Comparison of indocyanine green fluorescent angiography to digital subtraction angiography in brain arteriovenous malformation surgery

BACKGROUND The potential utility of intraoperative microscope-integrated indocyanine green （ICG） fluorescence angiography in the surgery of brain arteriovenous malformations （ AVMs ） and evaluation of the completeness of resection is debatable. Postoperative catheter angiography is considered the gold standard. We evaluated the value of ICG and intraoperative catheter angiography in this setting. METHODS Between January 2009 and July 2013, 37 patients with brain AVMs underwent surgical resection of their vascularlesions. ICG videoangiography and an intraoperative catheter angiography were performed in 32 cases, and a routine postoperative angiogram was performed within 48 h to 2 weeks after surgery. The usefulness of ICG findings and the ability to confirm total resection and to identify residual nidus or persistent shunt were assessed and compared to intraoperative and postoperative digital subtraction angiography, respectively. RESULTS There were 7 grade 1, 11 grade 2, 11 grade 3 and 3 grade 4 Spetzler-Martin classification AVMs. ICG angiography helped to distinguish AVM vessels in 26 patients. In 31 patients, it demonstrated that there was no residual shunting. In one patient, a residual AVM was identified and further resected. Intraoperative catheter angiography detected two additional small residuals that were missed by ICG angiography, both deep in the surgical cavity. Further resection of the AVM was performed, and total resection was confirmed by a repeat intraoperative angiogram. Postoperative angiography in a patient with a grade 4 lesion revealed one additional small deep residual AVM nidus with persistent late shunting missed on both ICG and intraoperative angiography. Overall ICG angiography missed three out of four residual AVMs after initial resection, while the intraoperative angiogram missed one. CONCLUSION Although ICG angiography is a helpful adjunct in the surgery of some brain AVMs, it＇s yield in detecting residual AVM nidus or shunt is low, especially for deep-seated lesions and hi     

Common features in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage following superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery bypass in steno-occlusive cerebrovascular disease

Five patients treated for intracranial cerebral hemorrhage after superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery bypass in Xuwu Hospital,Capital Medical University,Beijing,China,from 2005-2011 were included in this study.Prior to superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery bypass,all patients showed diminished cerebrovascular reactivity and an ipsilateral ischemic lesion.Intracranial cerebral hemorrhage developed within 1-4 days following superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery bypass.Transcranial Doppler showed increased middle cerebral artery velocity of 50-100% in the operated hemisphere.These findings suggested that focal hyperperfusion,an ipsilateral ischemic lesion and diminished cerebrovascular reactivity are the important characteristics of intracerebral hemorrhage following superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery bypass in patients with steno-occlusive cerebrovascular disease.     

Relationships between hemorrhage, angioarchitectural factors and collagen of arteriovenous malformations

Objective While associations between the angioarchitecture of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in the brain and pathological features have been described, here we investigated the relationship between the angioarchitecture, the pathological features of the vessel wall, and hemorrhagic events. Methods The study was conducted on 43 patients: 16 with ruptured AVM (rAVM), 15 with non-ruptured AVM (nrAVM), 6 with craniocerebral trauma (control) and 6 with epilepsy (control). The diagnosis of AVM was confirmed by preoperative digital subtraction angiography. Tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Masson’s trichrome (for collagen fibers) to evaluate the vessel wall structure and endothelial integrity. The content and distribution of collagen types I and III in the vessel wall were assessed by immunohistochemical staining. Results In the nrAVM group, the nidus had more draining veins than the rAVM group (P <0.05). Severely damaged endothelial cells, significantly fewer smooth muscle cells in the media, and hyperplasic type-I and -III collagen fibers were found in the rAVM group. The content of collagen types I and III in rAVMs was higher than that in the nrAVM (P <0.05) and control groups (P <0.01). Conclusion There is an association between angioarchitectural features such as the number of draining veins and the pathological structure of the AVM wall. These abnormalities may contribute to AVM rupture.     

