妊娠早期空腹血浆血糖与妊娠期糖尿病诊断的相关性

目的 探讨妊娠早期空腹血浆血糖(fasting plasma glucose,FPG)水平与妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)诊断之间的相关性.方法 选择2008年1月1日至2009年12月31日在北京大学第一医院完成产前检查并住院分娩且资料完整的单胎孕妇5299例的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 (1)按照妊娠早期FPG的水平将孕妇分为A、B、C 3组.A组:FPG＜5.1 mmol/L,共4565例;B组:FPG≥5.1 mmol/L且＜5.8 mmol/L,共701例;C组:FPG≥5.8 mmol/L且＜7.0 mmol/L,共33例.A、B、C组在妊娠中、晚期被诊断为GDM的比例分别为10.69%(488/4565)、26.11%(183/701)、54.55%(18/33).(2)针对A和B组内不同人群进行母儿预后的比较,包括大于胎龄儿(large for gestational age,LGA)、新生儿高胆红素血症、新生儿低血糖、新生儿红细胞增多症、新生儿感染、早产、子痫前期及子痫、剖宫产等的发生率.2组内非GDM(妊娠中、晚期未被诊断)人群的母儿预后比较,B组除剖宫产与新生儿低血糖的发生率高于A组[54.63%(282/518)与49.03%(1999/4077)、1.54%(8/518)与0.61%(25/4077),P＜0.05],其余各项指标差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05);2组内未经孕期血糖管理的GDM人群母儿预后的比较,差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05);2组内经过孕期血糖管理的GDM人群母儿预后的比较,差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05);将A组和B组非GDM人群合并,与2组内未经过孕期管理的GDM患者(分别为A2组和B2组)比较,LGA发生率A2组高于合并组(12.00%与4.94%,x2=21.4159,P＜0.05),B2组高于合并组(18.39%与4.94%,X2=28.7189,P＜0.05);剖宫产率A2组高于合并组(57.78%与49.64%,x2=5.6806,P＜0.05),B2组高于合并组(66.67%与49.64%,x2=9.9003,P＜0.05);其余各指标比较,差异均无统计学意义.结论 将国际妊娠合并糖尿病研究组推荐的妊娠早期FPG≥5.1 mmol/L作为GDM的诊断标准,尚不适合推广,妊娠中、晚期葡萄糖耐量试验仍是最主要的诊断手段.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the relevance between fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level in early pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods Clinical data of 5299 singletonpregnant women accepted antenatal examination and delivered in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2009 were retrospectively analyzed. Results (1) The pregnant women were divided into 3 groups according to their FPG levels at early stage of gestation: Group A, FPG ＜5. 1 mmol/L (n= 4565); Group B,FPG≥5.1, but ＜5.8 mmol/L (n=701); Group C, FPG≥5.8 mmol/L, but ＜7.0 mmol/L(n=33). The incidence of GDM in Group A, B and C was 10. 69% (488/4565), 26. 11% (183/701)and 54. 55% (18/33). (2) The incidences of large for gestational age (LGA), cesarean section,premature birth, preeclampsia, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, neonatal hypoglycemia, neonatal polycythemia, and neonatal infection were compared between Group A and B. The cesarean section rate [54. 63% (282/518)]and neonatal hypoglycemia rate [1.54% (8/518)]of those who were not diagnosed as GDM in middle and late term in Group B were higher than those of Group A [49.03%(1999/4077) and 0. 61% (25/4077)] (P＜0. 05); while there were no differences between the other six index of Group A and Group B (P＞0. 05). The prognosis of the GDM patients who did not accept gestational glucose management in two groups were similar (P＞0. 05), so did the prognosis of the GDM patients who accepted gestational glucose management in two groups. After combining the patients of the two groups who were not diagnosed as GDM as a new group, they were compared with those who did not accept gestational glucose management of the two groups (Group A2 and B2)respectively. The incidence of LGA rate of the new group was lower than that of Group A2 (12. 00%va 4. 94 %, x2=21. 4159, P＜0. 05) and Group B2 (18. 39 % vs 4. 94%, x2 = 28. 7189, P＜0. 05).Cesarean section rate of the new group was lower than that of Group A2 (57. 78% vs 49.64%,x2 =5. 6806,P＜0.05) and Group B2 (66. 67% vs 49.64%, x2 =9. 9003, P＜0. 05). And there were no differences between the other six index between the new group and the other two groups (P＞0. 05). Conclusions The diagnosis criteria of GDM set as FPG≥5.1 mmol/L at early stage of gestation, recommended by International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group, is not applicable in China yet. Oral glucose tolerance test in middle and late term is still the most important diagnostic tool for GDM.     

