经寰椎后弓上颈椎稳定性重建的解剖学研究

目的 通过解剖学测量,探讨经寰椎后弓螺钉固定重建上颈椎稳定性的解剖学基础.方法 测量39具干燥寰椎标本椎管内径宽度、螺钉进钉点后弓高度和宽度、寰椎椎动脉沟底后弓高度和宽度、经后弓螺钉固定钉道长度和侧块钉道长度、后弓固定与侧块固定进钉角度等解剖学数据.统计学分析所测量数据并对经寰椎后弓螺钉固定钉道长度与经侧块螺钉固定钉道长度两组数据配对student t检验,检验水准为α=0.05.结果 寰椎椎管内径宽度为(26.80±2.58)mm;进钉点寰椎后弓高度和宽度分别为(6.83±1.97)mm和(6.40±1.36)mm;椎动脉沟底后弓高度和宽度分别为(4.37±1.11)mm和(8.05±1.33)mm;经后弓螺钉固定钉道长度为(30.54±1.70)mm.进钉点置钉时钉道外倾角度为15°～20°、吻侧前倾角度为0°～5°.椎动脉沟底骨质高度小于颈椎常用螺钉直径3.5 mm的占25.6%(10具).经侧块螺钉固定钉道长度为(16.91±1.13)mm,进钉点置钉时钉道内倾角度为32.05°±6.03°、头侧前倾角度为5°.经后弓螺钉固定钉道长度与经侧块钉道长度两组数据配对student t检验统计分析结果显示差异有统计学意义(t=59.528,P＜0.001).结论 约有74.4%的人群可顺利经寰椎后弓螺钉固定完成上颈椎稳定性的重建,该技术不仅可使寰椎得到即刻、牢靠的稳定性,同时较寰椎经侧块螺钉固定技术具有较小的手术风险和操作难度,是一项具有推广价值的寰椎稳定技术.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the anatomy of upper cervical vertebrae's stable reconstruction by poster arch of atlas screw by anatomic study. Methods To collect the anatomical data of 39 dry atlas with the average inner diameter of vessel of atlas, the average high and wide of the screw point of poster arch of atlas, the average high and wide of poster arch of atlas beneath the groove for vertebral artery, the tract length of poster arch screw, the tract length of lateral mass screw, the direction and angle of poster arch screw, and the direction and angle of lateral mass. Statistical comparison were performed with Student test between the tract length of poster arch screw and the tract length of lateral mass screw. Results The average inner diameter of vessel of atlas was (26.8±2.58) mm(21.7-31.0 mm). The screw point high and wide of poster arch of atlas were (6.83±1.97) mm and (6.40±1.36) mm respectively. The average high and wide of poster arch of atlas beneath the groove for vertebral artery were (4.37±1.11) mm and (8.05±1.33) mm respectively. The tract length of poster arch screw were (30.54±1.705) mm. The direction and angle of poster arch screw was 15°-20° incline laterally and 0°-5°incline cephalo. 25.6%(10 cases) patients with the diameter less than 3.5mm beneath the groove for vertebral artery. The direction and angle of lateral mass screw was 32.05°±6.03° incline medially and 5° incline cephalo. There were significant differences between the tract length of poster arch screw and the tract length of lateral mass screw(t=59.528, P＜0.001 ). Conclusion About 74.4% patients can reconstruct the upper cervical stable by poster arch of atlas screw. The technique can gain instant upper cervical stable, and reduce the risk of injury of blood vessel by over explore the atlas arch compare with the technique of lateral mass screw fixation of atlas. The technique is worth to promoting with its character of safe, easy perform and rigid fixation.     

改良枢椎椎板螺钉联合寰椎侧块螺钉固定治疗齿状突骨折1例报告

枢椎经椎板螺钉固定不仅操作简单,而且固定牢固,近年来受到临床医生的广泛关注。但椎板螺钉有置入椎管的风险,而且对于椎板薄小的病例不宜使用[1~3]。枢椎具有颈椎中最为宽厚的棘突,我们以棘突基底部为螺钉钉道主要把持部分,将螺钉由棘突基底部置入,进入枢椎椎板后,由椎板中上端出钉,钉尖穿出椎板背侧皮质骨,形成枢椎棘突椎板螺钉固定（C2 spinous process laminar screw）,既达到了双层皮质骨固定,又可保证螺钉没有置入椎管的风险[4]。我们对1例枢椎椎板厚度不宜进行椎板螺钉固定的Anderson Ⅱ型齿状突骨折患者进行了枢椎棘突椎板螺钉联合寰椎侧块螺钉固定,临床疗效满意,报道如下。     