脑动静脉畸形合并出血相关影响因素分析

目的 通过全脑DSA造影检测脑动静脉畸形血管构筑特征,分析探讨脑动静脉畸形合并出血的相关影响因素.方法 回顾性分析珠江医院神经外科收治的199例脑动静脉畸形患者的影像学资料,其中出血组107例,非出血组92例.采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析方法,分析畸形血管团大小、位置,供血动脉数目、位置,引流静脉数目、引流方向,合并动脉瘤数目、大小、与动脉瘤的位置关系,有无合并瘤样改变等因素与畸形血管团破裂出血的关系.结果 单因素分析表明微型(0.5～1.0 cm)和小型(1.0～2.0 cm)畸形血管团、深部畸形血管团、深部供血动脉、1～2支引流静脉、深部引流静脉、合并多个动脉瘤、合并小动脉瘤(＜5 mm)和位于供血动脉端动脉瘤是畸形血管团破裂出血的危险因素,合并瘤样变则降低出血的风险,供血动脉数目与出血无关.多因素Logistic回归分析发现畸形血管团破裂出血独立危险因素是微型和小型畸形血管团,深部引流静脉及合并供血动脉端动脉瘤.结论 微型、小型畸形血管团,深部引流静脉,供血动脉端动脉瘤与畸形血管团破裂出血密切相关.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the influencing factors of bleeding in patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) through observing the angioarchitecture of AVM with cerebral DSA.Methods The clinical and imaging data of 199 patients with AVM, including 107 with bleeding and 92without bleeding, were retrospectively analyzed. The relationships between bleeding and such factors as the site and size of masses, the type and site of supplying arteries, the number and pathway of venous drainage, having vascular tumor-like changes or not, the relation between AVM and aneurysm in terms of location, and the number and size of concurrent aneurysms were determined by univariate analyses and Binary logistic regression with SPSS13.0. Results Univariate analysis indicated that such factors as micro-sized (0.5-1.0 cra) and small-sized (1.0-2.0 cra) masses ofAVM, AVM underdeep location,having exclusively deep draining veins, fewer draining veins and deep feeding arteries, concurrent small aneurysms (＜5 mm), aneurysms at the end of the blood-supply artery were positively correlated to hemorrhagic presentation. The number of feeding arteries and the number of concurrent aneurysms were not correlated with hemorrhagic presentation. Having vascular tumor-like changes can decreased the risk of bleeding. When stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis was employed, only micro-sized and small-sized masses of AVM, having deep feeding arteries, and aneurysms at the end of the blood-supply artery were dependent predictors of hemorrhagic presentation. Conclusion Micro-sized and small-sized masses of AVM, having deep draining veins and aneurysms at the end of the blood-supply artery are the most powerful risk predictors for hemorrhagic AVM presentation.     

荧光造影和B超在脑浅表动静脉畸形手术中的联合应用

目的 探讨B超和吲哚菁绿血管造影(ICGA)在脑浅表动静脉畸形(AVMs)手术中的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析自2009年1月至12月北京天坛医院神经外科血管组联合应用B超和ICGA辅助切除的16例脑浅表AVMs患者临床资料,同时分析2种术中辅助技术对AVMs定位、边界确定及血管类型鉴别的作用.结果 术中联合应用ICGA和B超能有效帮助定位AVMs,确定其边界,帮助辨认供血动脉和引流静脉.16例脑浅表AVMs患者共行开颅手术16次,均全切病灶,手术后经DSA证实AVMs无残留.结论 脑浅表AVMs手术中联合应用ICGA和B超能有效帮助准确切除病灶,判断有无畸形残留,具有较高的临床应用价值.     

