显微手术治疗Willis环前部颅内动脉瘤585例

目的 探讨Willis环前部颅内动脉瘤的显微手术技巧及治疗策略.方法 回顾性分析南方医科大学南方医院神经外科经显微外科手术治疗的Willis环前部动脉瘤585例(612个)的临床资料.术前Hunt-Hess分级:0级32例,Ⅰ级120例,Ⅱ级218例,Ⅲ级176例,Ⅳ级27例,Ⅴ级12例;影像学均显示为蛛网膜下腔出血.患者均行显微动脉瘤夹闭术;早期手术(发病3d内)107例,亚急性期手术(发病后4～14d)376例,延期手术(发病14d后)102例;采用格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)评估患者的预后情况,比较不同手术时机患者的预后及病死率.结果 585例612个Willis环前部动脉瘤均成功夹闭.术后GOS评分:1分6例,2分13例,3分28例,4分136例,5分402例.随访412例,恢复良好396例(96.2％).不同手术时机患者的预后良好率及病死率差异无统计学意义(P=0.262及0.624).结论 显微动脉瘤夹闭术是治疗Willis环前部颅内动脉瘤的有效方法.     

高分级颅内动脉瘤外科夹闭术手术时机对预后及血流动力学的影响

目的 探讨高分级颅内动脉瘤患者外科夹闭术手术时机对临床预后及血流动力学参数的影响.方法 分析2016年1月至2019年10月期间129例东南大学附属中大医院神经外科接受显微夹闭手术治疗的高分级(Hunt-HessⅣ～Ⅴ级)颅内动脉瘤患者的临床资料,根据手术时机的不同进行分组:发病后24h内手术者32例为超早期组,发病2...     

高级别颅内动脉瘤治疗策略探讨

目的 探讨高级别(Hunt-HessⅣ～Ⅴ级)颅内动脉瘤治疗方法和治疗时机选择.方法 回顾性分析2000年1月至2011年12月Ⅳ～Ⅴ级颅内动脉瘤304例,其中显微手术夹闭216例,血管内栓塞88例.结果 按GOS评分,显微手术夹闭组Ⅳ级192例中5分和4分94例,良好率49％;2分和1分38例,极差率19.8％.Ⅴ级24例中2分和1分19例,极差率79.2％.栓塞组中Ⅳ级78例中良好40例,良好率51.3％;2分和1分14例,极差率17.9％.Ⅴ级10例,1分9例,极差率90％.结论 Ⅳ级在3d内要积极治疗(手术或栓塞),3d后血管痉挛严重者应保守治疗,待病情好转后再治疗.Ⅴ级动脉瘤除非发病时间不长(2h内)或有明显血肿,否则不宜选择手术干预治疗,如要手术则宜选择显微手术夹闭.     

显微手术治疗65例70个动脉瘤

目的探讨颅内动脉瘤的手术时机与疗效的关系。方法从动脉瘤分级手术时间及疗效三方面总结应用显微神经外科技术对６５例病人的７０个动脉瘤进行的直视手术。结果按Ｈｕｎｔ动脉瘤分级０～２级的手术良好率为９４％；０～３级的手术良好率为９０％，死亡率为３．３％。结论对于２级以下的动脉瘤应尽早手术。除抢救外，３级以上病人应延期手术为好     

颅内动脉瘤显微手术治疗措施

目的探讨颅内动脉瘤显微手术治疗措施,以提高动脉瘤的手术疗效。方法回顾分析56例59个颅内动脉瘤显微手术治疗的时机、手术入路、术中和术后的处理。结果55例58个动脉瘤均获夹闭,1例行孤立术后死亡;随访6月至10年,55例均恢复日常工作生活。结论合理的手术措施对颅内动脉瘤包括多发性动脉瘤的治疗效果是至关重要的。     

