肾癌保留肾单位手术治疗的临床分析

目的 探讨肾癌保留肾单位手术的治疗效果。方法 107例行保留肾单位的肾癌切除手术，肿瘤直径2．5～6．5cm，平均3．7cm；肿瘤位于肾上极33例，肾中部23例，肾下极51例。TNM分期：T1 72例，T2 35例。透明细胞癌97例，颗粒细胞癌8例，囊性肾癌2例。结果 107例均成功手术，随访102例，平均随访时间82个月（6～120个月），除1例术后18个月出现肾上腺转移外，余101例均无肿瘤局部复发。结论肾癌保留肾单位手术是治疗局限性肾癌的有效方法。     

囊性肾癌5例报告并文献复习

目的:探讨囊性肾癌的早期诊断及治疗方法。方法:回顾性分析2008年1月~2012年8月间收治的5例囊性肾癌患者的临床资料,1例术前影像学检查提示双侧肾脏占位病变,一侧为囊性占位病变;4例显示单侧肾脏单发囊性占位病变,左肾3例,右肾1例;其中男3例,女2例;年龄46~68岁,平均56.4岁;肿瘤体积21.84~208ml,平均101.96ml。按照Bosniak分类,Ⅱ类1例,Ⅲ类2例,Ⅳ类2例;T1期2例,T2期2例,T3期1例。3例术前诊断为囊性肾癌,1例为肾脏囊肿,1例为肾嗜酸性细胞瘤合并囊性肾癌。2例行肾癌根治术,2例行肾部分切除术,1例行囊肿去顶减压术后2周行肾癌根治术。并结合相关文献复习进行分析讨论。结果:5例患者术后病理检查报告证实为透明细胞癌2例,乳头状细胞癌1例,多房囊性肾癌1例,嗜酸细胞腺瘤伴囊性变1例。平均随访34.4个月(10~66个月),1例发生骨骼及肺部转移,余4例均无复发转移。结论:囊性肾癌是一种广义上的肾癌分类,有四种分型;与其他类型肾癌相比,大部分恶性程度较低。囊性肾癌的术前诊断主要依赖于影像学检查,对于可疑病例,术中需行快速冷冻病理检查。对此类肿瘤,建议行保留肾单位手术。     

多房囊性肾细胞癌手术治疗的预后特点分析

目的探讨多房囊性肾细胞癌患者手术治疗的预后特点。方法回顾性分析482例肾癌患者中22例多房囊性肾细胞癌患者资料，分析其手术治疗的预后特点。多房囊性肾细胞癌占同期肾癌病例的4．56％，男女比例为2．67：1．00，年龄32～74岁，平均47岁。结果22例患者中行肾癌根治术18例，行肾部分切除术4例。肿瘤直径1．8～11．0cm，平均4．8cm。其中透明细胞癌21例，透明细胞癌与颗粒细胞癌混合型1例；pT1N0M019例，pT2N0M02例；pT3bN0M01例；G15例，G217例。失访2例，20例获随访，随访时间9～56个月，平均27．6个月。其中1例因肝硬化、上消化道出血死亡，无瘤存活21例。结论多房囊性肾癌是肾癌的一种特殊类型，多为肾偶发癌，病理分期分级低，预后与肿瘤大小无关，手术治疗效果满意，预后佳。     

青年肾癌的临床及病理学特点

目的探讨青年肾癌的临床及病理学特点，提高对青年。肾癌的认识。方法回顺性分析1983年8月至2005年6月732例。肾癌患者资料，其中〈35岁患者35例，占4．8％。男22例，女13例。年龄19～35岁，平均31岁。临床表现无痛性血尿12例（34％）、腰痛12例（34％）、腹部包块2例（6％）、发热3例、Stauffer综合征1例。肿瘤育径1．2～13．8cm，平均6．0cm。AJCC分期：Ⅰ期8例、Ⅱ期4例、Ⅲ期18例、Ⅳ期5例。行根治性肾切除术28例（包括3例同时行腔静脉瘤栓取出术，1例腔静脉取瘤栓加肺叶切除术）、肾部分切除术5例、束手术2例。结果34例手术患者（其中1例仅行探查取活检）术后病理为透明细胞癌23例、混合犁细胞癌5例、乳头状细胞癌和嫌色细胞癌各2例、低分化及未分化细胞癌各1例。26例患者随诊12—148个月，平均56个月。术后3、5年生存率分别为65％、50％。结论青年肾癌早期痛状隐匿，缺乏特异性，易忽视，确诊时临床分期相对较晚，恶性程度相对较高，易引起组织浸润和远处转移，预后相对不良。     

