硫酸镁联合罗哌卡因在小儿骶管阻滞中的应用

目的探讨硫酸镁联合罗哌卡因在小儿骶管阻滞中运用的有效性和安全性。方法将59例接受单侧腹股沟疝修补术的患儿随机分为罗哌卡因组(R组)和硫酸镁罗哌卡因组(RM组),R组患儿于全麻成功后用0.15%罗哌卡因1 m L/kg行骶管阻滞,RM组患儿在全麻后以0.15%罗哌卡因1 m L/kg联合硫酸镁50 mg行骶管阻滞。比较两组患者FLACC评分、MBS评分、AS评分及术后1周的FAS评分,同时比较患儿术后止痛药物使用情况及术后不良反应发生情况。结果两组患儿一般情况比较差异无统计学意义,术后不同时间点FLACC评分、AS评分比较,RM组均低于R组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组术后M BS评分、术后不良反应比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。R组患儿术后镇痛药物芬太尼及对乙酰氨基酚的用量均大于RM组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组术后1周FAS评分均为0。结论 50 mg硫酸镁联合罗哌卡因小儿骶管阻滞较单纯罗哌卡因能提供更好的术后镇痛效果。     

罗哌卡因与左旋布比卡因及布比卡因在骶管阻滞麻醉的疗效分析与评价

目的 比较相同浓度罗哌卡因、左旋布比卡因和布比卡因骶管阻滞麻醉的临床效果.方法 90例行肛肠手术患者,随机分成3组,每组30例.R组:罗哌卡因;L组:左旋布比卡因;B组:布比卡因;行骶管阻滞麻醉.结果 感觉阻滞起效时间、阻滞持续时间、运动阻滞起效时间3组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),感觉阻滞消退时间R组显著长于L、B组,运动阻滞持续时间、消退时间R组显著短于L、B组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).3组骶管阻滞效果均良好.结论 罗哌卡因、左旋布比卡因和布比卡因三种药物用于骶管麻醉均可产生良好的感觉、运动阻滞.     

氢吗啡酮复合罗哌卡因骶管阻滞在儿童尿道下裂手术中的应用效果

目的 探究氢吗啡酮复合罗哌卡因骶管阻滞应用于儿童尿道下裂手术的有效性及安全性。方法 将110例行尿道下裂成型术的男性患儿（0～4岁）随机分为R组（骶管阻滞：0.20%罗哌卡因1 mL/kg）以及HR组（骶管阻滞：氢吗啡酮10μg/kg+0.20%罗哌卡因1 mL/kg）,每组55例。比较2组患儿术后镇痛时间,术后1、6、12、18、24 h加拿大东安大略儿童医院疼痛评分（CHEOPS）,麻醉时间、手术时间、苏醒时间以及术后不良反应之间的差异。结果 与R组相比,HR组患儿术后镇痛时间更长（P<0.01）,术后12 h和18 h CHEOPS评分更低（P<0.05）,2组患儿术后不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 氢吗啡酮复合罗哌卡因骶管阻滞能够安全地应用于小儿骶管麻醉,并有效延长术后镇痛时间,改善患儿术后恢复质量。     

不同浓度罗哌卡因用于患儿骶管阻滞术后镇痛60例

目的 观察不同浓度罗哌卡因用于6岁以内患儿骶管阻滞术后镇痛的效果.方法 选择行下腹部以下手术美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级I级、6岁以内患儿60例,随机分为3组,每组20倒.骶管阻滞用药浓度为R1组0.1%罗哌卡因1 mL/kg,R2组O.2%罗哌卡因1 mL/kg,R3组O.3%罗哌卡因1 mL/kg,术中有体动的患儿每次追加氯胺酮2 mg/kg.观察各组惠儿术后修改的客观疼痛评分法(OPS)镇痛评分及肌力恢复时间(Bromge评分)、运动阻滞程度评分.结果 镇痛效果及维持时间方面,R3>R2>R1;Bromge评分随着时间推移.R3>R2>R1.结论 不同浓度罗哌卡因可提供不同程度的镇痛效果和恢复效果,不同手术术后对惠儿有不同的要求,应使用不同浓度罗哌卡因用于患儿骶管阻滞术后镇痛.     