单纯糖筛查异常临床干预对妊娠结局的影响

妊娠期糖尿病（gestational diabktes mellius，GDM）和妊娠期糖耐量单项异常（gestational impares glucose tolerance，GIGT）对胎儿、新生儿的影响已引起产科医师的广泛重视。但50g葡萄糖筛查（glucose challenge test，GCT）异常、葡萄糖耐量试验（oral glucose tolerance text，OGTT）正常的孕妇（单纯GCT异常），其妊娠结局可以与GDM和GIGT有相似之处，对胎儿及新生儿的影响尚未引起足够的重视。为减少巨大儿及母儿并发症的发生，本文通过对单纯GCT异常孕妇进行妊娠期营养和糖尿病一级预防相关知识的普及，达到了降低剖宫产率和巨大儿发生的目的，报道如下。     

妊娠期葡萄糖耐量试验血糖值与新生儿出生体重的关系

妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)是妊娠期特有疾病,指妊娠期发生或首次发现的不同程度的糖耐量异常,包含了一部分妊娠前已经患有糖尿病但妊娠期首次被诊断的患者.由于GDM的发病率逐年上升,且与巨大儿、剖宫产率增加、子痫前期等一系列不良妊娠结局的发生及母儿远期不良预后密切相关[1 2],故目前周内已广泛开展GDM的筛查工作.本研究对孕妇进行50 g葡萄糖负荷试验(glucose challenge test,GCT),对筛查异常的孕妇进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT),随访其妊娠结局,探讨OGTT各时点血糖值及OGTT结果的曲线下面积(area under the curve of the results of the oral glucose tolerance test,AUC-OGTT)与新生儿出生体重之间的关系.     

妊娠期高血糖患者产后糖代谢和脂代谢转归及其影响因素

目的 了解妊娠期不同程度高血糖患者产后6～12周糖代谢及脂代谢转归;分析影响妊娠期高血糖患者产后转归的相关因素;初步探讨国际妊娠合并糖尿病研究组近期提出的新的妊娠期糖尿病诊断标准对产后近期随访结果的影响.方法 通过对我院2007年1月1日至2009年12月31日分娩且于产后6～12周进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT)的262例妊娠期高血糖患者的临床资料进行分析,根据产后糖代谢及脂代谢状态进行分组,采用多因素Logistic回归模型对糖代谢及脂代谢影响因素进行分析,了解妊娠期高血糖患者产后6～12周糖代谢及脂代谢转归及相关因素.结果 (1)产后6～12周糖代谢异常检出率为35.1%(92/262),其中空腹血糖受损1例(0.4%),糖耐量受损81例(30.9%),空腹血糖受损+糖耐量受损4例(1.5%),糖尿病6例(2.3%).(2)Logistic回归模型分析显示,妊娠期高血糖诊断孕周,早孕期OGTT 2 h及3 h血糖值高均为产后6～12周发生糖代谢异常的危险因素,产后母乳喂养为保护因素,OR值及95%CI分别为0.824(0.724～0.941)、1.521(1.196～1.934)、1.272(1.047～1.547)、0.408(0.181～0.918).(3)250例妊娠期高血糖患者在产后6～12周进行血脂检测,产后脂代谢异常的发生率为63.2%(158/250),在血脂异常的患者中,最常见的是高胆固醇血症126例(50.4%),其次分别为高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇血症,共102例(40.8%),高甘油三酯血症60例(24.0%),低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇血症11例(4.4%).(4)Logistic回归模型分析显示,孕期OGTT 2 h血糖水平高为产后发生脂代谢异常的危险因素,OR=1.364(95%CI:1.063～1.751);孕期高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平高为保护因素,OR=0.379(95%CI:0.169～0.851).结论 妊娠期高血糖患者产后6～12周存在糖、脂代谢异常.妊娠期高血糖发现孕周早以及孕期OGTT 2 h及3 h血糖值高均为产后发生糖代谢异常的危险因素,产后母乳喂养为保护因素.孕期OGTT 2 h血糖值高为产后发生脂代谢异常的危险因素,孕期高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平高为保护因素.