荧光造影和B超在脑浅表动静脉畸形手术中的联合应用

目的 探讨B超和吲哚菁绿血管造影(ICGA)在脑浅表动静脉畸形(AVMs)手术中的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析自2009年1月至12月北京天坛医院神经外科血管组联合应用B超和ICGA辅助切除的16例脑浅表AVMs患者临床资料,同时分析2种术中辅助技术对AVMs定位、边界确定及血管类型鉴别的作用.结果 术中联合应用ICGA和B超能有效帮助定位AVMs,确定其边界,帮助辨认供血动脉和引流静脉.16例脑浅表AVMs患者共行开颅手术16次,均全切病灶,手术后经DSA证实AVMs无残留.结论 脑浅表AVMs手术中联合应用ICGA和B超能有效帮助准确切除病灶,判断有无畸形残留,具有较高的临床应用价值.     

吲哚菁绿术中荧光造影在脊髓硬脊膜动静脉瘘手术中的应用

目的 探引哚菁绿术中荧光造影术在脊髓硬脊膜动静脉瘘手术中的作用.方法 9例脊髓硬脊膜动静咏瘘患者,均经脊髓DSA确诊,行后正中全椎板切开,术中吲哚菁绿荧光造影明确供血动脉、引流静脉及瘘口,夹闭瘘口并选择性切除静脉血管畸形.结果 畸形血管位于颈段1例、胸段4例、胸腰段2例、腰段1例、胸腰骶段1例;介入栓塞不充分后转手术1例,介入栓塞微导管难以到位转手术8例;术后MRI显示髓周异常迂曲畸形血管消失,脊髓缺血水肿好转.术后症状消失2例,改善6例,无变化1例.结论 吲哚菁绿术中荧光造影能够明确供血动脉、引流静脉及瘘口情况,有效地提高了脊髓硬脊膜动静脉瘘手术的疗效.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the clinical significance of intraoperative indocyanine green (ICG)videoangiography in surgical management of spinal dural ateriovenots fistulae (dAVFs).Method In this retrospective analysis we examined nine cases of dAVFs, diagnosed by complete spinal angiography,in which laminoplasty were performed through posterior approach.An operating microscope - integrated light source containing infrared excitation light illuminated the operating field and was used to visualize an intravenous bolus of ICG.The locations of fistulae, feeding arteries and draininig veins were identified and compared before and after surgical obhteration by intraoperative ICG videoangiography.Results In the nine cases the dAVFs involved one cervical cord, four thoracic cord,two thoracic lumbar cord, one lumbar cord and one thoracic and lumbosacral cord.One of them used to take an unsuccessful endovascular embolization, while the rest of them were given the operation right after diagnosed by the spinal angiography.Microscope-based ICG videoangiography identified the fistulous point(s),feeding arteries and draining veins in all nine cases,as confirmed by postoperative MRI which showed complete obliteration of the dAVFs with improved spinal blood supply and reduced spinal cord edema.After the operation the clini cal symptoms were nearly disappered in two cases, improved in six cases, and present no obvious changes in one case.Conclusions Intraoerative ICG videoangiography provides real -time information about the precise location of spinal dAVFs,the feeding arteries and the draining veins, as well as additional feeding aiteries unrevealed by the preoperative spinal angiography and residue pathologic blood vessels during the operation, which efficiently improves the surgical outcomes and prognosis.     

Transthoracic arterial bypass for the treatment of severe cerebral ischemia induced by brachiocephalic arteritis☆○ A report of 15 cases

