9 degrees including 2.3 degrees loss of correction. CONCLUSION: After reconstruction of the anterior column with the Synex implant only a minimal loss of correction or reduction was observed. The clinical outcome after use of the Synex implant appears promising. We recommend this implant as a valuable alternative for reconstruction of the anterior column of the thoracolumbar spine. However, long-term results are still required.  相似文献   

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Zusammenfassung Als einzige kausale medikamentöse Therapie ist nur die hormonelle Substitutionsbehandlung bei hypogonadotropem Hypogonadismus bei unterschiedlichen Ursachen allgemein akzeptiert. Effektive Behandlungsverfahren stehen daneben für die retrograde Ejakulation zur Verfügung. Die Wirksamkeit einer antientzündlichen und immunsuppressiven Therapie sowie einer Behandlung mit Antioxidanzien beim Nachweis von reaktiven Sauerstoffspezies wurde in kontrollierten Studien noch nicht ausreichend bewiesen. Umstritten ist die Behandlung der sog. idiopathischen Infertilität. Medikamentöse, empirische Behandlungsversuche mit Antiöstrogenen,Androgenen, Aromatasehemmern, hochgereinigtem und rekombinantem FSH, Mastzellblockern, Zink, Kallikrein, Pentoxifyllin, -Blockern oder L-Carnitin haben hierbei unterschiedliche Ergebnisse gezeigt. Bei moderatem idiopathischem OAT-Syndrom wird gegenwärtig allenfalls ein Versuch mit Antiöstrogenen befürwortet, ansonsten werden Maßnahmen der künstlichen Befruchtung empfohlen.  相似文献   

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Zusammenfassung An Hand von Röntgenbildern werden die morphologischen Eigentümlichkeiten einer generalisierten Entwicklungsverzögerung am Wirbelskelet aufgezeichnet. Es besteht eine Persistenz der fetal vorhandenen Knorpelfugen zwischen Körper und Bogen und zwischen den hinteren Bogenanteilen. Auch die Wirbelkörper entsprechen in ihrer Form einem besonders frühen Reifestadium der Ossifikation.In einem Fall besteht in der Familie die Neigung zu umfangreichen Mißbildungen am Skelet, im anderen Verbindung mit dem chondrodystrophischen Formenkreis.Die Ossifikationsverzögerungen an der Wirbelsäule werden als morphologisches Teilsymptom einer allgemeinen Störung der Knorpelverknöcherung angesehen.Mit 7 Textabbildungen (10 Einzelbilder).  相似文献   

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Epiphysenlösung     
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is a common hip disorder in adolescence and should be diagnosed and treated surgically as soon as possible. The etiology, biomechanical, biochemical and hereditary factors are still under investigation. The classification of SCFE is based on the acuteness, clinical and radiomorphological findings. Avascular necrosis of the epiphysis (AVN) and chondrolysis occur more often in operated than in non-operated patients. Medium and long-term sequelae of SCFE are loss of function and degenerative joint disease due to femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) or consequences from complications such as AVN and chondrolysis. For mild slips the long-term prognosis is better than for moderate or severe slips. Higher grade unstable SCFE may benefit from reduction while in chronic slips corrective osteotomy may be indicated. Traditional osteotomy procedures, such as Imhäuser or Southwick intertrochanteric osteotomy are safe procedures but correct the deformity distant from the site of the deformity. The surgical dislocation with modified Dunn osteotomy according to Ganz allows the preparation of an extended retinacular soft tissue flap and offers an extensive subperiosteal exposure of the circumference of the femoral neck before reducing the slipped epiphysis anatomically. In cases of FAI due to mild deformities restoration of the head-neck offset via hip arthroscopy or surgical dislocation should be considered before higher grade cartilage damage occurs.  相似文献   

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Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery - DieWürzburger Klinik hat mit der intravenösen D.I. sehr gute Erfolge aufzuweisen. Fast 33% der im schwersten postoperativen Kollaps Behandelten...  相似文献   

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Harnröhrentraumen   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Urethral lesions may be caused by blunt or penetrating objects in the course of accidents, or can be iatrogenic resulting from invasive measures such as catheterization or other major surgical measures (prostatectomy or sling operations for continence). They can also be caused by foreign bodies deliberately introduced into the urethra. Injuries may primarily affect the anterior or posterior urethra. Urethral reconstruction presupposes knowledge of the precise anatomy of the pelvic region. The surgical techniques used and the timing of reconstructive procedures will depend on the cause and nature of the urethral injury. A definitive surgical intervention in most cases of lesions resulting from accidents is not generally recommended, especially when the lesion is in the posterior urethra. A treatment algorithm should prevent post-surgical complications such as incontinence, impotence, recurring urinary tract infections, etc., necessitating multiple operations, and assure an adequate quality of life. Diagnostic clarification of the exact nature of urethral injuries requires high quality imaging studies by specialists in the field.  相似文献   

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Lymphödem     
Dr. G.R. Lulay 《Der Chirurg》2013,84(7):607-618
Swellings of the extremities are often observed in routine practice and are initially seen as a symptom; therefore, it is extremely important to find the cause and often produces differential diagnostic problems. As the diagnosis of lymphedema is mostly a clinical one it is especially necessary to thoroughly investigate an exact anamnesis and clinical examination which should be combined with as little technical equipment as possible. Implementation of the correct and consistent therapy of this chronic disease and continuous surveillance represents a special challenge for physicians and therapists. Operative solutions represent the last resort and often end in unsure results.  相似文献   

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