缺血预适应对体外循环血流动力学影响的临床研究

目的：比较冷停搏液与缺血预适应（IPC）加冷停搏液联合应用对先天性心脏病心内直视手术后血流动力学的影响。方法：先天性心脏病病人20例,随机分为缺血预适应组（IPC,n=10)和对照组（n=10）。IPC组在阻断升主动脉前实施缺血预适应（即3分钟缺血5分钟再灌注）,阻断升主动脉,灌注（4℃）St Thomas‘停搏液,心脏完全停跳后开始心内手术;对照组则不进行缺血预适应方案。两组均于并循前、开放升主动脉心脏复跳后300min、60min时经Swan-Ganz漂浮导管测定各项备流动力学指标,并观察心肌功能恢复情况、动脉血气及电解质变化。结果：CPB后IPC组血流动力学指标恢复快（P＜0．05）,心肌收缩有力,血压维持良好,需辅用多巴胺等强心药维持血压的病例明显少于对照组（P＜0．05）;两组动脉血气无明显变化（P＜0．05）。结论：缺血预适应加冷停搏液联合应用能促进体外循环心内直视手术后血流动力的恢复。     

不同麻醉方案对风湿性心脏病二尖瓣置换术患者的影响观察

目的:观察不同麻醉方案对风湿性心脏病患者进行二尖瓣置换手术的影响.方法:选择2019年3月—2020年10月我院收治的98例风湿性心脏病患者作为研究对象,所有患者均行二尖瓣置换术,随机将所有患者分为丙泊酚组和七氟醚组,各49例,七氟醚组患者全程吸入七氟醚进行麻醉,丙泊酚组患者采用丙泊酚全程把控输注麻醉,比较两组患者麻醉诱导前(T1)、主动脉开放后30min(T2)、主动脉开放后6h(T3)、主动脉开放后24h(T4)的心肌钙蛋白I(cTn I)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)水平,统计两组心脏自主复跳率、不良心血管事件(MACE)发生率.结果:T1时,两组cTn I、CK-MB水平无显著差异(P>0.05),T2～T4时,两组上述指标均较T1时显著上升,P<0.05;七氟醚组上述指标水平均显著低于丙泊酚组,P<0.05;七氟醚组MACE发生率(8.16％)显著低于丙泊酚组(24.49％),P<0.05;七氟醚组心脏复跳率(91.84％)显著高于丙泊酚组(71.43％),P<0.05.结论:与丙泊酚全程把控输注麻醉相比较,全程吸入七氟醚麻醉可显著减弱心肌酶的释放,减少MACE发生率,且能保护心肌、提高心脏主动复跳率.     

七氟醚全程吸入麻醉对瓣膜置换术患者的心肌缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的 观察七氟醚全程吸入麻醉对瓣膜置换术患者的心肌缺血再灌注损伤的影响.方法 选取我院2013年5月至2016年5月收治的48例二尖瓣置换术的风温性心脏病患者,随机分为观察组和对照组,各24例.观察组给予七氟醚全程吸入麻醉,对照组给予丙泊酚全程靶控输注麻醉.记录患者手术前(T0)、体外循环前(T1)、体外循环后(T2)和手术结束(T3)的心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)和中心静脉压(Cvp).检测患者麻醉诱导前、主动脉开放2、4h后心肌肌钙蛋白Ⅰ(cTnI)、血浆肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)水平.结果 两组患者术中血流动力学稳定(P＞0.05).主动脉开放后,观察组cTnI、SOD水平与对照组相比差异显著(P＜0.01).主动脉开放4h后,观察组CK-MB活性明显低于对照组(P＜0.01).术后观察组心脏自动复跳率高,导管拔除时间、心肌收缩力评分、1CU留驻时间与心血管不良事件发生率明显少于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 七氟醚全程吸入麻醉明显减轻瓣膜置换术患者的心肌缺血再灌注损伤,具有良好的心肌保护作用.     