Abstract：

Objective (1) To investigate the glucose and lipid metabolism 6-12 weeks after delivery in women with hyperglycemia during pregnancy. (2) To find out factors associated with the prognosis of women with hyperglycemia during pregnancy. (3) To investigate the feasibility of the diagnostic criteria set by the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group according to the follow-up data of women with hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Methods Clinical data of 262 women with hyperglycemia during pregnancy delivered in our hospital from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2009 were collected. All patients underwent oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at 6-12weeks after delivery. They were divided into two groups according to the postnatal status of glucose and lipid metabolism. Multivariate Logistic regression model was used to analyze the factors affected glucose and lipid metabolism after 6-12 weeks of delivery. Results (1) Among the 262 women, 92(35.1%) were reported with abnormal glucose metabolism at 6-12 weeks of delivery, including one (0. 4 % ) woman with impaired fasting glucose, 81 (30. 9 % ) with impaired glucose tolerance, 4( 1.5 % )with impaired fasting glucose+impaired glucose tolerance and 6 (2. 3%) with diabetes mellitus.glucose levels in OGTT (OGTT 2hPG and the OGTT 3hPG) were risk factors for postpartum 0. 181-0. 918)]. (3) All markers of lipid metabolism were detected in 250 women with hyperglycemia during pregnancy at 6-12 weeks after delivery, the rate of abnormal postnatal lipid metabolism was 63.2%(158/250). In the abnormal group (n= 174), the most common abnormal marker was hypercholesterolemia (n = 126, 50. 4 % ), followed by high levels of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (n = 102, 40. 8 %), hypertriglyceridemia (n= 60, 24. 0 %) and low levels of high-density lipoproteincholesterol (n= 11, 4. 4 %). (4) Logistic regression model showed that elevated OGTT 2hPG was the risk factor for postpartum abnormal glucose metabolism [OR= 1. 364 (95%CI: 1. 063-1. 751)], while 0. 169-0. 851)]. Conclusions Women with hyperglycemia during pregnancy are more likely to present with abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism which commonly coexisted with insulin resistance.The risk factors for the postpartum abnormal glucose metabolism in mothers with hyperglycemia during pregnancy include early diagnosis, OGTT 2hPG and OGTT 3hPG, while the protective factor is breastfeeding. The risk factor for the postpartum dyslipidaemia in mothers with hyperglycemia during pregnancy is OGTT 2hPG, while the protective factor is high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level in pregnancy.     

BMI正常的糖代谢异常孕妇胰岛素抵抗与分泌的研究

目的:探讨BMI正常的糖代谢异常孕妇胰岛素抵抗与分泌的关系。方法:选择2005年1月1日至2007年1月1日在我院进行正规产检、孕前BMI正常孕妇538例。于孕24~28周行50g葡萄糖筛查和75g葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT),根据检查结果将产妇分为:血糖正常孕妇组(NGT)178例、50g葡萄糖筛查(glucose challengetest,GCT)(+)组94例、妊娠期糖耐量减低(gestational impaired glucose tolerance,GIGT)组100例、妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)166例,同期测定空腹血胰岛素及空腹血糖。用稳态模型评估法(HOMA)计算各组胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)和胰岛素β细胞功能指数(HBCI),比较各组胰岛素抵抗和胰岛素分泌能力的差别。结果:(1)GDM组与NGT、GCT(+)、GIGT组孕妇相比,空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、HBCI差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。HOMA-IR在各组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(2)NGT、GIGT组孕妇的HOMA-IR与HBCI呈正相关关系(P<0.01)。GCT(+)、GDM组孕妇的HOMA-IR则与HBCI无关(r=0.123,P>0.05)。结论:孕中期BMI正常的GDM妇女胰岛素抵抗与NGT、GCT(+)、GIGT孕妇相比无增高,但胰岛β细胞分泌能力明显降低。     

妊娠期糖筛查时机的探讨

目的评价在不同孕周进行50 g葡萄糖负荷试验（glucose challenge test, GCT）对妊娠期糖尿病（gestational diabetes mellitus, GDM）和妊娠期糖耐量受损（gestational impaired glucose tolerance test, GIGT）的筛查效果. 方法对不同孕周的2000例孕妇进行50 g GCT,异常者再做正规糖耐量试验,确诊GDM或GIGT,并比较不同孕周妊娠期糖尿病或妊娠期糖耐量受损的诊断效果. 结果不同孕周进行50 g糖筛不影响GDM和GIGT最后诊断率,本研究GDM的发生率为4.75%（95/2000）,GIGT为5.51%（103/2000）.空腹进行50 g GCT阳性率和假阳性率均高于餐后1 h的50 g GCT,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）.在较早孕周初次进行GCT筛查,有助于早期发现GIGT和GDM.在GCT筛查推荐时期（孕24～28周）再进行一次50 g GCT,有助于提高GDM和GIGT的诊断率.对于GIGT血糖控制不满意者,必要时重做葡萄糖耐量试验以确诊是否发展为GDM.早期行50 g GCT组的剖宫产率和巨大儿发生率均低于孕24～28周筛查组. 结论对于GDM和GIGT的孕妇及时诊断与及时治疗,可以降低巨大儿和剖宫产率.     