保留肾单位手术治疗早期肾癌的长期疗效观察

目的：探讨保留肾单位手术治疗早期肾癌的临床应用价值。方法：对采取保留肾单位手术治疗的23例孤立肾或对侧肾功能不全的早期肾癌临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：术后均未发生严重并发症，术后病理均为T1a期，其中透明细胞癌19例，嫌色细胞癌2例，乳头状肾癌1例，囊性肾癌1例。术后平均随访44．7个月，肿瘤复发1例，复发率为4．3％。1年、3年无瘤生存率分别为100％(23／23)、93．8％(15／16)。随访期间未出现肾功能衰竭而需透析治疗者。结论：孤立肾或对侧肾功能不全的早期肾癌，是施行保留肾单位手术的绝对指征，在最大限度保留肾功能的前提下可以获得与根治性肾切除相似的疗效。     

肾癌亚型MRI表现与病理特点的相关性分析

目的探讨肾细胞癌亚型的MRI特点。方法经手术切除并病理证实的肾癌患者234例（244灶）。男167例,女67例。年龄24～78岁,中位年龄53．5岁。肿瘤最大径0．8～20．0cm,平均6．2cm。TNM分期T1 135例（57．7％）、T2 41例（17．5％）、T3 31例（13．2％）、T4 27例（11．5％）。结合病理改变回顾性分析其MRI表现特点。结果透明细胞癌199例（209灶）,MRI表现为平扫不均匀信号（90．0％）及不均匀中、重度强化（88．4％）,病理表现主要为出血（27．8％）、坏死（46．4％）及囊性改变（23．9％）。乳头状肾细胞癌10例（灶）,平扫信号不均匀（90．0％）,增强扫描轻度（60．0％）强化,90．0％强化不均匀;内部可见囊变（50．0％）、出血（70．0％）。嫌色细胞癌13例（灶）,平扫信号较均匀（69．2％）,增强扫描多为均匀信号（66．7％）及轻度强化（91．7％）,出血、坏死及囊性改变少见。未分类型12例（灶）,呈不均匀信号及强化（83．3％）。结论肾癌各亚型MRI表现及病理改变有一定差异,嫌色细胞癌多为较均匀信号及轻度强化,乳头状癌多表现为不均匀信号及轻度强化,易囊变及出血,透明细胞癌与未分类型多为不均匀信号及中重度强化。肾癌MRI表现及病理特点对肾癌亚型的诊断与鉴别诊断有一定意义。     

保留肾单位手术治疗T1期肾癌的临床分析（附98例报告）

目的：探讨保留肾单位手术治疗T1期肾癌的临床疗效。方法：回顾性分析98例行保留肾单位手术治疗T1期肾癌患者的临床资料,其中男66例,女32例,平均年龄51岁（41～65岁）;对侧肾脏正常的患者85例,对侧肾脏存在疾患的患者13例;肿瘤平均直径2．4cm（1．3～6．5cm）;病理分期均为T1N0M0期;98例中93例行肾部分切除术,5例行肿瘤切除术。术后观察是否出现局部肾创面出血、漏尿等并发症,每3个月行腹部CT、肾脏ECT、超声及尿常规、肾功能检查。结果：98例手术均顺利完成,术后继发性出血3例、漏尿5例。随访10～12个月,平均10．3个月,2例术后6个月局部复发行根治性手术,其余96例无局部复发,无一例出现远处转移。结论：保留肾单位手术是治疗T1期肾癌安全有效的方法,值得推广。     