单侧入路显微手术夹闭颅内多发动脉瘤的疗效分析

目的探讨单侧入路夹闭颅内多发动脉瘤的方法及疗效。方法回顾性分析宁夏医科大学总医院神经外科2015年1月至2017年9月,16例行单侧入路显微手术夹闭颅内多发动脉瘤患者(共35枚动脉瘤)的临床资料。手术经一侧翼点入路,先夹闭破裂动脉瘤,再处理未破裂动脉瘤。术后随访6个月到1年,采用格拉斯哥预后量表(GOS)评分评定预后。结果本组16例患者的35枚动脉瘤均一期手术全部夹闭。术后恢复良好12例,轻度残疾1例,重度残疾1例,植物生存1例,死亡1例;GOS评分4~5分者13例,预后良好率为81.2%。结论在明确责任动脉瘤前提下,根据患者实际情况选择单侧入路一期夹闭颅内多发动脉瘤,手术成功率高,预后良好。但需要注意对手术并发症的预防及治疗。     

显微手术治疗93例颅内动脉瘤的体会

目的探讨显微手术治疗颅内动脉瘤的方法与疗效。方法本组颅内动脉瘤患者93例,个性化选择恰当的手术时机,分别采用动脉瘤所在侧的翼点入路(91例)或颞下入路(2例)行动脉瘤显微夹闭术。结果 93例动脉瘤均成功手术夹闭。术后随访3～6个月,根据GOS评分:5分(恢复良好)64例,4分(轻度残疾)22例,3分(重度残疾)5例,2分(植物生存)1例及1分(死亡)1例。结论选择适当的手术时机,应用显微手术夹闭瘤颈治疗颅内动脉瘤可以获得良好的临床疗效。     

显微开颅夹闭术治疗颅内破裂动脉瘤的效果分析

目的探讨显微开颅夹闭术治疗颅内破裂动脉瘤的效果。方法选取2015-01-2016-06我院收治的120例颅内动脉瘤患者,均有明显的蛛网膜下腔出血,按照Hunt-Hess分级法划分为Ⅰ~Ⅳ级。患者24h、48h及72h不同时间显微开颅夹闭术治疗,每个时间点手术40例。术后半年随访调查,评估动脉瘤夹闭效果,并用GOS评分评估患者的预后情况,观察有无神经功能障碍加重现象。结果所有患者动脉瘤夹闭情况较好,无夹闭失败现象。应用GOS评分恢复良好108例(90.0%),轻度残疾7例(5.8%),重度残疾5例(4.2%)。24h、48h及72h内手术良好率分别为95.0%、92.5%、82.5%,无死亡。结论显微开颅夹闭术在颅内破裂动脉瘤中具有较好的应用效果,且手术治疗越快,预后效果越好。     

经翼点入路前循环动脉瘤显微手术治疗

目的总结前循环动脉瘤手术时机及翼点入路显微手术术中、术后的治疗经验。方法36例前循环动脉瘤显微手术,其中瘤颈夹闭术35例,瘤壁加固术1例。术式采用Yasargil翼点入路,近侧载瘤动脉暂时阻断,夹闭瘤颈。结果术后患者预后根据GOS分级评定：Ⅵ级31例,Ⅳ级3例,Ⅲ级1例,因术后严重脑血管痉挛死亡1例。治疗良好率达86％以上。结论手术时机的把握及术中操作、术后脑血管痉挛防治是前循环动脉瘤治疗成功的关键。     

颅内动脉瘤的显微手术(附95例报告)

目的　介绍９５ 例颅内动脉瘤显微神经外科手术的经验, 探讨显微手术技巧及动脉瘤破裂的处理。方法　在气管插管全麻及控制性低血压下手术。多采用改进的Ｙａｓａｒｇｉｌ 入路, 在显微镜直视下操作, 解剖动脉瘤颈, 稳妥地夹闭瘤蒂, 必要时行瘤体切除或瘤颈加固。结果　本组９５ 例中８５ 例行动脉瘤颈夹闭术,８ 例因瘤体巨大故在瘤颈夹闭后行瘤体切除术, 治愈率为９５－８％ 。术中动脉瘤破裂１０ 例, 死亡４ 例, 死亡率为４－２％ 。结论　显微神经外科技术对提高颅内动脉瘤手术成功率具有重要作用, 动脉瘤术中破裂出血是手术失败和致死的重要原因。有预见性地采用控制性低血压和暂时阻断载瘤动脉是术中动脉瘤破裂出血时的重要应急措施     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.