妊娠期糖尿病母鼠血清晚期糖基化终产物与子鼠心脏发育异常的关系

Objective To explore the effect of advanced glycation end product(AGE) in serum of maternal rats with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on the heart development of their offsprings. Methods Fifty-four SD rats were randomly assigned into control group (n= 24) and GDM group (n=30) which were established by administration of streptozotocin intra-abdominally. On the gestational age of 13, 16, 19 days, all rats underwent hysterectomy to obtain the fetal heart tissues. Serum level of AGE and blood glucose level of maternal rats were tested. The expression of receptor AGE (RAGE) in fetal cardiac tissue were detected by immunohistoehemistry. Results The incidence of fetal heart defect in GDM group was significantly higher than the control group at each time point (P<0.01). Rats in GDM group had higher blood glucose level at each time point (P<0.01). The AGE levels of GDM group on gestational age of 13, 16 and 19 day [(5.72±0.68) U/mgpr, (7.31±0.29) U/mgpr and (7.77±0.39) U/mgpr] were significantly higher than those of the control group [(4.45±0.27) U/mgpr, (4.71±0. 35) U/mgpr and (4. 37±0. 44) U/rngpr] (t=6. 142, 16. 295, 0. 399,P<0. 01). The number of heart malformation in fetal rats (r=0.994,P=0. 000) and blood glucose (r=0. 717,P=0. 000) had the positive relationship with the maternal serum AGE level. The expression of RAGE in fetal heart was positively related with the number of fetal heart malformation (r= 0. 638,P= 0. 004). Conclusions The increased maternal serum AGE level in GDM rats may be an important factor in fetal heart dysplasia.     

妊娠期糖尿病母鼠血清晚期糖基化终产物与子鼠心脏发育异常的关系

Objective To explore the effect of advanced glycation end product(AGE) in serum of maternal rats with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on the heart development of their offsprings. Methods Fifty-four SD rats were randomly assigned into control group (n= 24) and GDM group (n=30) which were established by administration of streptozotocin intra-abdominally. On the gestational age of 13, 16, 19 days, all rats underwent hysterectomy to obtain the fetal heart tissues. Serum level of AGE and blood glucose level of maternal rats were tested. The expression of receptor AGE (RAGE) in fetal cardiac tissue were detected by immunohistoehemistry. Results The incidence of fetal heart defect in GDM group was significantly higher than the control group at each time point (P<0.01). Rats in GDM group had higher blood glucose level at each time point (P<0.01). The AGE levels of GDM group on gestational age of 13, 16 and 19 day [(5.72±0.68) U/mgpr, (7.31±0.29) U/mgpr and (7.77±0.39) U/mgpr] were significantly higher than those of the control group [(4.45±0.27) U/mgpr, (4.71±0. 35) U/mgpr and (4. 37±0. 44) U/rngpr] (t=6. 142, 16. 295, 0. 399,P<0. 01). The number of heart malformation in fetal rats (r=0.994,P=0. 000) and blood glucose (r=0. 717,P=0. 000) had the positive relationship with the maternal serum AGE level. The expression of RAGE in fetal heart was positively related with the number of fetal heart malformation (r= 0. 638,P= 0. 004). Conclusions The increased maternal serum AGE level in GDM rats may be an important factor in fetal heart dysplasia.     

妊娠期糖尿病母鼠血清晚期糖基化终产物与子鼠心脏发育异常的关系

Objective To explore the effect of advanced glycation end product(AGE) in serum of maternal rats with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on the heart development of their offsprings. Methods Fifty-four SD rats were randomly assigned into control group (n= 24) and GDM group (n=30) which were established by administration of streptozotocin intra-abdominally. On the gestational age of 13, 16, 19 days, all rats underwent hysterectomy to obtain the fetal heart tissues. Serum level of AGE and blood glucose level of maternal rats were tested. The expression of receptor AGE (RAGE) in fetal cardiac tissue were detected by immunohistoehemistry. Results The incidence of fetal heart defect in GDM group was significantly higher than the control group at each time point (P<0.01). Rats in GDM group had higher blood glucose level at each time point (P<0.01). The AGE levels of GDM group on gestational age of 13, 16 and 19 day [(5.72±0.68) U/mgpr, (7.31±0.29) U/mgpr and (7.77±0.39) U/mgpr] were significantly higher than those of the control group [(4.45±0.27) U/mgpr, (4.71±0. 35) U/mgpr and (4. 37±0. 44) U/rngpr] (t=6. 142, 16. 295, 0. 399,P<0. 01). The number of heart malformation in fetal rats (r=0.994,P=0. 000) and blood glucose (r=0. 717,P=0. 000) had the positive relationship with the maternal serum AGE level. The expression of RAGE in fetal heart was positively related with the number of fetal heart malformation (r= 0. 638,P= 0. 004). Conclusions The increased maternal serum AGE level in GDM rats may be an important factor in fetal heart dysplasia.     