Feasibility study on posterior laminar screw fixation techniques in the axis

Objective： To get morphologic parameters of Chinese adults through observation and measurement on axial laminas, to evaluate the feasibility of placing axial laminar screws and to introduce the technique. Methods： Relative parameters of 28 sets of fresh Chinese adults＇ axial specimens, including distance from the superior and inferior entry points of axial laminar screws to the superior margins of axial laminas, superior, middle, inferior thickness and height of the axial laminas, length and angle of the axial laminar screw trajectories, distance from the entry points of axial laminar screws to the transverse foramen and central points of the inferior articular process, were measured with a digital caliper and a goniometer. Data were statistically analyzed. Results： Averagely, distance from the superior and inferior entry points of axial laminar screws to the superior margins of axial laminas was 5 mm and 9 mm, superior, middle, inferior thickness and the height of the axial laminas were 3.2 mm, 6.7 mm, 5.5 mm and 12.8 mm respectively, and the length of the superior and inferior axial laminar screw trajectories was 26.2 mm and 25.5 ram, respectively. Conclusions： It is feasible and reliable to apply posterior laminar screw fixation techniques to the axes of Chinese adults. Also the C2 laminar screw fixation technique can be taken as a supplementary to conventional posterior screw fixations of C2.     

The effect of in-out-in axis pedicle screws on the vertebral artery in the posterior occipitocervical surgery北大核心CSCD

Objective To observe the effect of insertion of in-out-in axis pedicle screws on the vertebral artery in the posterior occipitocervical surgery for atlantoaxial subluxation or instability. Methods The data of 52 patients with atlantoaxial dislocation or instability were analyzed who had been treated by internal fixation with in-out-in pedicle screws in the posterior occipitocervical surgery from January 2015 to February 2021 at Department of Spine and Spinal Cord Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital. There were 30 males and 22 females, aged from 17 to 65 years (mean, 41.2 years). There were 26 cases of unilateral vertebral artery high-riding, 3 cases of bilateral high-riding, 19 cases of unilateral narrow pedicle due to C2 and C3 fusion, and 4 cases of bilateral narrow pedicles. X-ray, CTA and MRI were performed before and 3 days after surgery. The patients' clinical symptoms were recorded. CTA was used to measure the diameter of the vertebral artery at the transverse foramina of C2 and C3 and to observe the effect of in-out-in screws on the morphology of the vertebral artery. X-ray and CT examinations were performed at 6 months after surgery to observe the bone fusion. Results The surgery went on uneventfully in all the patients. In the 9 cases undergoing anterior and posterior surgery, the operation time averaged 271.2 min (from 213 to 352 min) and the bleeding volume 471.5 mL (from 230 to 830 mL). In the 43 cases undergoing posterior surgery, the operation time averaged 171.6 min (from 131 to 226 min) and the bleeding volume 395.9 mL (from 170 to 660 mL). There was no such complication as spinal or vascular injury. The CTA reexamination 3 days after surgery showed that the diameter of the vertebral artery was (2.92±0.55) mm and (3.04±0.54) mm, respectively at the cervical 2 and 3 transverse foramina, showing no significant change compared with the preoperative values [(2.91±0.68) mm and (3.11±0.50) mm] (P>0.05) and that the vertebral artery was displaced externally and inferiorly in 21 cases. Follow-ups for all patients ranged from 7 to 24 months (mean, 11 months). At 6 months after surgery, bone fusion was observed by imaging and no breakage or displacement of the internal fixation was observed. Conclusion The in-out-in pedicle screws in the posterior occipitocervical surgery may have little impact on the vertebral artery, leading to reliable clinical outcomes. © 2022 Chinese Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma. All rights reserved.     