磁共振在小肾癌诊断中的应用

目的探讨磁共振（MR）在小肾癌（直径≤3cm）临床诊断中的价值。方法回顾分析22例经病理证实的小肾癌患者临床资料,病理类型包括透明细胞性肾癌20例、乳头状肾细胞癌1例及嫌色细胞性肾癌1例。所有患者均行1．5TMR动态增强检查。结果22例中T2WI假包膜显示率为81．81％;17例病灶在皮髓早期有较明显强化;3例病灶在皮髓早期强化轻微;2例肿瘤囊变,囊壁明显强化。与术后病理检查结果比较,MR术前临床分期诊断符合率为86．36％,淋巴结转移诊断准确率为90．91％,肿瘤侵犯肾筋膜诊断准确率为95．46％。结论MR对于小。肾癌的术前检出、诊断及分期有较高的准确率,具有重要的临床应用价值。     

睾丸生殖细胞肿瘤25例报告

睾丸生殖细胞肿瘤是男性生殖系较常见的肿瘤。我院于1975～1995年间收治睾丸生殖细胞肿瘤25例（共26枚），其中1例为双侧隐睾恶变，均经病理检查证实，现报告如下。1资料与方法本组25例，年龄1岁11个月～68岁，其中20～45岁者18例（占72％）。病理类型：恶性肿瘤21例，其中精原细胞瘤16例（64％），胚胎性癌5例（20％）；良性肿瘤4例，其中囊性畸服瘤2例（8％），表皮样囊肿2例比％）。21例恶性肿瘤的临床分期：Ⅰ期14例（66．7％），Ⅱ期4例（19．0％），Ⅲ期3例（14．3％）。25例均行手术切除患侧睾丸，其中有6例行局部淋巴腺清扫术，10例…     

小肾癌的保留肾单位手术治疗

目的 探讨保留肾单位的肾部分切除手术治疗小肾癌的安全性和合理性。方法 对48例小肾癌患者行保留肾单位的肾部分切除术。男29例，女19例。平均年龄42岁（24～61岁）。平均肿瘤直径2．4cm（1．0～4．0cm）。病理分期T1N0M047例，双侧肾癌1例。评估肾蒂阻断时间、术后并发症及局部复发情况。结果 48例手术均顺利完成，肾蒂阻断时间平均18min（12～26min）。术后出血3例、漏尿1例。平均随访21个月，1例术后6个月局部复发行根治性手术，1例出现远处转移而死亡，余未见复发或远处转移。结论 保留肾单位的肾部分切除治疗小肾癌安全有效，手术指征可扩展至对侧肾脏正常的患者。     

Outcome of surgery in cystic renal cell carcinoma

OBJECTIVES: To review cases of cystic renal cell carcinoma treated surgically at our institution and define their clinical and histopathologic features. METHODS: Between 1986 and 1998, 21 patients with cystic renal cell carcinoma were treated surgically. Cystic renal cell carcinoma was categorized using Hartman's classification. RESULTS: Histopathologic examination demonstrated cystic necrosis in 11 patients, multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma in 9, and unilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma in 1 patient. Tumors were incidentally found during an evaluation of unrelated disease or a general health checkup in 14 patients (67%). The mean tumor size was 5.6 cm (range 0.5 to 12) for cystic necrosis and 5.4 cm (range 2 to 9) for multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma. All 9 cases of multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma were of the clear cell type and tumor grade 1. The mean follow-up period was 65 months (range 9 to 141). The 5-year disease-specific survival rates for multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma and cystic necrosis were 100% and 80%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The prognosis for patients with cystic renal cell carcinoma is better than that for patients with solid tumors. In particular, the prognosis of multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma is excellent. Multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma represents a distinct subtype of renal cell carcinoma that can be completely cured by surgery.     