妊娠期糖尿病母鼠血清晚期糖基化终产物与子鼠心脏发育异常的关系

Objective To explore the effect of advanced glycation end product(AGE) in serum of maternal rats with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on the heart development of their offsprings. Methods Fifty-four SD rats were randomly assigned into control group (n= 24) and GDM group (n=30) which were established by administration of streptozotocin intra-abdominally. On the gestational age of 13, 16, 19 days, all rats underwent hysterectomy to obtain the fetal heart tissues. Serum level of AGE and blood glucose level of maternal rats were tested. The expression of receptor AGE (RAGE) in fetal cardiac tissue were detected by immunohistoehemistry. Results The incidence of fetal heart defect in GDM group was significantly higher than the control group at each time point (P<0.01). Rats in GDM group had higher blood glucose level at each time point (P<0.01). The AGE levels of GDM group on gestational age of 13, 16 and 19 day [(5.72±0.68) U/mgpr, (7.31±0.29) U/mgpr and (7.77±0.39) U/mgpr] were significantly higher than those of the control group [(4.45±0.27) U/mgpr, (4.71±0. 35) U/mgpr and (4. 37±0. 44) U/rngpr] (t=6. 142, 16. 295, 0. 399,P<0. 01). The number of heart malformation in fetal rats (r=0.994,P=0. 000) and blood glucose (r=0. 717,P=0. 000) had the positive relationship with the maternal serum AGE level. The expression of RAGE in fetal heart was positively related with the number of fetal heart malformation (r= 0. 638,P= 0. 004). Conclusions The increased maternal serum AGE level in GDM rats may be an important factor in fetal heart dysplasia.     

以妊娠预后评估妊娠期糖耐量受损异质性

目的 从妊娠预后角度，探讨不同时点妊娠期糖耐量受损（gestational impaired glucose tolerance，GIGT）之间是否存在异质性。方法 选取2000年至2006年在上海交通大学附属第一医院行50g糖筛查异常的孕妇1145例为研究对象，进行75g葡萄糖耐量试验，同时进行胰岛素释放试验，计算血糖曲线下面积及胰岛素敏感性指数，并随访至妊娠终止。比较1145例孕妇中，OGTT 1h异常（68例）及2h／3h异常（40例）两种糖耐量受损患者之间预后的差异，并与妊娠期糖尿病（gestational diabetes mellitus，GDM）患者（38g例）及糖代谢正常（normal glucose tolerance，NGT）孕妇（655例）进行比较。结果 1h GIGT孕妇巨大儿和新生儿低血糖发生率（10．29％和13．24％）与2h／3h糖耐量受损孕妇（5．00％和5．00％）及NGT患者（4．42％和4．73％）比较明显升高（P〈0．01），而2h／3h糖耐量受损孕妇巨大儿及新生儿低血糖发生率显著低于GDM组（11．26％和17．80％）（P〈0．01）。结论 妊娠期糖耐量受损孕妇存在异质性。     