BACKGROUND: Carotid arterial reconstruction is hard to cure the extensive lesions of carotid arteries and subclavian arteries in patients with brachiocephalic arteritis; however, transthoracic arterial bypass surgery provides an opportunity for the treatment of brachiocephalic arteritis. OBJECTIVE: To report the improving effects of transthoracic arterial bypass surgery on the clinical symptoms of severe cerebral ischemia induced by brachiocephalic arteritis and observe the occurrence of complications after the intervention. DESIGN: Case observation. SETTING: Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. PARTICIPANTS: Fifteen patients with Takayasu arteritis, including 1 male and 14 females, were selected from Department of Vascular Surgery, Wuhan Union Hospital from June 2003 to June 2007. Their ages ranged from 16 to 37 years. All patients were finally diagnosed by clinical histories, health examinations and color Doppler detection. All patients provided the confirmed consent. METHODS: All patients had received transthoracic artificial vascular bypass surgery. Among them, 6 patients had the bridge from ascending aorta to bilateral axillary arteries to lateral internal carotid artery; 3 from ascending aorta to bilateral axillary arteries; 5 from ascending aorta to lateral axillary artery to lateral internal carotid artery; In particular, one patient combining with abdominal aorta occlusion had received two step surgical interventions. In the first step, bridging surgery was performed from ascending aorta to bilateral axillary arteries to lateral internal carotid artery; in the second step, patients received left axillofemoral bypass. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Detecting blood velocity in variously intracranial-arterial systoles by using transcranial Doppler postoperatively; ② following-up the improve of clinical symptoms at 40 months after surgery; ③ observing postoperative complications. RESULTS: All 15 patients were involved in the final analysis. ① Intracranial-arterial blood velocity: Average intracranial-arterial blood velocity was significantly increased postoperatively (P < 0.01). ② Following-up results of clinical symptoms: All patients did not have death and blindness; while, transient cerebral ischemia, dizzy, photophobia, giddiness, hemoptysis and other symptoms disappeared gradually; therefore, patients were able to live by themselves. ③ Postoperative complications: Among them, 3 patients had injury of hypoglossal nerve and 3 patients had injury of recurrent laryngeal nerve. All recovered after 1–3 months conservative treatment. One patient with injury of brachial plexus nerve on one side relieved gradually after a half-year treatment. One patient had occlusion in subclavian arterial bridge on the third day after surgery and once more embolism after arterial embolectomy on the next day; however, the limb did not have obvious ischemic symptoms but low skin temperature as compared with the contralateral side. CONCLUSION: Transthoracic arterial bypass surgery can relieve clinical symptoms of brachiocephalic arteritis postoperatively, complications are mild, and the effects are confirmed.     

Intraoperative diffusion tensor imaging predicts the recovery of motor dysfunction after insular lesions

Insular lesions remain surgically challenging because of the need to balance aggressive resection and functional protection. Motor function deficits due to corticospinal tract injury are a common complication of surgery for lesions adjacent to the internal capsule and it is therefore essential to evaluate the corticospinal tract adjacent to the lesion. We used diffusion tensor imaging to evaluate the corticospinal tract in 89 patients with insular lobe lesions who underwent surgery in Chinese PLA General Hospital from February 2009 to May 2011. Postoperative motor function evaluation revealed that 57 patients had no changes in motor function, and 32 patients suffered motor dysfunction or aggravated motor dysfunction. Of the affected patients, 20 recovered motor function during the 6-12-month follow-up, and an additional 12 patients did not recover over more than 12 months of follow-up. Following reconstruction of the corticospinal tract, fractional anisotropy comparison demonstrated that preoperative, intraoperative and follow-up normalized fractional anisotropy in the stable group was higher than in the transient deficits group or the long-term deficits group. Compared with the transient deficits group, intraoperative normalized fractional anisotropy significantly decreased in the long-term deficits group. We conclude that intraoperative fractional anisotropy values of the corticospinal tracts can be used as a prognostic indicator of motor function outcome.     