下颈椎经关节螺钉联合侧块或椎弓根螺钉固定的效果

Objective To discuss the effect of transarticular screws combined with lateral mass screws or pedicle screws through posterior approach in the lower cervical spine. Methods From February 2003 to October 2007, 22 patients were treated using transarticular screws internal fixation combined with lateral mass screws or pedicle screws in Axis plating system and Vertex system. There were cervical fracture and dislocation in 13 patients, ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in 4, cervical canal stenosis associated with dentoid process fracture in 1, and cervical disc herniation associated with cervical stenosis in 4 patients. Lamina or facet bone grafting were used to achieve a long-term stability, with decompression and anterior approach or not. The starting point for screw insertion was located 1 mm medial to the midpoint of the lateral mass and the direction of the screw was 40° caudally in the sagittal plane and 20° laterally in the axial plane. Results All screws insertion was successful. A total of 45 transarticular screws were inserted, with 2 in C4,5, 39 in C5,6 and 4 in C6,7. A total of 12 lateral mass screws were inserted, with 6 in C3 and 6 in C4. A total of 41 pedicle screws were inserted, with 4 in C2, 2 in C3 and 6 in C4, 21 in C7 and 8 in T1. There was no complication related to screw insertion, such as injury to the vertebral artery, nerve roots or spine cord. The follow-up period ranged from 10 months to 3 years and 8 months (mean 17 months). All cases got bone fusion. Only one instance of screw partial backout was identified, but fusion was achieved in all pa-tients. In the follow-up period, only one instance of screw partial backout was identified, but fusion was achieved in all patients. Conclusion The combined use of transarticular screws and lateral mass screws or pedicle screws fixation in the lower cervical spine can enlarge the advantages of strong stability,relatively simple, and reduce operating risk when performed appropriately.     

下颈椎经关节螺钉联合侧块或椎弓根螺钉固定的效果

Objective To discuss the effect of transarticular screws combined with lateral mass screws or pedicle screws through posterior approach in the lower cervical spine. Methods From February 2003 to October 2007, 22 patients were treated using transarticular screws internal fixation combined with lateral mass screws or pedicle screws in Axis plating system and Vertex system. There were cervical fracture and dislocation in 13 patients, ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in 4, cervical canal stenosis associated with dentoid process fracture in 1, and cervical disc herniation associated with cervical stenosis in 4 patients. Lamina or facet bone grafting were used to achieve a long-term stability, with decompression and anterior approach or not. The starting point for screw insertion was located 1 mm medial to the midpoint of the lateral mass and the direction of the screw was 40° caudally in the sagittal plane and 20° laterally in the axial plane. Results All screws insertion was successful. A total of 45 transarticular screws were inserted, with 2 in C4,5, 39 in C5,6 and 4 in C6,7. A total of 12 lateral mass screws were inserted, with 6 in C3 and 6 in C4. A total of 41 pedicle screws were inserted, with 4 in C2, 2 in C3 and 6 in C4, 21 in C7 and 8 in T1. There was no complication related to screw insertion, such as injury to the vertebral artery, nerve roots or spine cord. The follow-up period ranged from 10 months to 3 years and 8 months (mean 17 months). All cases got bone fusion. Only one instance of screw partial backout was identified, but fusion was achieved in all pa-tients. In the follow-up period, only one instance of screw partial backout was identified, but fusion was achieved in all patients. Conclusion The combined use of transarticular screws and lateral mass screws or pedicle screws fixation in the lower cervical spine can enlarge the advantages of strong stability,relatively simple, and reduce operating risk when performed appropriately.     

下颈椎经关节螺钉联合侧块或椎弓根螺钉固定的效果

Objective To discuss the effect of transarticular screws combined with lateral mass screws or pedicle screws through posterior approach in the lower cervical spine. Methods From February 2003 to October 2007, 22 patients were treated using transarticular screws internal fixation combined with lateral mass screws or pedicle screws in Axis plating system and Vertex system. There were cervical fracture and dislocation in 13 patients, ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in 4, cervical canal stenosis associated with dentoid process fracture in 1, and cervical disc herniation associated with cervical stenosis in 4 patients. Lamina or facet bone grafting were used to achieve a long-term stability, with decompression and anterior approach or not. The starting point for screw insertion was located 1 mm medial to the midpoint of the lateral mass and the direction of the screw was 40° caudally in the sagittal plane and 20° laterally in the axial plane. Results All screws insertion was successful. A total of 45 transarticular screws were inserted, with 2 in C4,5, 39 in C5,6 and 4 in C6,7. A total of 12 lateral mass screws were inserted, with 6 in C3 and 6 in C4. A total of 41 pedicle screws were inserted, with 4 in C2, 2 in C3 and 6 in C4, 21 in C7 and 8 in T1. There was no complication related to screw insertion, such as injury to the vertebral artery, nerve roots or spine cord. The follow-up period ranged from 10 months to 3 years and 8 months (mean 17 months). All cases got bone fusion. Only one instance of screw partial backout was identified, but fusion was achieved in all pa-tients. In the follow-up period, only one instance of screw partial backout was identified, but fusion was achieved in all patients. Conclusion The combined use of transarticular screws and lateral mass screws or pedicle screws fixation in the lower cervical spine can enlarge the advantages of strong stability,relatively simple, and reduce operating risk when performed appropriately.     