妊娠期糖尿病患者羊水葡萄糖水平与羊水量及新生儿出生体重的关系

目的探讨妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)孕妇羊水葡萄糖水平变化与羊水量及新生儿出生体重的关系。方法对255例足月、单胎孕妇,于孕24~28周行50g葡萄糖筛查试验(50gGCT),口服葡萄糖后1h血糖≥7·8mmol/L,且<10·6mmol/L者为葡萄糖筛查阳性,阳性者进一步行75g葡萄糖耐量试验(75gOGTT)。根据两项试验结果分为GDM组、妊娠期糖耐量低减(GIGT)组和正常妊娠组,每组85例。分别测定3组孕妇的羊水葡萄糖水平、羊水指数、新生儿出生体重、孕妇空腹血糖、脐静脉血糖,并进行各指标间相关与回归的统计学分析。结果(1)GDM组羊水葡萄糖水平为(1·30±0·71)mmol/L,明显高于GIGT组的(1·02±0·57)mmol/L和正常妊娠组的(0·90±0·58)mmol/L,分别比较,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0·01)。(2)GDM组羊水指数为(16·1±4·6)cm,稍高于GIGT组的(14·8±4·3)cm,差异无统计学意义(P>0·05);明显高于正常妊娠组的(12·7±3·2)cm,差异有统计学意义(P<0·01)。(3)GDM组新生儿出生体重为(3612±510)g,低于GIGT组的(3694±490)g,高于正常妊娠组的(3487±458)g,但分别比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0·05)。(4)GDM组羊水葡萄糖水平分别与羊水指数(r=0·330,P=0·002)、新生儿出生体重(r=0·347,P=0·001)、孕妇空腹血糖(r=0·589,P<0·01)、脐静脉血糖(r=0·218,P=0·045)呈正相关关系。GIGT组和正常妊娠组羊水葡萄糖水平仅与羊水指数呈正相关关系。(5)GDM组中血糖控制理想孕妇的羊水葡萄糖水平、羊水指数及新生儿出生体重分别为(1·02±0·50)mmol/L、(13·9±4·2)cm及(3497±475)g,血糖控制不理想孕妇分别为(1·92±0·76)mmol/L、(16·4±4·4)cm及(3869±481)g,两者分别比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0·01、P<0·05、P<0·01)。GDM组中血糖控制理想孕妇的以上3项指标接近正常妊娠组(P>0·05)。结论GDM患者的羊水葡萄糖水平与羊水量、新生儿出生体重有密切关系。血糖控制理想与否对GDM合并羊水过多、巨大儿等并发症起决定因素,而积极管理可极大地改善GDM患者的母儿预后。     

Predictors and Clinical Implications of a False Negative Glucose Challenge Test in Pregnancy

ObjectiveA common approach to screening for glucose intolerance in pregnant women is the use of a 50g glucose challenge test (GCT) in the late second trimester, followed by a diagnostic oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) when the GCT is positive (1-hour post-challenge blood glucose ≥ 7.8 mmol/L). As women with a negative GCT do not undergo the diagnostic OGTT, it is possible that they could have undiagnosed gestational diabetes (GDM) or gestational impaired glucose tolerance (GIGT). Thus, we sought to characterize predictors of a false negative GCT and its clinical implications.MethodsTwo hundred two women with a negative GCT screening test underwent subsequent OGTT, which enabled their stratification into two groups: (1) those with normal glucose tolerance on OGTT (n = 166) and (2) those with either GDM (n = 8) or GIGT (n = 28).ResultsThe 36 women found to have GDM or GIGT at the time of OGTT had higher GCT glucose values than those with normal glucose tolerance (mean 6.6 mmol/L vs. 5.9 mmol/L, P < 0.001), as well as poorer insulin sensitivity (P = 0.004) and pancreatic beta-cell function (P < 0.001). On logistic regression analysis, the only significant independent predictor of GDM/GIGT was the GCT glucose value (OR 2.19; 95% CI 1.40 to 3.41, P < 0.001). However, there was no clear GCT glucose threshold for identifying GDM/GIGT, consistent with its modest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (0.71). Importantly, there were also no differences between the two groups in median length of gestation, median birth weight, prevalence of macrosomia, or proportion of low Apgar scores.ConclusionFalse negative GCTs cannot be readily predicted by risk factors. However, their clinical implications at delivery may be benign.     

糖耐量异常的晚期妊娠妇女胰岛素分泌与胰岛素抵抗的研究

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether insulin secretion and resistance are different in glucose tolerant and intolerant women with normal pre-pregnant body mass index (BMI) during late pregnancy and to find out if there is association between gestational diabetes and insulin resistance syndrome. METHODS: On the basis of a 4-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), 32 gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) patients, 21 gestational impaired glucose tolerant (GIGT) patients, and 50 normal glucose tolerant (NGT) cases were selected from uncomplicated pregnant women. Those had normal pre-pregnant BMI who had a 1-hour 50-g glucose-screening test (> or = 7.2 mmol/L), performed between 24-28 weeks of gestation. During the OGTT, several indexes of insulin resistance, insulin secretion, lipid metabolism were measured in addition to the standard glucose measurements. RESULTS: Glucose area under curve (GAUC), insulin area under curve (IAUC), insulin sensitivity index (ISI) transformed to natural logarithm and triglycerides (TG) are all significantly higher (P < 0.05) in GDM women. The means of these indexes in GDM group are 26.3 mmol/L.h-1, 276.5 mU/L.h-1, 4.2 and 3.2 mmol/L, respeetively. On the other hand, however, the differences of these indexes (except TG) between GIGT and NGT women are not statistically significant. The ratio of IAUC/GAUC has an increasing trend from GDM group, GIGT group to NGT group (10.5, 11.4 and 11.7, respectively), but the difference is not statistically significant. Multiple correlation coefficient study demonstrated that ISI is significantly positively correlated with GAUC, IAUC and TG (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with NGT women, GDM women has impaired insulin secretion, abnormally increased insulin resistance, and relatively dyslipidemia. GDM seems to be a component of the syndrome of insulin resistance that provides an excellent model for study and prevention in a relatively young aged group.     