Surgical strategy for cerebral arteriovenous malformation with acute hemorrhage

BACKGROUND: Presently, there have been craniocerebral operation, interventional embolization, stereotactic radiotherapy and other methods in treating cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM). However, the standard of different therapeutic regimens of cerebral AVM at the acute stage of hemorrhage has not been completely identified. OBJECTIVE: To observe the clinical characteristics and therapeutic effects of AVM at the acute stage of hemorrhage in patients, and to analyze corresponding therapeutic strategies. DESIGN: Non-randomized clinical observation. SETTING: Department of Neurosurgery, Foshan First People's Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-six patients with cerebral AVM complicated by hemorrhage admitted to Department of Neurosurgery, Foshan First People's Hospital between January 1999 and December 2006, were involved in this study. All the patients were confirmed as cerebral AVM complicated by hemorrhage by brain angiography or/and postoperational pathology. The involved patients, 32 males and 14 females, averaged 25 years old, ranging from 6 to 62 years. Informed consents of therapeutic items were obtained from the relatives of all the patients. METHODS: ①On admission, skull CT and brain angiography were conducted in the involved subjects. ②The therapeutic method was confirmed according to the consciousness, hematoma region, hematoma volume, imageological results following comprehensive analysis. DSA examination was permitted to identify the size and position of abnormal vessel mass, and the distribution of feeding artery and draining vein. Craniocerebral operation was carried out as early as possible in patients with severe or progressive conscious disturbance, in which most of hematoma with obvious occupied effect or cerebral hernia was located in lobe of brain. The primary thing was to clean intracerebral hematoma for in time decompression. According to different situations, corresponding therapeutic measures were used for resecting abnormal vessel mass, and the treatments of patients were observed. ③The therapeutic effects were assessed following Glasgow outcome scale(GOS) at 3 months after hemorrhage. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① The examination results of skull CT and brain angiography of patients on admission. ② Treatment of patients. ③ GOS results at 3 months after hemorrhage. RESULTS: Forty-six patients were involved, and all of them participated in the final analysis. ① Examination results of skull CT and brain angiography: Bleeding part: frontal lobe in 7 cases, parietal lobe 15, temporal lobe 19, occipital lobe 3, cerebellar hemisphere 2, and hemorrhage rupturing into ventricle 10. Haematoma volume: small volume of hematoma （< 20 mL）in 4 cases, moderate volume of hematoma （20–50 mL）14 , large volume of hematoma （50–80 mL）21, great volume of hematoma (> 80 mL) 7; Abnormal vessel mass: Among 17 patients undergoing aortocranial angiography, abnormal vessel mass was found in 16 patients, including cortex 13 patients, basal ganglia and thalamencephalon(deep part) 2 patients , and posterior cranial fossa 1 patient. The size of abnormal vessel mass: small (< 3 cm) 4 patients, moderate (3–6 cm) 9 patients, and large (> 6 cm) 3 patients. The type of feeding artery: perforating branch blood-supply 1 patient, cortical branch blood supply 13 patients, mixed branch blood supply 2 patients. The type of draining vein: cortical draining (superficial part) 10 patients, deep part draining 2 patients, and mixed draining 4 patients. ② Treatment condition: Among 17 patients undergoing brain angiography followed by craniocerebral operation, hematoma was removed and AVM was completely resected in 12 patients, hematoma was removed and AVM was partially resected in 3 patients, and only hematoma was resected in 2 patients; Among 24 patients undergoing emergent craniocerebral operation, hematoma was removed and AVM was completely resected in 5 patients, hematoma was removed and AVM was partially resected in 9 patients, and only hematoma was resected in 10 patients; Expectant treatment was carried out in the early stage in 5 patients. When disease condition was stable, AVM resection was separately or complicatedly conducted in 13 patients, embolization in 4 patients, and γ- radiotherapy in 5 patients. ③GOS: 5 patients died in postoperative complications, and among the other patients, 19 had moderate or had not functional impairment, 13 had moderate disability, 6 had severe disability, 2 were vegetative state, and 2 died. ④ Post-operative re-examination of brain angiography: Among 16 patients undergoing AVM, vessel mass disappeared in 9 patients. CONCLUSION: Good therapeutic effects can be obtained by choosing proper therapeutic regimen according to clinical and imageological characteristics of patients with arteriovenous malformation complicated by hemorrhage at the acute stage.     