下颈椎经关节螺钉联合侧块或椎弓根螺钉固定的效果

Objective To discuss the effect of transarticular screws combined with lateral mass screws or pedicle screws through posterior approach in the lower cervical spine. Methods From February 2003 to October 2007, 22 patients were treated using transarticular screws internal fixation combined with lateral mass screws or pedicle screws in Axis plating system and Vertex system. There were cervical fracture and dislocation in 13 patients, ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in 4, cervical canal stenosis associated with dentoid process fracture in 1, and cervical disc herniation associated with cervical stenosis in 4 patients. Lamina or facet bone grafting were used to achieve a long-term stability, with decompression and anterior approach or not. The starting point for screw insertion was located 1 mm medial to the midpoint of the lateral mass and the direction of the screw was 40° caudally in the sagittal plane and 20° laterally in the axial plane. Results All screws insertion was successful. A total of 45 transarticular screws were inserted, with 2 in C4,5, 39 in C5,6 and 4 in C6,7. A total of 12 lateral mass screws were inserted, with 6 in C3 and 6 in C4. A total of 41 pedicle screws were inserted, with 4 in C2, 2 in C3 and 6 in C4, 21 in C7 and 8 in T1. There was no complication related to screw insertion, such as injury to the vertebral artery, nerve roots or spine cord. The follow-up period ranged from 10 months to 3 years and 8 months (mean 17 months). All cases got bone fusion. Only one instance of screw partial backout was identified, but fusion was achieved in all pa-tients. In the follow-up period, only one instance of screw partial backout was identified, but fusion was achieved in all patients. Conclusion The combined use of transarticular screws and lateral mass screws or pedicle screws fixation in the lower cervical spine can enlarge the advantages of strong stability,relatively simple, and reduce operating risk when performed appropriately.     

下颈椎经关节螺钉联合侧块或椎弓根螺钉固定的效果

Objective To discuss the effect of transarticular screws combined with lateral mass screws or pedicle screws through posterior approach in the lower cervical spine. Methods From February 2003 to October 2007, 22 patients were treated using transarticular screws internal fixation combined with lateral mass screws or pedicle screws in Axis plating system and Vertex system. There were cervical fracture and dislocation in 13 patients, ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in 4, cervical canal stenosis associated with dentoid process fracture in 1, and cervical disc herniation associated with cervical stenosis in 4 patients. Lamina or facet bone grafting were used to achieve a long-term stability, with decompression and anterior approach or not. The starting point for screw insertion was located 1 mm medial to the midpoint of the lateral mass and the direction of the screw was 40° caudally in the sagittal plane and 20° laterally in the axial plane. Results All screws insertion was successful. A total of 45 transarticular screws were inserted, with 2 in C4,5, 39 in C5,6 and 4 in C6,7. A total of 12 lateral mass screws were inserted, with 6 in C3 and 6 in C4. A total of 41 pedicle screws were inserted, with 4 in C2, 2 in C3 and 6 in C4, 21 in C7 and 8 in T1. There was no complication related to screw insertion, such as injury to the vertebral artery, nerve roots or spine cord. The follow-up period ranged from 10 months to 3 years and 8 months (mean 17 months). All cases got bone fusion. Only one instance of screw partial backout was identified, but fusion was achieved in all pa-tients. In the follow-up period, only one instance of screw partial backout was identified, but fusion was achieved in all patients. Conclusion The combined use of transarticular screws and lateral mass screws or pedicle screws fixation in the lower cervical spine can enlarge the advantages of strong stability,relatively simple, and reduce operating risk when performed appropriately.     

下颈椎经关节螺钉联合侧块或椎弓根螺钉固定的效果

Objective To discuss the effect of transarticular screws combined with lateral mass screws or pedicle screws through posterior approach in the lower cervical spine. Methods From February 2003 to October 2007, 22 patients were treated using transarticular screws internal fixation combined with lateral mass screws or pedicle screws in Axis plating system and Vertex system. There were cervical fracture and dislocation in 13 patients, ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in 4, cervical canal stenosis associated with dentoid process fracture in 1, and cervical disc herniation associated with cervical stenosis in 4 patients. Lamina or facet bone grafting were used to achieve a long-term stability, with decompression and anterior approach or not. The starting point for screw insertion was located 1 mm medial to the midpoint of the lateral mass and the direction of the screw was 40° caudally in the sagittal plane and 20° laterally in the axial plane. Results All screws insertion was successful. A total of 45 transarticular screws were inserted, with 2 in C4,5, 39 in C5,6 and 4 in C6,7. A total of 12 lateral mass screws were inserted, with 6 in C3 and 6 in C4. A total of 41 pedicle screws were inserted, with 4 in C2, 2 in C3 and 6 in C4, 21 in C7 and 8 in T1. There was no complication related to screw insertion, such as injury to the vertebral artery, nerve roots or spine cord. The follow-up period ranged from 10 months to 3 years and 8 months (mean 17 months). All cases got bone fusion. Only one instance of screw partial backout was identified, but fusion was achieved in all pa-tients. In the follow-up period, only one instance of screw partial backout was identified, but fusion was achieved in all patients. Conclusion The combined use of transarticular screws and lateral mass screws or pedicle screws fixation in the lower cervical spine can enlarge the advantages of strong stability,relatively simple, and reduce operating risk when performed appropriately.     