丙泊酚后处理对体外循环冠脉旁路移植术患者心肌缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的:探讨主动脉开放即刻靶控输注丙泊酚1mg/L对体外循环下行冠状动脉旁路移植术患者心肌缺血再灌注损伤的影响。方法:择期体外循环下行冠状动脉旁路移植术患者40例,ASAⅡ级或Ⅲ级,随机分为七氟烷组(S组)和丙泊酚后处理组(P组)各20例。S组全程吸入0.5%～2%七氟烷;P组在主动脉开放前持续吸入0.5%～2%七氟烷,主动脉开放即刻靶控输注丙泊酚,血浆靶浓度为1mg/L,同时下调七氟烷吸入浓度,维持脑电双频谱指数(BIS)值在40～60范围直至手术结束。于麻醉诱导前即刻(T0)、主动脉开放后10min(T1)、回重症监护病房(ICU)后即刻(T2)、6h(T3)、12h(T4)、24h(T5)取桡动脉血测定心肌肌钙蛋白(IcTnI)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、可溶性细胞间黏附分子-1(sICAM-1)和CD11b水平。结果:2组不同时点cTnI、CK-MB、sICAM-1和CD11b浓度差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);与S组比较,P组cTnI和CK-MB浓度在T3～5时降低、sICAM-1浓度在T2～5时降低、CD11b表达在T1～5时降低;2组术后心肌梗死、房颤和心肌缺血的发生率差异无统计学意义(P...     

异氟醚对心内直视手术缺血后心肌酶的影响

目的　本研究旨在通过在体外循环下心内直视手术中观察心肌酶的变化 ,探讨异氟醚对体外循环心脏手术所致的心肌顿抑的影响。方法　选择 30例先天性心脏病 (室缺或房缺 )患者 ,随机分为异氟醚 (ISO)组和对照 (CON)组 ,每组各 15例。分别于术前、主动脉开放后 30min、60min和 2 4h从锁骨下静脉抽取血样测定乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH)、肌酸激酶同功酶 (CK MB)和α 羟丁酸脱氢酶 (HBDH)。另外 ,在复跳期间记录室颤发生例数。结果　ISO组主动脉开放后出现室颤 6例 ,通过除颤复跳 ,CON组为 9例 ,其中 6例通过除颤复跳 ,两组差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。主动脉开放 30min ,ISO组CK MB和HBDH均明显低于CON组 ,在 2 4h ,ISO组LDH、CK MB和HBDH均明显降低 (与CON组比较P <0 .0 5 )。结论　异氟醚麻醉可以降低主动脉开放后心肌酶的水平 ,对心肌顿抑产生保护作用     

腺苷后处理在心肺转流中的心肌保护作用

目的 观察腺苷药理性后处理在心肺转流心脏直视术中对心肌的保护作用.方法 45例心脏瓣膜置换术患者随机分为三组:腺苷预适应组转流前微量泵入腺苷;腺苷后处理组心脏灌停后术中再灌注时将腺苷加入停搏液中灌入或主动脉开放时由主动脉插管灌入;对照组在灌注液中加入同体积的生理盐水.三组分别于转流前、主动脉开放后2、6、16h采集患者桡动脉血,测血清肌酸激酶同功酶(CK-MB)、肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)、丙二醛(MDA);观察术后机械通气时间及术后正性肌力药物的应用.结果 腺苷预适应和后处理组术后多巴胺用量少,腺苷预适应组开放后2h CK-MB、6h MDA、开放后cTnI较对照组显著降低,后处理组开放后2、6h CK-MB、开放后MDA、cTnI均较对照组显著降低;预适应组和后处理组之间无显著差异(P>0.05).结论 外源性腺苷后处理和预适应在心肺转流中同样有显著的心肌保护作用.     

浅低温心脏不停跳与低温冷停跳对心肌保护效果比较

目的比较浅低温心脏不停跳及低温冷停跳心内直视手术对心肌保护的效果。方法20例需行二尖瓣置换术的患者随机分成两组,一组为不停跳体外循环心肌保护组(BH组),另一组为低温晶体心停搏液心肌保护组(CCP组),每组各10例。分别在转流前、开放主动脉后1h(BH组为开放上下腔静脉后1h,下同),术后6、24、48、72h采静脉血测定心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)、磷酸肌酸激酶同功酶(CK-MB)、血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)。结果两组间比较cTnI、CK-MB及SOD在开放主动脉后1h、术后6、24、48h均有显著性差异(P<0.05,P<0.01或P<0.001),cTnI于术后24h达到峰值,术后72h降至正常水平(P>0.05);SOD水平开放主动脉后1h为最低,后逐渐升高,至术后72h降至正常水平(P>0.05)。结论心脏不停跳体外循环心肌保护基本能避免缺血损害和缺血再灌注损伤,较之低温冷停跳是一种更安全、更接近于生理的心肌保护方法。     