罗哌卡因与左旋布比卡因及布比卡因在骶管阻滞麻醉的疗效分析与评价

目的比较相同浓度罗哌卡因、左旋布比卡因和布比卡因骶管阻滞麻醉的临床效果。方法 90例行肛肠手术患者,随机分成3组,每组30例。R组:罗哌卡因;L组:左旋布比卡因;B组:布比卡因;行骶管阻滞麻醉。结果感觉阻滞起效时间、阻滞持续时间、运动阻滞起效时间3组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),感觉阻滞消退时间R组显著长于L、B组,运动阻滞持续时间、消退时间R组显著短于L、B组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3组骶管阻滞效果均良好。结论罗哌卡因、左旋布比卡因和布比卡因三种药物用于骶管麻醉均可产生良好的感觉、运动阻滞。     

右美托咪定对小儿骶管阻滞时罗哌卡因半数有效浓度的影响

目的研究右美托咪定对小儿罗哌卡因骶管阻滞半数有效浓度(EC50)的影响。方法选择拟行择期腹股沟斜疝修补手术的患儿80例,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级,年龄1~6岁,体重低于标准体重的150%。将患儿随机分成两组,每组40例。对照组骶管阻滞时仅使用罗哌卡因,右美托咪定组骶管阻滞时使用罗哌卡因和右美托咪定1μg·kg-1的混合液,局麻药的容量均为1 m L·kg~(-1)。罗哌卡因的初始浓度为0.2%,相邻浓度比值为1.2,根据阻滞是否有效决定下一例浓度。采用Dixon-Massey序贯法计算罗哌卡因小儿骶管阻滞EC50及其95%可信区间(CI)。结果对照组罗哌卡因小儿骶管阻滞EC50为0.171%(95%CI:0.165%~0.178%),右美托咪定组为0.133%(95%CI:0.124%~0.148%),低于对照组,差异显著(P<0.05)。结论混合使用右美托咪定1μg·kg-1能明显降低小儿罗哌卡因骶管阻滞的EC50。     

罗哌卡因在新生儿骶管阻滞中的应用

目的：探讨罗哌卡因应用于新生儿骶管阻滞的效果和安全性。方法：选择下腹部和会阴部手术新生儿40例，应用0．25％罗哌卡因行骶管阻滞，观察麻醉效果及对呼吸和循环的影响。结果：麻醉效果满意，生命体征平稳。结论：0．25％罗哌卡因应用于新生儿骶管阻滞麻醉，安全有效。     

罗哌卡因骶管阻滞用于小儿下肢手术的观察

罗哌卡因是一种新型的酰胺类局麻药,具有毒性低、时效长的特点,已证实可安全用于小儿骶管阻滞[1].我院自2004年开始用罗哌卡因用于小儿骶管阻滞,并同以往利多卡因加布比卡因小儿骶管阻滞进行对比,报告如下.     

罗哌卡因复合咪唑安定在小儿骶管阻滞麻醉中的临床研究

目的：观察罗哌卡因复合咪唑安定在小儿骶管阻滞麻醉中的有效性和安全性。方法：40例1～6岁行下腹部、会阴部及下肢手术患儿，随机双盲分成布比卡因（2．5mg／kg）对照组，罗哌卡因低、中、高（2．5、3．5、5．0mg／kg）剂量组。采用七氟醚诱导吸入麻醉加骶管阻滞罗哌卡因，复合咪唑安定（0．2mg／kg）。结果：在一定剂量范围内，罗哌卡因复合咪唑安定对舒张压、平均动脉压的影响小；术中心率、动脉血氧饱和度有轻度下降，但均在生理范围内；高、中剂量组术后镇痛持续时间类似布比卡因，低剂量短于布比卡因。除个别患儿在术中有牵拉反应和术后呕吐外，其余均未见明显不良反应。结论：罗哌卡因骶管阻滞复合咪唑安定在小儿麻醉中对患儿血液动力学影响小、可延长镇痛时间，且无明显不良反应。     

罗哌卡因复合小剂量吗啡用于小儿尿道下裂术后骶管阻滞镇痛的临床研究

目的比较单纯罗哌卡因和罗哌卡因复合小剂量吗啡用于小儿尿道下裂术后骶管阻滞镇痛的效果。方法选择ASA分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级的择期男性尿道下裂患儿50例,随机分成单纯罗哌卡因组（R组）和罗哌卡因复合吗啡组（RM组）,每组25例。R组全麻诱导后用0．25％罗哌卡因0．5mL／kg进行骶管阻滞,RM组用0．25％罗哌卡因0．5mL／kg复合吗啡7．5μg/kg进行骶管阻滞。记录两组患儿手术、麻醉以及镇痛时间。术后24h内记录不良副作用的发生率。结果R组平均镇痛时间为（9．8±2．6）h,RM组镇痛时间为（16．2±3．4）h,两组比较差异有统计学意义（t=7．476,P〈0．05）。两组患儿的手术时间、麻醉时间相似（P〉0．05）。两组并发症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（x^2=0．189,P〉0．05）。结论0．25％罗哌卡因复合小剂量吗啡7．5μg/kg用于小儿尿道下裂术后骶管阻滞镇痛,镇痛时间长,效果确切,没有明显副作用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.