枢椎后路棘突螺钉固定技术及其解剖学研究

目的 明确枢椎后路棘突螺钉固定的解剖学可行性和技术参数,为临床应用提供参考.方法 选取30具枢椎标本,仔细解剖以清楚地暴露椎板和棘突.测量枢椎棘突根部1/2的中点、中部和后部1/2的中点高度;棘突根部的头侧1/2的中点、中部和根部的尾侧1/2的中点厚度(精确到0.01 mm).选取20具枢椎标本,以棘突基底部为进钉点,双侧平行置入棘突螺钉,通过CT重建,测量棘突的宽度、螺钉进钉角度、钉道长度及钉尖与脊髓、椎动脉的距离.结果 枢椎棘突平均高度和厚度各自为(12.90±1.30)mm和(18.86±1.17)mm.所有棘突螺钉均成功置入枢椎棘突,未见螺钉侵犯椎管、横突孔和棘突劈裂.重建CT测量棘突中份基底部的平均宽度为(20.7±1. 3)mm;棘突螺钉在横断面的前倾角度为1.8°±1.0°,在横断面上和矢状面上几乎均是平行.螺钉钉道长度为(19.7±1. 1)mm,螺钉钉尖与椎动脉距离为(20.2±3.1)mm,螺钉钉尖与脊髓距离为(8.3±2.6)mm,上下位左右侧螺钉角度与椎动脉和脊髓的距离数据略有不同,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),但上位螺钉钉道长度(18.4±1.1)mm明显短于下位螺钉钉道长度(20.3±1.2)mm,差异有统计学意义(t=3.566,P＜0.01).结论 枢椎后路棘突螺钉具有一定的解剖学可行性,也许可以作为枢椎后路固定的一种补充内固定方法,但临床应用之前,尚需进一步的生物力学研究.     

下颈椎棘突椎板螺钉固定的解剖学研究

目的:测量成人下颈椎棘突椎板的解剖学参数,探讨下颈椎棘突椎板固定的可行性。方法:取20具C3-C7尸体标本,仔细解剖以清楚地暴露椎板和棘突。分别采用手工和CT测量椎板高度、厚度;以棘突和椎板的交界处进钉,对侧椎板中上端背侧出钉,通过CT重建测量螺钉进钉角度、钉道长度及钉尖与椎动脉、脊髓的距离;随机抽取100例正常成年人下颈椎CT图像测量下颈椎棘突根部中缘宽度、棘突椎板交界处椎板中缘厚度,分析置钉可行性。结果:所有螺钉均成功置入,未发现螺钉侵犯椎管、横突孔。下颈椎标本各节段椎板高度、厚度的手工测量值与CT测量值比较无统计学差异(P>0.05);重建CT测量C3-C7节段椎板高度、厚度逐渐增大,分别为(12.4±1.2)～(13.7±1.3)mm和(4.5±0.9)～(5.4±1.1)mm,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);螺钉钉道长度呈增大趋势(13.7±1.2)～(15.8±1.8)mm,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);螺钉钉尖与椎动脉、脊髓的距离分别为(20.1±2.7)～(25.8±2.9)mm和(4.1±1.8)～(5.0±1.2)mm;横断面的前倾角度为(73.0±9.9)°～(85.3±10.1)°,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);100例正常成年人下颈椎CT图像测量棘突根部宽度及椎板中缘厚度最小值均为C4,分别为(8.5±1.1)mm和(4.3±0.5)mm,最大值均为C7,分别为(14.5±2.0)mm和(6.0±1.1)mm。结论:下颈椎棘突椎板螺钉固定技术具有解剖学可行性,棘突椎板螺钉内固定存在一个安全、稳定的进钉区间。     