妊娠期糖代谢异常与妊娠期高血压疾病的关系

目的:探讨妊娠期糖代谢异常与妊娠期高血压疾病的关系。方法:回顾分析2003年至2007年在我院住院分娩的6748例孕妇的临床资料,分析不同程度糖代谢异常孕妇妊娠期高血压疾病的发生情况;将妊娠期糖代谢异常并发高血压疾病(PHD)患者分为妊娠期高血压组(Ⅰ组)、轻度子痫前期组(Ⅱ组)和重度子痫前期组(Ⅲ组),比较3组孕妇不同糖负荷后血糖水平(GCT、OGTT)、糖化血红蛋白水平及胰岛素抵抗指数的差异。结果:(1)6748例孕妇发生PHD252例,发生率3.7%(252/6748),妊娠期糖代谢异常孕妇1402例,发生率20.8%(1402/6748);妊娠期糖代谢异常孕妇82例并发PHD,发生率5.8%(82/1402);糖代谢正常孕妇PHD发生率为3.2%(170/5346),差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);(2)82例妊娠期糖代谢异常并发PHD患者中,糖尿病合并妊娠(DM)、妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)、妊娠期糖耐量降低(GIGT)、妊娠期50g葡萄糖筛查(GCT)(+)的PHD发生率分别为8.5%(12/141),7.9%(45/571),3.4%(9/265),3.8%(16/425);DM、GDM组与GIGT、GCT(+)组的差异有统计学意义(P=0.010、0.001);DM组与GDM组的差异无统计学意义(P=0.805);GIGT组与GCT(+)组相比及两组与糖代谢正常组的差异无统计学意义(P=0.801、0.535)。(3)82例妊娠期糖代谢异常并发PHD患者,妊娠期高血压(Ⅰ组)27例、轻度子痫前期(Ⅱ组)24例、重度子痫前期(Ⅲ组)31例,3组血糖(GCT、OGTT)、糖化血红蛋白水平及胰岛素抵抗指数无统计学差异。结论:妊娠期糖代谢异常的孕妇更易发生妊娠期高血压疾病;随糖代谢异常程度加重,妊娠期高血压疾病发病率呈增加趋势。     

妊娠期糖耐量异常妇女胰岛功能与胰岛素抵抗的相关研究

目的:研究妊娠期糖耐量异常与胰岛β细胞功能、胰岛素抵抗等的关系。方法:对孕24~36周上海市孕妇共4568例(孕前有糖尿病或糖尿病家族史者排除),先行50g葡萄糖筛查试验,异常者再行75g口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)-胰岛素释放试验,选取OG-TT异常者318例作为试验组,OGTT正常者中随机选取320例作为对照组,获取各阶段的血糖值及血清胰岛素值,通过计算,用胰岛素敏感指数(ISI)、稳态评估模式、胰岛素储备能力/血糖最大升高值(ΔPI/ΔPG)了解胰岛β细胞功能及外周胰岛素抵抗情况。结果:OGTT异常组的OGTT后1h血清胰岛素(PI1)、胰岛素释放曲线下面积较OGTT正常组显著增高(P<0·05),而胰岛素敏感指数、ΔPI/ΔPG及HOMA-β细胞较OGTT正常组降低(P<0.05)。糖尿病(GDM)组与妊娠期糖耐量减退(GIGT)组相比:GDM组的BMI高于GIGT组,而胰岛素敏感指数、HOMA-β细胞低于GIGT组(P<0.05)。其它指标均无明显差异。结论:妊娠期糖耐量异常形成的主要原因为胰岛素抵抗而非胰岛分泌功能降低。     

孕妇血清瘦素水平测定对妊娠期糖耐量异常的预测价值

目的　探讨孕妇血清瘦素水平测定对妊娠期糖耐量异常有无预测价值。方法　采用葡萄糖负荷试验法对 583例孕妇行妊娠期糖尿病筛查,根据筛查结果分为糖耐量正常组及糖耐量异常组(包括妊娠期糖耐量低减和妊娠期糖尿病)孕妇。同时检测两组孕妇不同孕周的血清瘦素水平。结果　(1)糖耐量正常组 507例孕妇血清瘦素水平由孕 24周的 (7.0±1.8)μg/L逐渐缓慢上升,至孕 34~35周时上升最为明显,形成峰值为(9.4±2.1)μg/L,之后略有下降。(2)糖耐量异常组 76例(妊娠期糖耐量低减 61例、妊娠期糖尿病 15例 )孕妇血清瘦素水平波动在 ( 11.3±3.1 )μg/L至(14.5±4.3)μg/L之间,不同孕周间的血清瘦素水平比较,差异无统计学意义 (P>0.05)。(3)糖耐量异常组孕妇平均血清瘦素水平为(12.5±3.5)μg/L,显著高于糖耐量正常组的 (8.5±2.6 )μg/L,且在任何孕周,糖耐量异常组孕妇血清瘦素水平均比糖耐量正常组显著升高,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(4) 15例妊娠期糖尿病孕妇中,有 10例血清瘦素水平超过 14.0μg/L。当瘦素水平≥17.0μg/L时, 64.7%的孕妇有不同程度的糖耐量异常。瘦素水平与妊娠期糖耐量低减和妊娠期糖尿病的患病率呈正相关。结论　血清瘦素水平与妊娠期糖耐量异常有相关性, 血清瘦素水平升高对妊娠期     

Are patients with positive screening but negative diagnostic test for gestational diabetes under risk for adverse pregnancy outcome?

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to determine the obstetrics outcomes of patients with positive 1-h glucose challenge test (GCT), but negative diagnostic test for gestational diabetes. METHODS: Pregnancy records of 409 pregnants were reviewed. Patients were screened for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) with one-hour 50 g glucose challenge test (GCT) at 24-28 weeks of gestation. Patients with glucose challenge tests values > or = 130 mg/dL were refered for the 3 h, 100-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Positive GCT but negative for OGTT group (Group A) were compared retrospectively with the group of negative GCT (Group B) for obstetrics outcomes. RESULT: GDM and impared glucose tolerance (IGT) were diagnosed in 33 (7.6%) and 46 (10.5%) patients, respectively. We identified 141 (34.4%) patients with positive GCT but negative for OGTT (Group A) and 189 (46.2%) patients with negative GCT (Group B). Gestational weight gain, polyhydramnios, family history of diabetes mellitus were significantly higher in group A than group B (P < 0.05). Prevalance of preterm labor, hypertension, cesarean delivery, mean birthweight, proportion of babies admitted to neonatal intensive care unit were similar in both groups. CONCLUSION: There are some differences for pregnancy outcomes between pregnants with positive GCT but negative for OGTT and negative GCT. These patients should be followed up carefully during the antepartum and intrapartum period.     

Screening for gestational diabetes at antenatal booking in a Malaysian university hospital: the role of risk factors and threshold value for the 50-g glucose challenge test

BACKGROUND: The best method of screening for gestational diabetes (GDM) remains unsettled. The 50-g glucose challenge test (GCT) is used in a two-stage screening process but its best threshold value can vary according to population. AIMS: To evaluate the role of risk factors in conjunction with GCT and to determine an appropriate threshold for the one-hour venous plasma glucose with the GCT. METHOD: In a prospective study, 1600 women at antenatal booking without a history of diabetes mellitus or GDM filled a form on risk factors before GCT. Women who had GCT >or= 7.2 mmol/L underwent the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). GDM was diagnosed according to WHO (1999) criteria. RESULT: Thirty-five per cent had GCT >or= 7.2 mmol/L, 32.6% underwent OGTT and 34.5% of OGTT confirmed GDM. The GDM rate in our population was at least 11.4%. Examination of the receiver operator characteristic curve suggested that the best threshold value for the GCT in our population was >or= 7.6 mmol/L. Multivariable logistic regression demonstrated that only GCT >or= 7.6 mmol/L was an independent predictor for GDM (adjusted odds ratio 3.7: P < 0.001). After GCT, maternal age and anthropometry, OGTT during the third trimester, family history, obstetric history and glycosuria were not independent predictors of GDM. CONCLUSIONS: Risk factors were not independent predictors of GDM in women with GCT >or= 7.2 mmol/L. GCT threshold value >or= 7.6 mmol is appropriate for the Malaysian population at high risk of GDM.