术中B超辅助切除脑动静脉畸形

目的:探讨术中实时超声在脑动静脉畸形(AVM)外科治疗中的应用价值。方法:15例脑AVM患者接受显微外科治疗,术中病变切除前行超声检查,以定位AVM边界与周围脑组织结构关系;辨别供血动脉和引流静脉;确定血肿与AVM的关系。病变切除后重复超声检查AVM残留与否,并与术后血管造影结果对比。结果:15例患者病变均在实时超声导航下获得全切除。畸形血管团可被准确定位和界定范围,血肿区为高回声无血流信号,供血动脉血流动力学有别于正常血管,术中超声影像上病变的全切除为血管造影所证实。结论:术中实时超声能对脑AVM进行准确定位,并可判定脑AVM的全切除;AVM术中定位可为术前MRI、DSA起到有价值的补充。     

术中超声导航辅助切除脑动静脉畸形

目的探讨术中实时超声导航在脑动静脉畸形(AVM)外科治疗中的应用价值。方法26例脑AVM显微手术切除术中,使用Aloka SSD 4000型超声检查仪扫描,进行AVM定位、辨别供血动脉和引流静脉;确定血肿与AVM的关系以及血流动力学监测。病变切除后重复超声检查AVM残留与否,并与术后脑血管造影结果对比。结果26例畸形血管团均住实时超声下清晰显示并获得全切除。血肿区为高同声无血流信号;供血动脉与正常血管在血流动力学上有差别;术中超声影像所示的病变全切除为术后血管造影所证实。结论术中实时超声能够对脑AVM进行准确定位,指导皮质切口的设计,并可判定病灶是否全切除.对于术前的MRI、DSA检查起到很有价值的补充作用。     

术中彩色多普勒结合荧光造影在脑动静脉畸形手术中的应用

目的探讨术中彩色多普勒结合吲哚菁绿血管造影在脑动静脉畸形（cAVM）手术的应用价值。方法回顾性分析46例cAVM的临床资料。手术切除cAVM过程中,使用彩色多普勒探查以确定畸形血管团位置和供血动脉来源,并与术前CTA对比。同时使用吲哚菁绿进行术中荧光造影,观察畸形血管团血流方向,以辨认浅表供血动脉及引流静脉。手术切除畸形血管后再行多普勒及荧光造影检查以评估手术效果。结果 46例病人术中彩色多普勒所示病变定位与术前CTA一致,术中彩色多普勒对深部供血动脉分辨良好,但8例（17.4%）病变血管在彩色多普勒下难以发现。荧光造影对浅表血管血液流向分辨清晰,手术切除畸形血管团完全。术后病人出现轻度神经功能损害6例,经术后康复锻炼后无明显后遗症,其他病人神经功能保留良好。结论术中彩色多普勒结合吲哚菁绿荧光造影对cAVM术中定位、供血动脉及引流静脉有良好的实时判断价值,有助于确定手术切除方案,准确切断供血动脉,减少术中出血及手术副损伤,降低术后畸形血管团残留率。     

Surgical management of cerebral arteriovenous malformations with intraoperative digital subtraction angiography

Complete excision of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) is requisite to improving the outcome of patients with AVMs. Five patients with a small or medium cerebral AVM underwent surgery with an intraoperative digital subtraction angiography (DSA) unit. There were no residual AVMs and no complications in the examination of intraoperative DSA. The findings of postoperative angiography were consistent with those of intraoperative DSA. Intraoperative DSA provided the benefits of not only identification of a feeding artery, but also recognition of the complete excision during surgery.     

脑动静脉畸形的血管构筑特征与使用Onyx栓塞治疗的体会

目的 探讨脑动静脉畸形的血管构筑特征与使用Onyx进行血管内栓塞治疗的技巧. 方法 选择自2005年3月至2006年12月广州医学院附属第二医院神经外科收治的26例脑动静脉畸形患者,根据脑血管造影和超选择造影后脑动静脉畸形的血管构筑特征,使用Onyx进行血管内栓塞治疗. 结果 脑动静脉畸形栓塞治疗前需分析房隔结构.引流静脉数量,引流是否通畅,供血方式及混合伴有动脉瘤或静脉结构等.粗大、危险性小的供血动脉及伴发动脉瘤的脑动静脉畸形应优先栓塞,对于多支供血的脑动静脉畸形需保护引流静脉.本组栓塞治疗后畸形血管团完全消失7例,消失90%以上10例,消失70%～90%的7例.消失70%以下2例. 结论 全面的脑血管造影可正确指导使用Onyx栓塞治疗脑动静脉畸形,掌握一定的推注技巧可以显著提高脑动静脉畸形血管内治疗的效果.     