枢椎经椎板螺钉联合寰椎侧块螺钉内固定术的临床应用

目的 探讨后路经枢椎椎板螺钉联合寰椎侧块螺钉固定技术治疗上颈椎不稳的临床疗效和并发症.方法 2003年10月至2006年12月,采用此技术治疗寰枢椎不稳17例,男12例,女5例;年龄34～73岁,平均42.5岁.Anderson Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型齿突骨折14例,寰椎横韧带断裂1例,先天性游离齿突并寰枢椎不稳2例.均有寰枢椎半脱位或不稳,表现为不同程度的颈枕区疼痛,活动受限.枢椎经椎板螺钉固定技术以棘突和椎板的交界处椎板头尾方向的中点为进钉点,为避免钉道的相互干扰,第1枚螺钉的进钉点通常选择枢椎椎板的偏头侧,另1枚螺钉的进钉点偏尾侧,用高速磨钻在进钉点磨去少许皮质骨开窗后,用手钻向枢椎对侧椎板钻孔,螺钉方向在直视下与椎板平面并行,并稍向枢椎椎板背侧倾斜,以确保螺钉不穿破椎板腹侧皮质侵犯椎管,宁可穿破枢椎椎板背侧皮质骨.内固定系统均使用颈椎后路Vertex钉棒系统同定.结果 术中无一例发生脊髓和椎动脉损伤.有2例患者在剥离寰椎后弓下缘时,损伤静脉丛,用明胶海绵压迫止血成功.术后CT示枢椎椎板螺钉位置良好,未见侵犯枢椎椎管和脊髓.随访术后X线片未见明显颈椎不稳、内固定失败及螺钉松动退出.结论 枢椎后路经椎板螺钉技术固定牢固,操作简单,相对安全,值得进一步推广.     

枢椎棘突螺钉与椎弓根螺钉的解剖学比较

目的：比较枢椎棘突螺钉和椎弓根螺钉的技术难度和相关解剖学参数,探讨枢椎棘突螺钉固定的可行性和安全性。方法：自2010年2月至7月,选取10具颈椎标本,男5具,女5具,年龄45～76岁,平均60.5岁。将标本俯卧,颈部置于中立位。从C1-C3剔除颈部后侧所有的软组织,以清楚地暴露枢椎侧块和峡部。枢椎椎体左右侧任意选择进行棘突螺钉和椎弓根螺钉固定,各10枚螺钉,置入直径为4.0mm的皮质骨螺钉。枢椎棘突螺钉以枢椎棘突螺钉的进钉点选择为棘突的基底部、棘突和椎板的交界处,进钉角度水平置钉,螺钉由对侧棘突基底部穿出,形成双层皮质固定;枢椎椎弓根螺钉进钉点为枢椎下关节突根部中点,钉道方向与矢状面夹角15°～20°,与横断面夹角约30°。螺钉置入后,使用多层螺旋CT扫描机对标本进行扫描重建。测量螺钉在骨内的实际深度,记录椎弓根螺钉和棘突螺钉置钉失败、穿破椎弓根、进入椎管或置入横突孔的螺钉数目。结果：枢椎棘突螺钉和椎弓根螺钉的置入均无明显的技术困难。棘突螺钉未见螺钉置入椎管和劈裂棘突,但椎弓根螺钉有1枚螺钉突出椎弓根外侧皮质,侵犯横突孔。枢椎棘突螺钉的平均钉道长度为（21.4±1.4）mm,稍短于枢椎椎弓根螺钉的（23.7±1.0）mm,但两者间差异无统计学意义（t=-4.387,P〉0.05）。结论：枢椎棘突基底部具有螺钉固定的可行性,枢椎棘突螺钉较椎弓根螺钉固定相对安全、简单。     

组合枢椎椎板螺钉及经枢椎椎板关节突螺钉固定技术的临床应用

目的探讨组合枢椎椎板螺钉及经枢椎椎板关节突螺钉(TLFS)固定技术治疗颈椎损伤的可行性和应用价值。方法自2005年10月～2008年10月,采用枢椎椎板螺钉及经枢椎TLFS固定技术治疗颈椎损伤36例。结果本组获随访13~32个月,平均18个月。30例行自体髂骨植骨,6例行异体骨植骨,获得了良好的骨性愈合。术后CT示枢椎椎板螺钉及经枢椎TLFS位置良好,未侵犯椎管和脊髓。结论枢椎椎板螺钉及经枢椎TLFS固定技术不受C2横突孔中椎动脉的位置和C2椎弓根大小限制,避免了螺钉置入过程中损伤椎动脉的风险,所以该方法可作为传统枢椎后路螺钉固定技术的补充。     