Renal cell carcinoma of the native kidney after renal transplantation. A case report and review of the literature

We report a patient with small renal cell carcinoma of the native kidney long after renal transplantation, which was considered to have developed before transplantation, and review the characteristics of renal cell carcinoma and acquired cystic disease following transplantation.     

Cystic renal cell carcinoma

Cystic renal cell carcinoma includes any malignant neoplasm of renal tubular epithelium which presents as a fluid-filled mass. Approximately 15 per cent of cases of renal cell carcinoma will be cystic on radiologic and pathologic examination. The clinical features of cystic renal cell carcinoma are similar to those which are solid. The radiographic and pathologic findings of cystic renal cell carcinoma are often more confusing and less specific than the findings of renal cell carcinoma which are predominantly solid. There are four basic pathologic mechanisms resulting in cystic renal cell carcinoma: intrinsic multiloculated growth; intrinsic unilocular growth (cystadenocarcinoma); cystic necrosis; and origin from the epithelial lining of a preexisting simple cyst. There are three basic radiologic patterns of cystic renal cell carcinoma: unilocular cystic mass, multiloculated cystic mass, and discrete mural nodule in a cystic mass. Cystic renal cell carcinoma is often extremely difficult to differentiate from non-neoplastic, benign neoplastic, and other malignant neoplastic masses utilizing radiologic studies alone. This review presents the clinical, pathologic, and radiographic features of cystic renal cell carcinoma and discusses its radiologic differential diagnosis.     

Renal tumors in end‐stage renal disease: A comprehensive review

The incidence of end‐stage renal disease has increased owing to the greater prevalence of patients with chronic kidney disease and diabetes mellitus. End‐stage renal disease is usually accompanied by acquired cystic disease and is a risk factor for renal cell carcinoma. The present review discusses the etiology of renal cell carcinoma in end‐stage renal disease patients, focusing on two unique renal cell carcinoma histological subtypes: acquired cystic disease‐associated renal cell carcinoma and clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma. Acquired cystic disease‐associated renal cell carcinoma occurs almost exclusively in patients who underwent hemodialysis, especially long‐term (>10 years) hemodialysis. Its histology is distinctive: a cribriform or sieve‐like architecture with intra‐ or intracystic lumina; tumor cells containing abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and large nuclei with prominent nucleoli; and most notably, calcium oxalate crystal deposition. Recognition of the crystals is critical for diagnosing acquired cystic disease‐associated renal cell carcinoma. Acquired cystic disease‐associated renal cell carcinoma typically has an indolent clinical course, except in cases with sarcomatoid components. Clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma also has an indolent course (no cases involving metastasis have been reported to date), and its features resemble those of both clear cell renal cell carcinoma and papillary renal cell carcinoma. Unlike acquired cystic disease‐associated renal cell carcinoma, which occurs only in end‐stage renal disease patients, clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma occurs in non‐end‐stage renal disease patients as well. Additional renal tumors in end‐stage renal disease patients include anastomosing hemangiomas. Long‐term hemodialysis worsens the prognosis of end‐stage renal disease patients with renal cell carcinoma, regardless of its original histological subtype, presumably by inducing oxidative stress and sarcomatoid transformation.     

Cystic local recurrence of renal cell carcinoma after laparoscopic radical nephrectomy in a hemodialysis patient

Although local recurrence of renal cell carcinoma after laparoscopic radical nephrectomy is sometimes reported, cystic local recurrence of renal cell carcinoma has rarely been reported. We report the case of a 59‐year‐old man with hemodialysis who developed cystic local recurrence of renal cell carcinoma accompanied by acquired cystic disease of the kidney in the retroperitoneal space after laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. A cystic tumor of 5.1 cm in diameter occurred in the left retroperitoneal space 15 months after left laparoscopic radical nephrectomy, and enlarged to 7.2 cm in diameter with enhanced mass along the wall of the cyst 36 months after surgery. The cystic tumor was removed and showed local recurrence of renal cell carcinoma on pathological examination.     