Structural features of cerebral arteriovenous malformations according to the data of optic microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of corrosion specimens

The aim of this study was to investigate structure of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVM). We examined and treated 5 patients with AVMs of cerebral hemispheres. Treatment consisted of endovascular embolization with subsequent surgical resection of AVM. The series included 3 female and 2 male patients (age 19-44, mean - 28 years). Histoacryl (B. Braun, Germany) was used for embolization. Corrosion specimens were prepared according to standard technique and examined using optic and scanning electron microscopy. AVMs had similar structure. Casts were formed by distal segments of afferent arteries, fistulas, interjacent venous vessels, proximal segments of draining veins and vessels of angiomatous surrounding. The latter consisted of abnormal network of small arteries, veins, fistulas and dilated capillaries. The most variable length and formation of glomeruli was characteristic for interjacent venous vessels. AVMs extensively anastomosed with cerebral vessels. Big amount of aneurysms and aneurysmatic bulgings was present. Aneurysms of intranidal segment of afferent artery and angiomatous vessels are demonstrated.     

脊髓髓内动静脉畸形的复合手术治疗

目的 探讨脊髓髓内动静脉畸形（IAVMs）的临床特点以及复合手术的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2017年9月至2021年6月在复合手术室行显微手术治疗的7例IAVMs的临床资料。先行DSA定位，显微镜下完全显露畸形血管团，术中DSA美兰实时显影技术精准判断供血动脉、引流静脉。结果 7例均顺利完成手术，其中6例畸形血管团全切除，术后即刻DSA显示供血动脉、畸形血管团、引流静脉不显影；1例胸段IAVM因部分病灶深入脊髓腹侧，在阻断供血动脉及引流静脉后仅进行部分切除。7例术后随访9~54个月，平均（27.7±16.5）个月；术后9个月McCormick分级Ⅰ级2例，Ⅱ级2例，Ⅲ级1例，Ⅳ级2例；末次随访，7例症状均改善，无死亡病例；除部分切除的1例外，其余6例复查MRI未见迂曲血管影及畸形血管团。结论 IAVMs临床少见。在电生理监测下，运用术中DSA美兰实时显影辅助显微手术切除IAVMs，可取得较好的临床疗效。     

复合手术在脑动静脉畸形治疗中的应用

目的 总结一站式复合手术在治疗脑动静脉畸形中的临床经验。方法 回顾性分析2014年4月至2017年11月采取复合手术治疗的24例脑动静脉畸形的临床资料,术前Spetzler-Martin分级Ⅲ级8 例,Ⅳ级14例,V级2例。14例术中先做治疗性供血动脉栓塞再进行手术切除,另10例直接行手术切除;全部病人均在切除病灶后行术中造影以评估切除程度。结果 24例畸形血管团全切除。20例术后恢复良好,4例术前昏迷病人术后意识障碍改善。没有死亡病人,未发生与介入相关的并发症。24例术后随访6个月至2年,16例行DSA、8例CTA检查;除1例存在部分病灶残留外,其余23例均无病灶残留或复发;日常生活能力分级Ⅰ级16例,Ⅱ级2例,Ⅲ级2例,Ⅳ级4例。结论 复合手术为脑动静脉畸形提供了一个新的外科治疗方案;该技术可简化多次介入以及显微手术的治疗过程,并且能够实时地对切除情况进行精准地评估,是一项安全有效的治疗方式。