采用椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗寰枢椎骨折脱位

[目的]探讨寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉技术治疗创伤性寰枢椎不稳的临床效果。[方法]2009年9月~2017年3月,对6例创伤性寰枢椎不稳患者采用颈椎后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定技术治疗。术前均常规行颅骨牵引,椎弓根进钉点位于寰椎椎弓两侧距后结节20 mm、后弓下缘2 mm,内倾5°~10°、头倾10°~15°,置入直径3.5 mm、长22~26 mm螺钉。枢椎螺钉的进钉点位于侧块内上象限,内倾约25°,头倾约25°置入直径3.5 mm、长24~28 mm螺钉。[结果]术中无血管及神经损伤。术后随访6~36个月,患者临床症状得到明显改善。术后检查显示螺钉位置良好,无内置物松动、断裂。术后12个月JOA评分为11.00~17.00分。[结论]寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定治疗创伤性寰枢椎不稳疗效满意。     

经后路寰椎椎弓根螺钉固定的置钉研究

目的探讨经后路寰椎椎弓根螺钉固定的可行性. 方法利用20具颈椎尸体标本,模拟经后路寰椎椎弓根螺钉固定.在寰椎后弓后缘表面,经枢椎下关节突中心点纵垂线与寰椎后弓上缘下方3 mm水平线的交点作为进钉点,按内斜10度、上斜5度钻孔,经寰椎椎弓根置入直径3.5 mm的皮质骨螺钉.测量进钉点与寰椎椎弓根中线平面的距离、螺钉最大进钉深度、螺钉内斜角度和螺钉上斜角度等解剖指标,观察螺钉是否突破椎弓根和侧块骨皮质,以及椎动脉、硬膜、脊髓是否损伤等. 结果共放置40枚寰椎椎弓根螺钉,测得进钉点与寰椎椎弓根中线的平均距离为(2.20±0.42) mm,螺钉最大进钉深度平均(30.51±1.59) mm,螺钉内斜角度平均(9.70±0.67)度,上斜角(4.60±0.59)度.其中1枚螺钉因上斜角度过大穿破椎弓根上缘,8枚因后弓高度过小而突破椎弓根下缘,5枚进钉过深突破寰椎侧块前缘皮质,但均未对脊髓和椎动脉造成损伤. 结论经后路行寰椎椎弓根螺钉固定是安全可行的,但应注意进钉角度和深度.     

快速成型导向模板技术在枢椎椎板交叉螺钉置钉中的应用

 目的 验证在快速成型导向模板辅助下枢椎椎板交叉螺钉置钉的安全性、准确性及偏差因素分析。方法 选取正常颈椎标本18具,行螺旋CT扫描。扫描数据经Mimics软件三维重建后行枢椎椎板交叉螺钉最佳钉道的计算机辅助设计,建立与枢椎椎板及棘突后表面解剖结构互补的基板,组合形成导向模板。在激光快速成型机上进行导向模板实体化,利用导向模板辅助置钉。扫描置钉后的标本,分割重建螺钉钉道路径。将置钉前后的标本配对拟合,测量理想钉道与实际螺钉的进钉点及进钉角度。结果 上、下位椎板螺钉理想钉道长度分别为(29.12±1.39)、(29.62±1.40) mm;内倾角分别为56.20°±2.07°、56.02°±1.72°。下位椎板螺钉实际钉道内倾角和尾倾角分别为56.28°±1.54°、0.13°±0.65°;上位椎板分别为55.48°±1.75°、-0.19°±1.54°。下位椎板螺钉进钉点在X、Y、Z轴上的偏移分别为(0.69±1.79)、(2.54±4.86)、(0.63±1.37) mm;上位椎板分别为(0.64±1.61)、(2.36±4.85)、(0.62±1.38) mm。理想钉道与实际螺钉进钉点、钉道方向的差异无统计学差异。结论 利用数字化快速成型导向模板技术辅助枢椎椎板交叉螺钉置钉提高了置钉的安全性和准确性,理论上可降低椎动脉和脊髓损伤的风险。     

