microRNA的功能及与酒精相关疾病关系的研究进展

microRNA（miRNA）是一组长19-25个核苷酸的单链小分子非编码RNA,其进化上呈高度保守,通过与目标mRNA的互补配对在转录后水平对基因表达进行负调控而广泛作用于动植物及病毒,导致目标mRNA的降解或翻译抑制[1-3].1993年,Lee等[4]于秀丽隐杆线虫中首次发现了lin-4这种不编码蛋白质但却能转录产生小RNA的基因,也就是我们今天所熟知的miRNA.近年来,更多的研究揭示了miRNA在疾病的发生、发展及预后中所起到的重要作用,现对miRNA功能及其与部分酒精相关疾病的关系作一综述.     

神经突触部位的miRNA沉默

一、miRNA简述 miRNA是一类长度约20～24个核苷酸(nt)(少数小于20nt)的非编码单链小分子RNA,在细胞内介导同源序列依赖的基因沉默.miRNA基因以单拷贝、多拷贝或基因簇等多种形式存在于基因组中,部分存在于蛋白编码基因的内含子中,但绝大部分定位于基因间隔区.初始miRNA转录物(pri-miRNA)经过两次酶解加工形成成熟的miRNA.初次加工发生在细胞核内,pti-niRNA在辅助因子(如果蝇中的Pasha蛋白)的参与下被RNaseⅢ核酸酶Drosha加工成约70nt长的具有发夹结构的特征性miRNA前体(pre-miRNA).随后,pre-miRNA在Ran-GTP依赖的核质/胞质转运蛋白Exportin 5的作用下从核内运输到胞质.在胞质中,pre-miRNA在Dicer酶的作用下进行二次加工.     

MicroRNA与脑缺血

MicroRNAs（miRNAs）是广泛存在于真核生物细胞中的单链小核糖核酸（ribonucleic acid,RNA）,通过与靶信使核糖核酸（messenger RNA,mRNA）互补配对后在转录后水平对基因表达进行调控,导致mRNA的降解或抑制其翻译成蛋白质。脑缺血时miRNA的基因表达谱随缺血时间的不同而有不同程度的改变;同时miRNA可以通过对相关靶mRNA降解或抑制其翻译成蛋白质,或使相关靶mRNA降解或抑制其翻译成蛋白质后,调节其下游基因在信号转导通路中的作用,从而在脑缺血发生的病理过程中起重要作用。     

MicroRNA-494参与多种神经系统疾病发生发展的分子机制研究进展

正MicroRNA(miRNA)是一种长度约为22个核苷酸的非编码单链小RNA,最早于1993年Lee等研究线虫发育时发现,随后在果蝇、小鼠、人类、植物等基因组中发现了更多的此类RNA,这些RNA均为内源性表达的长度约为22个核苷酸的小RNA,被称为miRNA。MiRNA主要在后转录水平通过不完全或完全互补形式与mRNA 3’UTR结合从而降解mRNA或抑制其翻译。虽然miRNA仅占细胞总RNA的一小部分,但成熟miRNA的拷贝数通常远远超过其互补的mRNA的拷贝数,且一个miRNA可以调节成百上千甚至更多的目标     

MicroRNA在调控胶质瘤干细胞自我更新中作用

MicroRNA是重要的内源性小RNA,长度约21～23个核苷酸序列,参与包括翻译抑制,mRNA降解和脱腺苷作用等多种细胞内基因靶向沉默过程。近来发现将近半数以上的miRNA定位于癌基因相关区域[1],miRNA生成需经过许多步骤:首先编码miRNA的基因在RNA聚合酶Ⅱ的作用下生成pri-miRNA,随     

microRNA与胶质瘤的研究现状

microRNA（miRNA）是继siRNA（small interfering RNA）之后，发现的又一调节mRNA稳定和mRNA翻译的一类非编码RNA。它是近几年生命科学研究的热点之一。在1993年Lee发现lin4后，又相继找到了上百种类似的小RNA，称为小分子RNA（microRNA），组成了一个调控分子家族。在人类的多种肿瘤中发现有miRNA的表达水平异常或发生突变，在胶质瘤中也发现了一些特异的miRNA表达。一些学者开展了与胶质瘤相关的miRNA的研究，并取得了一定成果。     

微小核糖核酸与精神疾病及精神药物的研究进展

微小核糖核酸( microRNA,miRNA)是一种不编码蛋白质的小RNA分子,可以在转录后水平调节基因的表达,广泛参与了个体发育、细胞增殖凋亡等生命活动.近年的研究也显示miRNA的调控障碍以及编码序列的改变与包括精神分裂症和双相障碍在内的多种精神疾病的发生有关,而且精神药物的治疗作用可能与miRNA表达谱的改变有关.我们就目前miRNA在精神疾病及治疗药物中的研究进展进行综述.     

MicroRNAs在胶质瘤中的研究进展

MicroRNA(miRNA)是一类长20~25个核苷酸序列、非编码的内源性单链RNA分子,通过与靶mRNA 3’UTR结合方式,参与转录后调控。miRNA在肿瘤中的作用研究也成为近年的研究热点。越来越多的证据表明miRNA参与胶质瘤细胞增殖、凋亡、侵袭、转移、细胞耐药性及新生血管形成等病理生理过程。miRNA可能为胶质瘤治疗提供新的途径。文中对近年来miRNA在胶质瘤中的研究进行综述。     

microRNA与缺血缺氧的关系研究进展

MicroRNA（miRNA）是非蛋白质编码小分子RNA,由18—23个核苷酸组成的,miRNA可作为独立的转录物,通过间接调节转录因子、诱导mRNA降解对基因表达进行转录调节或通过直接抑制或增加目的基因的翻译起到转录后调节作用。     

微小核糖核酸与缺血性卒中

微小核糖核酸（micro-ribonucleic acids,miRNAs）是一种基因编码长度约22个核苷酸的非编码单链核糖核酸（ribonucleic acids,RNA）分子,通过介导信使RNA（messenger RNA,mRNA）降解或转录抑制来调控蛋白质合成。miRNAs不仅与神经细胞发育、分化及生理功能密切相关,而且在脑缺血缺氧后表达发生上调或下调,直接影响到下游蛋白质合成,并且与缺血耐受也有直接关系。通过对脑缺血缺氧后表达发生改变的miRNAs进行调控,可能为卒中的治疗开启一条新途径。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。