异丙酚和依托咪酯对心内直视手术患者再灌注损伤的影响

目的 :比较等效麻醉剂量的异丙酚和依托咪酯对体外循环下心内直视术患者心肌缺血再灌注损伤的影响。方法 :将 2 0例择期体外循环下心内直视术患者随机分为两组 :异丙酚组 (P组 )、依托咪酯组 (E组 ) ,每组 10例。两组分别用异丙酚 2 m g/ kg,依托咪酯 0 .3mg/ kg诱导 ,然后均采用芬太尼 5 μg/ kg和卡肌宁 0 .3m g/ kg间断静脉注射 ,同时吸入 0 .5 %～ 2 %安氟醚维持麻醉。分别于诱导前 (T0 )、主动脉开放后 10 min(T1 )、2 4h(T2 )和 7d(T3) ,测定心肌肌钙蛋白 (Tn T)和肌酸磷激酸酶同功酶 (CK— MB) ,并记录心脏复跳的方式 ,心律失常的发生 ,使用升压药及术后并发症的情况。结果 :与诱导前相比 ,两组患者开放主动脉 10 m in后 Tn T和 CK— MB均明显升高 (P<0 .0 5或 P<0 .0 1) ,其中 P组小于 E组同时值 ,(P<0 .0 5 ) ,主动脉开放后需电击复跳 ,伴有心律失常和术后并发症的例数 ,P组少于E组。结论 :异丙酚减轻体外循环下心肌缺血再灌注损伤的作用 ,强于等效剂量的依托咪酯     

磷酸肌酸钠停搏液对未成熟心肌保护效果的临床观察

目的 探讨磷酸肌酸钠(cP)停搏液在婴幼儿心内直视术中的心肌保护效果.方法 选择60例择期在体外循环(ECC)和心脏停搏下,行法洛四联症(TDF)根治术的先天性心脏病(先心病)患儿,随机分为试验组和对照组.主动脉阻断后于其根部插针顺行灌注4℃停搏液,试验组灌注CP停搏液(在单纯冷晶体高钾停搏液中加入CP,浓度为10 mmol/L),对照组灌注单纯冷晶体高钾停搏液.2组患儿分别于ECC前、主动脉阻断(ACC)30 min后,术后2、24、48 h抽取中心静脉血,测血清心肌酶(CK-MB、cTnI)的浓度;分别记录,临床观察指标(心脏诱导停搏时间,自动复跳时间,自动复跳率,术后呼吸机维持时间、ECC停止及术后24 h多巴胺、盐酸肾上腺素用量和使用率).结果 试验组在各临床观察指标上均优于对照组(P<0.05);2组的血清心肌酶均于ACC 30min后开始上升,并于术后24 h达高峰,与ECC前比较有统计意义(P<0.01).2组间比较,试验组在ACC 30 min后各时点升高的幅度明显低于对照组(P<0.05),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论婴幼儿心内直视术中应用含CP的冷晶体停搏液对未成熟心肌具有良好的保护作用,优于单纯的冷晶体心脏停搏液.[关键词l磷酸肌酸钠;冷晶体停搏液;心内直视术;未成熟心肌;心肌保护     

冷血停跳液单次灌注在心内直视手术中的应用

目的:探讨体外循环(Cardiopulmonary Bypass.CPB)心内直视手术中,单次灌注含钾冷血停跳液的心肌保护效果.方法:50例患者采用4:1血液晶体停搏液灌注.灌注量20 ml/kg,术中心电图不出现活动波形,则不再重复灌注.结果:患者CPB时间(76.78.±18.57)min,主动脉阻断时间(42.08±10.44)min.开放主动脉后心脏自动复跳48例(96%),复跳后除颤2例(4%),术后患者全部康复出院.结论:单次灌注含钾冷血停搏液心肌保护作用明显.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.