下颈椎前路椎弓根螺钉内固定解剖学测量及临床应用

 目的 通过解剖学测量和临床应用, 探讨下颈椎前路椎弓根螺钉置入的可行性、安全性 及其临床疗效。方法 对 20具成人颈椎标本通过 CT扫描后进行数据测量, 内容包括: 椎体高度、椎体 前后径、椎体宽度、椎弓根横径、椎弓根高度、螺钉长度、横切面角度、矢状面角度、横切面进针点距离、 矢状面进针点距离, 确定进针点, 并进行尸体标本置钉。根据测量数据和术前影像学检查对 5例颈椎骨 折脱位患者行下颈椎前路椎弓根螺钉固定植骨融合术, 术后观察复位及螺钉位置情况及短期随访结 果。结果 横切面角度从 Cxiaobiaokaishi3xiaobiaojieshu(45.7°±4.0°)至 Cxiaobiaokaishi5xiaobiaojieshu(52.1°±5.9°)逐渐增大, 至 Cxiaobiaokaishi6xiaobiaojieshu(47.8°±6.7°)、Cxiaobiaokaishi7xiaobiaojieshu(44.4°±8.3°)又 有所减小。矢状面角度从 Cxiaobiaokaishi3xiaobiaojieshu(93.4°±7.2°)至 Cxiaobiaokaishi6xiaobiaojieshu(112.1°±6.2°)逐渐增大, 至 Cxiaobiaokaishi7xiaobiaojieshu(102.7°±8.5°)又有所减小。横 切面进针点 Cxiaobiaokaishi3xiaobiaojieshu~Cxiaobiaokaishi5xiaobiaojieshu位于椎弓根对侧, Cxiaobiaokaishi6xiaobiaojieshu~Cxiaobiaokaishi7xiaobiaojieshu位于椎弓根同侧;矢状面进针点距离 3.4~7.5 mm。 5例患者术 中减压彻底, 螺钉均位于椎弓根钉道内, 日本骨科协会评分(Japanese Orthopaedic Association Scores, JOA)均有不同程度地提高。结论 下颈椎前路椎弓根螺钉的理想进针点位于距上终板 5 mm左右, 椎 体前正中线附近。横切面角度约为 45.7°~52.1°, 矢状面角度约为 93.4°~112.1°。螺钉长度约为 32 mm。     

经口咽前路寰椎侧块置钉固定治疗合并寰枕融合畸形颅底凹陷症的临床疗效

目的:探讨经口咽前路寰椎侧块置钉固定治疗合并寰枕融合畸形颅底凹陷症患者的可行性及临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析2009年3月~2011年10月我院收治的55例合并寰枕融合畸形的颅底凹陷症患者,行颅底和颈椎薄层CT扫描,冠状面和矢状面图像重建,同期我院影像数据库中55例无枕颈畸形患者上颈椎CT资料作为对照。在PACS图像系统上测量寰椎侧块的前高Ha、后高Hp、外侧高度Ho、内侧高度Hi、侧块的矢径A和横径B,观察并测量硬腭后缘投影点到寰椎侧块下缘的高度d等参数。并以寰椎侧块中下1/3的水平线与内中1/3垂线的交点作为侧块螺钉的模拟进钉点,在PACS图像工作站上寻找最合适的钉道方向,测量钉道的外倾角α和上倾角β,螺钉理论钉道长度L等。按照上述设计方案,所有患者接受了经口咽前路寰枢椎脱位松解复位,钢板内固定手术(TARP)。术后CT扫描观察钉道情况,测量螺钉的实际外倾角α2和上倾角β2,螺钉长度L2等,并与影像学测量数据对比。临床疗效采用JOA评分系统对患者术后3个月、6个月及12个月随访时脊髓功能进行评分,测量术前、术后脑干脊髓角评价脊髓压迫改善情况。结果:寰枕融合组寰椎切面的形态与对照组形状相似,测量寰椎侧块的横径为14.5±3.4mm,纵径为19.3±2.6mm,均小于对照组(P<0.05)。侧块前、后、外、内高度均小于对照组,其中后高差别尤为明显(P<0.05)。寰枕融合组的硬腭投影点明显偏下,投影点与侧块下缘的距离均值为4.7±1.7mm,明显小于对照组的17.6±2.4mm(P<0.05)。该组病例手术顺利,共置入寰椎侧块螺钉110枚,其中2枚螺钉偏外指向椎动脉孔,3枚螺钉偏内部分穿破侧块内侧缘,并呈切线进入椎管内,但未引起神经症状,其余均位于侧块内。术后患者肢体麻木、肌肉无力等症状均有明显改善,JOA评分术前8.1±1.6分,术后3个月复查时恢复至15.9±0.9分(P<0.05),末次随访时为16.0±0.8分。脑干脊髓角由术前127°±11°改善至156°±14°(P<0.05)。结论:经口咽前路侧块螺钉技术用于合并寰枕融合的颅底凹陷症是可行的,采用该技术的经口咽前路复位钢板治疗颅底凹陷症可获得良好疗效。