囊性肾癌诊治体会

目的 提高囊性肾癌的诊治水平. 方法 回顾分析10例囊性肾癌患者术前影像学特点、病理特征和治疗方法.男7例,女3例.年龄38～74岁,平均56岁.患侧腰酸3例,体检偶然发现7例,有肾囊肿病史者2例.囊腔直径3.5～8.2 cm.术前B超检查诊断为肾癌6例,CT诊断为肾癌7例.8例术中行冰冻病理:肾细胞癌6例,未发现恶性倾向2例.10例均行根治性肾切除术. 结果 术后病理诊断:肾透明细胞癌9例,颗粒细胞癌1例.病理学分型:肾癌囊性坏死6例,多房囊性肾癌2例,肾囊肿恶变型2例.8例随访6个月～5年,6例无瘤存活,2例分别于术后13、20个月死于肿瘤转移. 结论 重视囊性肾癌独特的影像学特点、病理学特征,术中行冰冻病理检查,是提高囊性肾癌诊治水平的关键.     

囊性肾癌的诊治(附12例报告)

目的　提高对囊性肾癌的认识。　方法　总结 12例囊性肾癌患者的诊断、治疗、预后等资料。术前诊断为复杂性囊肿 10例 ,9例术中行病理检查 ,8例报告为恶性。 12例中行根治性肾切除 7例 ,肾切除 3例 ,部分肾切除和囊肿去顶各 1例。　结果　 12例术后病理均为囊性肾透明细胞癌 ,平均随访 39.5个月 ,无肿瘤复发和转移。　结论　对可疑囊性肾癌者 ,术中须行病理检查 ;确诊者宜行根治性肾切除或部分肾切除。囊性肾癌预后较好     

A case of acquired cystic disease of bilateral kidneys with renal cell carcinoma following long-term hemodialysis]

We report a case of bilateral renal cell carcinoma which developed during about 14 years of hemodialysis. The patient of male was a 39-year-old with a chief complaint of macrohematuria 14 years prior to dialysis therapy. Computed tomography revealed multiple cystic changes of bilateral kidneys and a high density area in the right kidney. He was admitted to our department in April 1988. He was suspected of renal cell carcinoma of the right kidney and underwent transperitoneal radical nephrectomy on the right kidney. The left kidney was also resected simultaneously in part because it failed to function and in part because the long-term hemodialyzed patients are considered to have a complication of renal cell carcinoma at a high frequency. Pathological diagnosis was bilateral acquired cystic disease of the kidney (ACDK) with renal cell carcinoma. The kidney develops multiple cystic changes following long-term hemodialysis, which forms a high risk for development of renal cell carcinoma. This is a case of bilateral renal cell carcinoma which occurred after long-term hemodialysis, was reported with discussion and reference to the literature.     

A report of two cases of multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma: review of 51 cases reported and the results of a prognostic survey]

We report 2 cases of multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma. One was in a 33-year-old male, presenting with ultrasonic abnormality of the left kidney at an annual employee health care examination. Computerized tomography (CT) demonstrated a 5 cm of multilocular cystic mass adjacent to the lower pole of the left kidney. Another was in a 44-year-old male, presenting with microscopic hematuria at an annual employee health care examination. CT of the abdomen revealed a 6.5 cm of multilocular cystic mass on the upper pole of the right kidney. Both were diagnosed as renal cell carcinoma by the angiography and underwent radical nephrectomy. Gross specimens showed typical multilocular cystic appearance and histopathology showed clear cell carcinoma infiltrating septa and replacing epithelium of the cyst walls. Both patients are alive without evidence of disease at, 21 months and 14 months after operation, respectively. Including our cases, 51 multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma and multilocular cystic nephroma associated with renal cell carcinoma have been reported. From the review of the literatures and the answer of the questionnaires inquiring about the outcome of the patient to Japanese reporters, the outcome of 38 patients was ascertained. The 10-year survival rates and non-recurrence rate after operation calculated by the Kaphan-Meier formula were 97.3% and 90.3%, respectively. Because of the good prognosis of reported cases, we concluded that we should choose kidney-sparing surgery for the operation of multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma.