Rh(D)阴性血型病人剖宫产术中成分式自体输血的安全性

Objective To investigate the safety of autologous blood component transfusion during cesarean section in patients with Rh (D)-negative blood group.Methods Thirty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients of Rh (D)-negative blood group, aged 20-35 yr, weighing 50-80 kg, undergoing elective cesarean section, were enrolled in this study.After lactated Ringer' s solution 7 ml/kg was infused, blood was obtained from radial artery at a rate of 60-80ml/min, and blood volume was maintained by simultaneous infusion of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 at the same rate. The collected blood was subjected to two cycles of autologous blood component separation. Blood collecting during each cycle was stopped 15 s after red blood cells were separated. The autologous blood was infused when the blood loss≥20% of blood volume. The autologous blood was infused after suture of the uterus when the blood loss < 20% of blood volume. The parameters of maternal vital signs and fetal heart rate were monitored. Hypotension and tachycardia were recorded during autologous blood collecting. SpO2 was monitored routinely. Venous blood samples were taken before blood collecting (baseline), at the end of blood collecting, before autologous blood transfusion, 24 h after operation for determination of Hb, Hct, Plt, PT, APTT, INR and Fib. Umbilical arterial blood samples were obtained after delivery for blood gas analysis. Apgar score was recorded at 1 and 5 min after birth. Blood loss and allogeneic blood transfusion were also recorded. Results No hypotension and tachycardia occurred during the process of blood collecting and the fetal heart rate was within the normal range. Compared with the baseline value, there were no significant differences in SpO2 , Hb, Hct, Plt, PT, APTT, INR and FIB value at the other time points. The pH value and concentrations of base excess and lactate were within the normal range.The Apgar score was (9.0 ±0.8) and (9.2 ± 0.8) at 1 and 5 min after birth respectively. The blood loss during operation was (405 ± 28) ml and no patients received homologous blood transfusion. Conclusion The safety of autologous blood component transfusion is good during cesarean section in Rh (D)-negative blood group patients.     

星状神经节阻滞对颅内动脉瘤手术患者脑血管痉挛的影响

目的 评价星状神经节阻滞对颅内动脉瘤手术患者脑血管痉挛的影响.方法 择期行颅内动脉瘤夹闭术患者40例,ASA分级Ⅱ或Ⅲ级,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为2组(n=20):对照组(C组)和星状神经节阻滞组(SGB组).两组均常规气管内插管,静吸复合维持麻醉.SGB组气管插管后立即以0.25%罗哌卡因10ml行左侧星状神经节阻滞.分别于切皮前、夹闭动脉瘤前、夹闭动脉瘤后30 min及术毕时采集静脉血样,测定血浆内皮素、降钙素基因相关肽及S100B蛋白水平;并于术后1、3 d时采用经颅多普勒技术监测双侧大脑中动脉和颈内动脉颅外段血流速率,记录脑血管痉挛的发生情况.术后1～7 d随访患者,记录脑缺血的发生情况.结果 与c组比较,SGB组血浆内皮素和S100B蛋白浓度降低,血浆降钙素基因相关肽浓度升高,术后脑血管痉挛及脑缺血的发生率降低(P＜0.05或0.01).结论 星状神经节阻滞可抑制颅内动脉瘤手术患者脑血管痉挛的发生,其机制与抑制血管内皮细胞释放内皮素,促进降钙素基因相关肽的释放有关.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the effect of stellate ganglion block (SGB) on cerebral vasospasm in patients undergoing intracranial aneurysm surgery. Methods Forty ASA Ⅱ or Ⅲ patients aged 14-64 yr weighing 40-81 kg undergoing intracranial aneurysm clipping were randomly divided into 2 groups ( n = 20 each): group control (group C) and group SGB. Left SGB was performed with 0.25% ropivacaine 10 ml immediately after intubation. Successful block was verified by development of Homer syndrome within 15 min after block. Anesthesia was induced with midazolam, propofol, fentanyl and vecuronium and maintained with isoflurane inhalation and intermittent iv boluses of fcntanyl and vecuronium. The patients were intubated and mechanically ventilated. PETCO2 was maintained at 30-35 mm Hg. BIS was maintained at 50-60. Right internal jugular vein was cannulated and the catheter was threaded cranially until resistance was met for blood sampling. Blood samples were collected before skin incision (T1), before clipping of aneurysm (T2), at 30 min after clipping (T3 ), and at the end of surgery (T4) for determination of plasma concentrations of endothelin (ET), calcium gene-related peptide (CGRP) and S100B protein. Transcranial Doppler was used to measure the flow rate of blood in bilateral middle cerebral artery and extracranial carotid artery at 1 and 3 days after surgery. All patients were observed for incidence of brain ischemia during 1-7 days after surgery. Results Plasma ET and S100B protein concentrations were significantly decreased, while plasma CGRP concentration was significantly increased after clipping of aneurysm at T3 and T4 in group SGB as compared with group C. The incidence of cerebral vasospasm and brain ischemia was significantly lower in group SGB than in group C. Conclusion SGB performed before operation can significantly reduce the incidence of cerebral vasospasm after clipping of intracranial aneurysm by inhibiting the release of ET and promoting the release of CGRP.     

Rh(D)阴性血型病人剖宫产术中成分式自体输血的安全性

Objective To investigate the safety of autologous blood component transfusion during cesarean section in patients with Rh (D)-negative blood group.Methods Thirty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients of Rh (D)-negative blood group, aged 20-35 yr, weighing 50-80 kg, undergoing elective cesarean section, were enrolled in this study.After lactated Ringer' s solution 7 ml/kg was infused, blood was obtained from radial artery at a rate of 60-80ml/min, and blood volume was maintained by simultaneous infusion of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 at the same rate. The collected blood was subjected to two cycles of autologous blood component separation. Blood collecting during each cycle was stopped 15 s after red blood cells were separated. The autologous blood was infused when the blood loss≥20% of blood volume. The autologous blood was infused after suture of the uterus when the blood loss < 20% of blood volume. The parameters of maternal vital signs and fetal heart rate were monitored. Hypotension and tachycardia were recorded during autologous blood collecting. SpO2 was monitored routinely. Venous blood samples were taken before blood collecting (baseline), at the end of blood collecting, before autologous blood transfusion, 24 h after operation for determination of Hb, Hct, Plt, PT, APTT, INR and Fib. Umbilical arterial blood samples were obtained after delivery for blood gas analysis. Apgar score was recorded at 1 and 5 min after birth. Blood loss and allogeneic blood transfusion were also recorded. Results No hypotension and tachycardia occurred during the process of blood collecting and the fetal heart rate was within the normal range. Compared with the baseline value, there were no significant differences in SpO2 , Hb, Hct, Plt, PT, APTT, INR and FIB value at the other time points. The pH value and concentrations of base excess and lactate were within the normal range.The Apgar score was (9.0 ±0.8) and (9.2 ± 0.8) at 1 and 5 min after birth respectively. The blood loss during operation was (405 ± 28) ml and no patients received homologous blood transfusion. Conclusion The safety of autologous blood component transfusion is good during cesarean section in Rh (D)-negative blood group patients.     

Multimodal endovascular treatment for traumatic carotid- cavernous fistula

bjective：To present our experience in treating traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula （TCCF） by multimodal endovascular treatment.Methods：The management of 28 patients with TCCF between January 2004 and October 2012 in our hospital was retrospectively analyzed.According to imaging charateristics,24 cases were categorized into Type Ⅰ,3 Type Ⅱ and 1 Type Ⅲ.Totally 30 endovascular treatments were performed：Type Ⅰ TCCFs were obliterated via transvenous approach （7/25）,or transarterial approach （18/25） including 6 by detachable balloon occlusion,6 by microcoil embolization,3 by Hyperglide balloon-assisted coil embolization and 3 by a combination of detachable balloon and coil embolization.Two patients were treated with closure of internal carotid artery （ICA）.Type Ⅱ TCCFs were treated with transvenous embolotherapy （2/3） or carotid artery compression therapy （1/3）.The Type Ⅲ patient underwent detachable balloon embolization.Results：Immediate postoperative angiography showed recovery in 26 cases.One recurrent TCCF was found 2 weeks after detachable balloon embolization,and then reobliterated by transarterial coils.Reexamination found balloon deflation and fistula recanalization in 1 patient one month after combination of detachable balloons and coil embolization,which was cured by a second treatment via transvenous approach.The immediate angiography revealed residual blood flow in 4 patients.Among them,2 patients with delayed symptoms at follow-up needed a second treatment,1 patient recovered after carotid artery compression therapy,and the remaining patient＇s symptoms disappeared on digital subtraction angiography at five-month follow-up.CT angiography revealed anterior communicating artery aneurysm in the patient who was treated with closure ofICA 4 years later.Conclusion：According to results of images,characteristics of the fistula and type of drainage,proper treatment approach and embolic material can maximally heal pathological changes,retain the ipsilateral ICA patency and reduce long-term complications.     

Short term in vivo thrombosis evaluation of FW-Ⅱ axial blood pump for left ventricular assist

Objective To evaluate in vivo antithrombosis property of optimized FW-Ⅱ axial blood pump and provides evidence for future clinical use.Methods A left ventricle-pump-descending aorta bypass model was established in five healthy sheep (60-70 kg) and the circulation of these sheep was assisted by FW-Ⅱ axial blood pump for 2 weeks.In preoperative and postoperative day 1,2,3,7,10 and 14,blood was drawn from the jugular vein to examine platelet activation and leukocyte-platelet aggregation respectively quantified with Annexin V,CD41/61 and CD14-PE by flow cytometry assays.Immediately after termination of the experiment,FW-Ⅱ axial blood pumps were explanted and each part was inspected for thrombus formation.Macroscopic and histological examinations were checked on heart,brain,kidney and spleen,respectively for thrombosis.Results Compared with preoperative baseline,the number of platelet activation and leukocyte-platelet aggregation reached a peak at postoperative day 2,it retained a high level within 7 days,then gradually decreased,but was still higher than preoperative level at dayl4.According to rotating speed,the number of platelet activation and platelet-leukocyte aggregation were lowest at the speed of 8000 r/min Minus thrombus were found in the front and rear hub of the pump rotor,and there was no thrombus at other components (flow straighter,impeller and pump housing).There were no ischemia and infarction evidences in macroscopic and histological examination of the heart,brain,kidney and spleen.Conclusion FW-II axial blood pump can be used to assist left ventricular circulation for 2 weeks with a satisfactory antithrombosis property.The level of platelet activation and leukocyte-platelet aggregation can be reduced to a lowest level at an optimized pump rotating speed.     

Short term in vivo thrombosis evaluation of FW-Ⅱ axial blood pump for left ventricular assist

Objective To evaluate in vivo antithrombosis property of optimized FW-Ⅱ axial blood pump and provides evidence for future clinical use.Methods A left ventricle-pump-descending aorta bypass model was established in five healthy sheep (60-70 kg) and the circulation of these sheep was assisted by FW-Ⅱ axial blood pump for 2 weeks.In preoperative and postoperative day 1,2,3,7,10 and 14,blood was drawn from the jugular vein to examine platelet activation and leukocyte-platelet aggregation respectively quantified with Annexin V,CD41/61 and CD14-PE by flow cytometry assays.Immediately after termination of the experiment,FW-Ⅱ axial blood pumps were explanted and each part was inspected for thrombus formation.Macroscopic and histological examinations were checked on heart,brain,kidney and spleen,respectively for thrombosis.Results Compared with preoperative baseline,the number of platelet activation and leukocyte-platelet aggregation reached a peak at postoperative day 2,it retained a high level within 7 days,then gradually decreased,but was still higher than preoperative level at dayl4.According to rotating speed,the number of platelet activation and platelet-leukocyte aggregation were lowest at the speed of 8000 r/min Minus thrombus were found in the front and rear hub of the pump rotor,and there was no thrombus at other components (flow straighter,impeller and pump housing).There were no ischemia and infarction evidences in macroscopic and histological examination of the heart,brain,kidney and spleen.Conclusion FW-II axial blood pump can be used to assist left ventricular circulation for 2 weeks with a satisfactory antithrombosis property.The level of platelet activation and leukocyte-platelet aggregation can be reduced to a lowest level at an optimized pump rotating speed.     

Application of spiral CT image 3D reconstruction in severe talar neck fracture

Objective： To explore the application of the spiral computerized tomography （CT） image three-dimensional （ 3D ） reconstruction technique associated with the conventional radiography in the diagnosis and treatment of severe talar neck fracture. Methods： Using the multi-slice spiral CT image 3D reconstruction technique, we analysed Ⅱ cases of talar neck fracture. The fractures were reduced and fixed through a minimal incision and internal fixation with titanium cannulated lag screws. Results. In the Ⅱ cases, the results of CT image 3D reconstruction were in concordance with plain radiograph in 6 case of Hawkins type Ⅱ. And the remaining 5 cases of Hawkins types Ⅲ and Ⅳ could not be classified exactly only by radiographs, one of whom was misdiagnosed. After using the CT image 3D reconstruction, the 5 cases were classified exactly before osteosynthesis. The classifications of these Ⅱ cases were confirmed finally by surgical findings. The duration of operation were 45-Ⅰ40 min, averaging 8Ⅰ min （including the duration of C-arm fluoroscopy）. X-ray exposure time was 6-58 seconds, averaging 22 seconds. The blood loss was less than Ⅰ00 ml. The fracture union was achieved in 3 months. No nonunion, talus avascular necrosis or joint surface collapse occurred. Postoperative follow-up was from Ⅰ to 25 months. According to Hawkins score, excellent result was found in 6 type Ⅱ cases and Ⅰ type Ⅲ case; good result in I type Ⅲ case with both medial and lateral malleolar fracture, Ⅰ type Ⅲ with medial malleolus fractures and Ⅰ open type Ⅲ; fair result in Ⅰ open type Ⅳ with lateral malleolus fracture. Conclusions ： By using the multl-slice spiral CT image 3D reconstruction associated with radiography to diagnose and treat severe talar neck fractures, the accuracy of diagnosis can be improved obviously. Based on this technique, more consummate operational plan can be designed and performed so as to achieve a better therapeutic effect.     

维库溴铵预注复合麻黄素预处理对麻醉诱导时维库溴铵的起效时间的影响

Objective To evaluate the effect of vecuronium priming, ephedrine pretreatment, and vecuronium priming combined with ephedrine pretreatment on the onset time of neuromuscular blockade of vecuronium, intubation conditions and their hemodynamic effects during induction period. Methods Forty-eight adult patients with ASA grade Ⅰ or Ⅱ , scheduled for elective surgery were randomly allocated to four groups with 12 cases in each. Just 3 min before induction, the patients were injected with ephedrine 70 μg/kg and vecuronium priming 0.01 mg/kg in group Ⅰ , vecuronium 0.01 mg/kg in group Ⅱ , ephedrine 70 μg/kg in groupⅢ, and normal saline 0.5 ml in group Ⅳ. Followed by a four min priming or/and pretreatment interval, the intubation dose of vecuronium was injected (vecuronium 0.09 mg/kg in group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ , vecuronium 0.1 mg/kg in group Ⅲ and Ⅳ ). The neuromuscular block was monitor by acceleromyography (TOF Watch SX, Organon) using train of four stimulation (TOF) every 15 s.Endotracheal intubation was performed by a blinded investigator in 2 min. Time to maximal twitch depression was recorded, Intubation conditions were assessed, heart rate and mean blood pressure were observed and recorded as well right before the induction, 1 min after the induction and every minute after endotracheal intubation for 5 min. Results The onset times in group Ⅰ , Ⅱ , Ⅲ and Ⅳwere (99±13), (131±24), (143±20) and (185±26) s, respectively. The onset time of vecuronium in group Ⅰ , Ⅱ and Ⅲ was significantly shorter than that in group Ⅳ (P＜0.001). The onset time of vecuronium in group Ⅰ was faster than that in group Ⅱ and group Ⅲ (P＜0.005). The intubation conditions were better in group Ⅰ , Ⅱ and Ⅲ than those in groupⅣ.There were no significant change in mean blood pressure during the induction in all patients, but heart rates in group Ⅰ , Ⅲ (both with ephedrine pretreatment) were much higher( P＜0.05 ). Conclusion Either vecuronium priming or ephedrine pretreatment can shorten the onset time of vecuronium. The combination of vecuronium priming with ephedrine pretreatment accelerates the onset of vecuronium; In combination with ephedrine, it has no effect on hypotension induced by propofol injection.     

肠癌根治术病人两种容量治疗方案效果的比较

Objective To compare the efficacy of two regimens of volume therapy in patients undergoing radical intestinal cancer operation. Methods Forty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients, aged 45-64 yr, weighing 42-65 kg,scheduled for radical intestinal cancer operation, were randomly divided into group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ (n = 20 each).In group Ⅰ , 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (HES) 15 ml/kg was infused iv over 30 min before anesthesia induction, and lactated Ringer's solution 15 ml/kg was infused iv over 30 min immediately after anesthesiainduction for hemodilution. In group Ⅱ , lactated Ringer's solution 15 ml/kg was infused iv over 30 min before anesthesia induction, and HES 15 ml/kg was infused iv over 30 min immediately after anesthesia induction for hemodilution. Intraoperative infusion of colloid and crystalloid, blood loss, urine output and allngeneic blood transfusion were recorded. MAP, CVP and HR were recorded after entering the operating room (T0 , baseline),and at 0, 15, 60 and 120 min after anesthesia induction (T<1-4>), and at the end of operation (T5). Blood samples were taken from radial artery at To , T0 , T3 and T5 for blood gas analysis and determination of Hb and Hct. Results Allogeneic blood was not transfused in beth groups. There were no significant differences in infusion of colloid and erystalloid, blood loss, and urine output between the two groups (P>0.05). Compared with the baseline value, no were significant changes in intraoperative MAP, HCO-3, concentrations of lactate, Na+ and K+ were detected (P> 0.05), while CVP was significantly increased, and HR, Het, Hb, and pH value at the end of operation were significantly decreased in group Ⅰ . Compared with the baseline value, intraoperative CVP was significantly increased, and MAP, HR, pH value, and HCO-3 at the end of operation were significantly decreased,while no significant changes in concentration lactate, Na+ and K+ were detected in group Ⅱ (P > 0.05).Intraoperative CVP was significantly higher and lactate concentration at the end of operation significantly lower in group Ⅱ than in group Ⅰ . Conclusion The efficacy of volume therapy with HES before anesthesia induction and lactated Ringer's solution after anesthesia induction for hemodilution is better.     

靶控输注瑞芬太尼和异丙酚麻醉诱导时镇静催眠效应的相互作用

Objective To investigate the sedative and hypnotic interaction between remifentanil and propofol by target-controlled infusion (TCI) during induction of anesthesia.Methods Third-two ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱpatients,aged 22-63 yr,body mass index 18-25 kg/m2,scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia,were randomly divided into 4 groups(n=8 each).Group Ⅰ only received TCI pmpofol.GroupⅡ,Ⅲ,and Ⅳreceived a target concentration of 2,4 or 6 ng/ml remifentanil respectively.While the blood-effect site concentrations of remifentanil were equilibrated,patients received TCI of propefol,with an initial target concentration of 0.5μg/ml.After the blood-effect site concentrations of propofol were equilibrated then with 0.5μg/ml increments until the loss consciousness was achieved.The eyelash reflex and state of consciousness were assessed and radial arterial blood sample 6 ml was taken every 3 min to determine the remifentanil and propofol concentrations in blood.Propofol and remifentanil concentrations in blood were measured by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection respectively.The sedative and hypnotic interaction between propofol and remifentanil was determined with a pharmacodynamie interaction model by regression analysis and determined using the isobolographic method.Results Propofol concentrations in blood were lower in group Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ than group Ⅰ(P<0.05).The propofol concentratopms in blood were significantly decreased in trun with the increase in the remifentanil concentrations in blood in group Ⅱ-Ⅳ(P<0.05).At loss of eyelash reflex and loss of consciousness of patients,the pharmacodynamic interaction model by curve fitting was superior to linear regression (P<0.05).At loss of eyelash reflex of patients,the curve fitting result showed EC50,prop=2.77μg/ml and EC50,rem=26.67 ng/ml,and the isobolographic method equation is ECprop/2.77+ECrem/26.67=0.69.At loss of consciousness of patients,the curve fitting result showed EC50,prop==3.76μg/ml and EC50,rem=31.56ng/ml,and the isobolographic method equation is Ecprop/3.76+Ecrem/31.56=0.65.Conclusion Remifentanil (Cp 2-6 ng/ml) and propofol by TCI shows a synergistic type of pharmacodynamic interaction on the sedative and hypnotic during induction of anesthesia.     

多巴胺对病人体外循环期间肾血流的影响

目的 评价小剂量多巴胺对病人体外循环(CPB)期间肾血流的影响.方法 择期体外循环下行心血管手术病人60例,年龄21～64岁,随机分为2组(n=30):生理盐水对照组(C组)和多巴胺组(D组).麻醉诱导后气管插管,机械通气,分别于首次灌注心脏停搏液后5 min(给药前)及颈内静脉输注多巴胺2/μg·kg-1·min-120min时(给药后)采用经食管超声测定左侧肾动脉内径及血流速度,计算左肾血流量和肾动脉阻力.结果 与C组比较,D组给药后肾动脉血流速度及血流量增加,肾动脉阻力下降(P<0.05),肾动脉内径差异无统计学意义(P0.05).结论 CPB中静脉输注小剂量多巴胺可增加肾大血流量.     

Aneurysm of the Gastroduodenal Artery Associated with Absence of the Celiac Axis: Report of a Case

A 65-year-old woman was referred to us for treatment of an aneurysm, found incidentally by abdominal ultrasonography. Angiography demonstrated a saccular aneurysm of the gastroduodenal artery and absence of blood flow from the celiac axis. The blood flow in the hepatic artery, splenic artery, and other arteries originating from the celiac axis was supplied by the superior mesenteric artery through one dilated and elongated pancreaticoduodenal artery and the gastroduodenal artery. The aneurysm was resected, and the inflow and outflow arteries were reconstructed with end-to-end anastomoses. Pathologic examination of the aneurysm sac showed diffuse intimal thickening with focal atheromas. We speculate that the increased blood flow compensating for the absence of blood flow from the celiac axis was an etiologic factor predisposing to the formation of this gastroduodenal artery aneurysm.     

原发性肝癌动脉血供彩色多普勒超声与DSA的对比研究

目的:探讨彩色多普勒超声与DSA在肝癌血供的半定量及定量诊断中的应用价值。方法:对52例原发性肝癌的64个肿瘤在经动脉导管栓塞化疗术前3d内进行彩色多普勒超声（CDFI）检查，对每一个肿瘤的动脉血流进行分级，CDFI按国内分级标准分为四级：0,Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ。同时测量肝固有动脉、门静脉血流参数。在患者进行TACE过程中行肝动脉数字减影造影（DSA），将肿瘤内部血流分为三级：1,2,3。并对其中30例患者于TACE术后7d内进行CDFI复查，观测上述指标变化。分析CDFI与DSA肿瘤血流分级的相关性，以及TACE治疗后肝动脉、门静脉血流动力学改变。结果:(1) CDFI显示64个肿瘤，0级血供6个，Ⅰ级血供3个，Ⅱ级血供18个，Ⅲ级血供37个;DSA显示64个肿瘤中，乏血供者4个，中等血供者13个，富血供者47个。CDFI 四级分级方法与DSA分级方法具有较好的相关性（rs＝0.644，P<0.01），其中CDFI血供分级的0级与DSA血供分级的1级相对应;Ⅰ，Ⅱ级与2级相对应;Ⅲ级与3级相对应。（2）TACE术后肿瘤血流分级大部分较术前减少，肝动脉内径稍变窄，肝动脉血流量减少，而门静脉血流量反应性增加。结论:CDFI博动性血流四级分级方法与DSA分级方法相关性好， CDFI血供分级的0级，Ⅰ和Ⅱ级，Ⅲ级分别与DSA血供分级的1，2，3级相对应，可以反映原发性肝癌肿瘤内动脉血流的丰富程度，CDFI可以间接反映原发性肝癌TACE术前后血流动力学改变。     

Haemodynamic stress in terminal aneurysms

Summary The flow velocities in glass and silastic aneurysm models located at bifurcations were quantitatively determined using the non-invasive laser-Doppler method. The geometrical relation between aneurysm and parent vessels was found to be the primary factor governing the intra-aneurysmal flow pattern. Flow was stagnant in straight terminal models, with the aneurysm forming an extension of the afferent vessel, as long as the outflow through the branches of the bifurcation was balanced. Average flow velocities in the fundus were small but turbulent flow fluctuations of high amplitudes were observed. Asymmetric outflow through the branches of the bifurcation induced a rotatory intra-aneurysmal circulation from the dominant to the subordinate branch. The circulation in angled terminal aneurysms with the aneurysmal axis at a 45 degree angle to the plane of the bifurcation was a vortex, which was a natural consequence of the excentric inflow from the afferent vessel. Maximum flow velocities measured in the centre plane of the angled terminal aneurysms were in the range of 50 to 80% of the axial velocity in the afferent vessel. The elasticity of the models did not affect the global turnover rates but it damped the intra-aneurysmal pulse wave. On the basis of the measured velocity gradients near the walls maximum shear stresses on the wall of human terminal aneurysms were estimated to be in the order of 50 dynes/cm² (5 Pascal), a value that is similar to the maximum wall shear stresses estimated for lateral aneurysms.     

彩色多普勒超声在介入穿刺性血管损伤诊断中的价值

目的用彩色多普勒超声观察穿刺性血管损伤的声像图特征。方法26例周围血管穿刺后出现局部肿块、血管杂音,用彩色多普勒超声显示肿块的形态、回声、与周围血管的关系,观察肿块内、破口处、肢体动脉和静脉内的血流信号。结果3例单纯性血肿,彩色血流成像肿块内无血流信号;19例假性动脉瘤,肿块内有低速的动脉血流信号,动脉与肿块的破口处有五彩镶嵌的彩色血流信号和收缩期高速湍流血流频谱;4例动静脉瘘,在瘘口处可见有一股五彩镶嵌的彩色血流信号和连续性高速分流频谱。结论彩色多普勒超声能为穿刺性血管损伤提供准确的诊断。     

Three-dimensional blood flow analysis in a wide-necked internal carotid artery-ophthalmic artery aneurysm

OBJECT: The aim of this study was to evaluate axial and secondary flow structures in a wide-necked internal carotid artery-ophthalmic artery aneurysm, one of the most common locations for endovascular coil placement. METHODS: A clear acrylic aneurysm model was manufactured from a three-dimensional computerized tomography angiogram. Intraaneurysm blood flow analysis was conducted using an acrylic aneurysm model together with laser Doppler velocimetry and particle imaging velocimetry. The maximal axial blood flow velocities in the inflow and outflow zones at the aneurysm orifice were noted at the peak systolic phase, measuring 46.8 and 24.9% of that in the parent artery, respectively. The mean size of the inflow zone during one cardiac cycle was 44.3 +/- 9.8% (range 35.6-58.7%) the size of the axial section at the aneurysm orifice. In the lower and upper planes of the aneurysm dome, the mean size of inward and outward flow areas were 43.3 +/- 6.7% and 43.8 +/- 6.8% the size of the axial cross-sectional plane, respectively. The axial flow velocity structures were dynamically altered throughout the cardiac cycle, particularly at the aneurysm orifice. The fastest secondary flow at the opening was also noted at the peak systolic and early diastolic phases. Axial blood flow velocity was slower in the upper axial plane of the aneurysm dome than in the lower one. Conversely, the secondary flow component was faster in the upper plane. CONCLUSIONS: The side-wall aneurysm in this study did not demonstrate a simple flow pattern as was previously seen in ideally shaped experimental aneurysms in vitro and in vivo. The flow patterns of inflow and outflow zones were very difficult to predict based on the limited flow information provided on standard digital subtraction angiography, even in an aneurysm with a relatively simple dome shape.     

腹主动脉瘤腔内修复术后Ⅱ型内漏发生的危险因素分析及其处理

目的 探讨腹主动脉瘤（AAA）腔内修复（EVAR）术后Ⅱ型内漏发生的影响因素。方法 回顾性分析2006年1月至2011年3月期间四川大学华西医院血管外科行EVAR术的197例AAA患者的临床资料,并探讨Ⅱ型内漏发生的影响因素。结果 197例患者行EVAR后发生Ⅱ型内漏18例。logistic回归分析结果显示,腰动脉数量每增加１根,发生Ⅱ型内漏的风险增加了0.822倍（OR=1.822,P=0.010）;最大腰动脉直径每增加1 mm,发生Ⅱ型内漏的风险增加了0.256倍（OR=1.256,P=0.040）。197例患者获访1～36个月,中位数为16.8个月。随访期间,1例瘤体直径于术后6个月时增长大于5 mm,给予经股动脉以弹簧圈栓塞肠系膜下动脉分支处理,术后内漏消失;余17患者的内漏自行封闭或瘤体直径无明显变化。结论 腰动脉数量和最大腰动脉直径均可影响Ⅱ型内漏的发生。如果持续性Ⅱ型内漏的瘤体直径无明显变化,可暂不处理,但应密切随访。     

"True" aneurysm of the posterior communicating artery as a possible effect of collateral circulation in a patient with occlusion of the internal carotid artery. A case study and literature review.

"True" posterior communicating artery (PCoA) aneurysms are extremely rare. A case of a 63-year-old patient with a ruptured "true" aneurysm of the right PCoA associated with the occlusion of the right internal carotid artery is presented. For nine years before he suffered from subarachnoid hemorrhage, the patient had developed symptoms of transient ischemic attack (TIA) due to the occlusion of the right internal carotid artery. The left vertebral angiogram demonstrated a "true" right PCoA aneurysm and collateral flow from the right posterior communicating artery to the right internal carotid artery. The right internal carotid system was also fed by collateral circulation from the left carotid artery through the anterior communicating artery. Transcranial colour-coded real-time sonography (TCCS) demonstrated increased velocity and turbulent blood flow in both communicating arteries. The patient was operated on and the aneurysm was clipped successfully. This case report suggests that the blood flow disturbances resulting from the collateral circulation through the PCoA could be a conductive factor in the formation and development of the aneurysm. This is the first described case of a "true" aneurysm of the PCoA coexistent with the occlusion of the internal carotid artery.     

Giant aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery: angiographic analysis of blood flow.

The authors report a giant aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery with subarachnoid hemorrhage and without intraluminal thrombosis; by serial angiography, the turbulent blood flow within the aneurysm was demonstrated. The aneurysm was clipped successfully.     

腰交感神经节射频热凝对糖尿病周围神经病变大鼠外周神经功能和结构的影响

目的 建立糖尿病周围神经病变大鼠模型,采用射频热凝毁损腰交感神经节,观察大鼠外周神经功能和结构的变化.方法 腹腔注射链尿佐菌素诱导糖尿病周围神经病变大鼠模型,选择造模成功的大鼠20只,随机分为糖尿病对照组(Ⅱ组)及交感神经节射频热凝组(Ⅲ组),另选择10只同月龄健康大鼠为正常对照组(Ⅰ组).Ⅲ组大鼠在X光机介导下行右侧L3,L4椎旁腰交感神经节射频热凝毁损.分别于0周、4周时,测定大鼠坐骨神经外膜血流量和运动神经传导速度(motor nerve conductive velocity,MNCV),4周时采用透射电镜观察大鼠腓肠神经超微结构.结果 与Ⅰ组比较,0周时Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组MNCV降低(P＜0.01);射频热凝后4周Ⅲ组较Ⅱ组MNCV升高,但仍较Ⅰ组降低(P＜0.05).与Ⅰ组比较,0周时Ⅱ组Ⅲ组神经外膜血流量降低(P＜0.01);4周时Ⅲ组神经外膜血流量高于Ⅱ组(P＜0.01),与Ⅰ组比较无统计学差异(P＞0.05).Ⅰ组髓鞘排列均匀,轴突内可见形态正常的线粒体;Ⅱ组脱髓鞘明显,髓鞘板层排列紊乱、断裂、肿胀;Ⅲ组脱髓鞘程度明显减轻,髓鞘板层局部排列紊乱、空泡形成.结论 腰交感神经节射频热凝可显著增加糖尿病周围神经病变大鼠坐骨神经外膜血流量,促进受损外周神经超微结构和功能的恢复.