心理干预对飞行人员应对方式和社会支持的影响

目的探讨心理干预对飞行人员应对方式和社会支持的影响。方法选取来院疗养的119名军事飞行人员,随机分为干预组和对照组,对干预组实施心理干预,对照组不进行任何心理干预,采用社会支持量表及应对方式问卷对心理干预前后两组飞行人员进行测评,并对干预前后的结果进行比较。结果①心理干预前两组飞行人员应对方式和社会支持量表得分无统计学差异(t=0.12,0.74,-0.30,0.67,-0.37,-0.67;P>0.05);②心理干预后干预组飞行人员的积极应对维度(t=2.67,P<0.01)、主观支持度(t=2.85,P<0.01)、对支持利用度的得分(t=2.45,P<0.05)及社会支持总分(t=2.82,P<0.01)高于干预前,消极应对维度得分低于干预前(t=4.11,P<0.01),对照组前后测的各量表得分无显著变化;③干预组心理干预后飞行人员的积极应对维度(t=2.45,P<0.05)、主观支持度(t=2.90,P<0.01)、对支持利用度得分(t=2.61,P<0.01)及社会支持总分(t=3.42,P<0.01)均高于同时期的对照组,消极应对维度得分低于对照组(t=-2.72,P<0.01)。结论心理干预能改善飞行人员的应对方式,提高飞行人员的社会支持水平。     

团体心理干预对老年冠心病患者焦虑情绪的影响

目的:探讨心理评估及团体心理干预在缓解老年冠心病患者焦虑情绪中的应用效果。方法:将心内科2016年2—6月收治的90例老年冠心病患者分为观察组和对照组各45例,两组治疗方法均衡,对照组采用常规心理干预,观察组心理评估后实施团体心理干预,均干预12周。比较两组患者的焦虑、抑郁情绪及社会支持度。结果:观察组干预12周后的焦虑、抑郁评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=-6.389,-9.453;P0.05)。观察组干预12周后主观支持、客观支持、支持利用度评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=5.161,7.733,11.530;P0.05)。结论:心理评估及团体心理干预能够显著缓解老年冠心病患者焦虑、抑郁情绪,提高患者的社会支持度。     

心理干预对乳腺癌患者应对方式及社会支持的影响

目的探讨综合性心理干预对化疗期间乳腺癌患者应对方式及社会支持的影响方法将83例化疗期乳腺癌患者随机分为实验组和对照组,实验组除接受常规化疗及护理外,还进行为期8周的综合性心理干预,对照组仅接受常规化疗及护理,以乳腺癌患者防御方式（DSQ）,社会支持（SSRS）为指标,评价心理干预对乳腺癌患者防御方式及社会支持的影响。结果心理干预后,对两组进行比较显示,实验组比对照组更多地采取积极防御方式,较少地采取消极的防御方式（P〈0.05）。心理干预后,实验组在社会支持总分、主观支持得分、支持利用度等方面较心理干预前均有明显提高（P〈0.05）,而对照组前后无明显变化（P〉0.05）。结论综合性的心理干预能够使乳腺癌患者的积极应对方式增加,对社会支持的利用度增加,从而降低负性情绪的影响,提高其生存质量。     

心理干预在儿童血液肿瘤综合治疗中的应用

目的:探讨心理干预在儿童血液肿瘤综合治疗中的作用。方法:采用自编儿童心理卫生状况评定量表及90项症状自评量表(SCL-90)对52例血液肿瘤儿童及其家长和48例健康儿童及其家长进行心理测试;并随机抽取26例血液肿瘤儿童及其家长在化疗的同时予以为期3个月的心理干预,随后进行心理测试。结果:血液肿瘤儿童及其家长心理卫生问题明显多于健康儿童及其家长,表现为社会行为问题(3.9±2.9)、个性情绪问题(7.1±4.7)、习惯问题(1.2±1.1)、学习问题(1.3±1.2)较健康儿童(1.5±1.6,1.5±2.0,0.5±0.7,0.4±0.5)显著增多(P<0.01);其家长的强迫(1.9±0.8)、抑郁(1.9±0.8)、焦虑(1.8±0.8)情绪显著增多(1.6±0.6,1.5±0.7,1.4±0.7,P<0.05)。心理干预后,干预组儿童的社会行为问题(2.4±2.1)、个性情绪问题(4.2±3.0)较非干预组明显减少(3.8±2.8,7.2±4.6,P<0.05);其家长的强迫(1.5±0.9)、抑郁(1.5±1.0)、焦虑(1.3±1.0)情绪亦显著减少(1.9±0.9,1.9±0.8,1.8±0.7,P<0.05)。结论:血液肿瘤儿童及其家长存在着较多的心理卫生问题;心理干预可显著提高血液肿瘤儿童的生存质量,促进其家长的心身健康。     

心理干预对维持性血液透析病人焦虑情绪的影响

目的探讨心理干预对血液透析病人焦虑情绪的影响。方法对于165例血液透析患者在血液透析开始时进行心理干预12周，干预前后分别进行焦虑评分。所得数据采用SPSS10．0统计软件进行分析。结果血液透析病人有较严重的焦虑情绪，进行心理干预前165名血液透析病人有86人（52．1％）存在焦虑情绪，进行心理干预后只有33人（20%）存在焦虑情绪。进行心理干预后各种程度的焦虑患者明显减少。结论对维持性血液透析患者进行有效的心理干预，可有效改善血透病人的焦虑情绪。     

心理干预对劳教警察职业倦怠、情绪及社会支持的作用研究

目的了解心理干预技术对劳教警察职业倦怠、情绪及社会支持的效果。方法采用Maslach倦怠量表(MBI)、状态特质焦虑问卷(STAI)、贝克抑郁问卷(BDI)、社会支持状况评估(SSRS)等对217名劳教警察进行调查,并对其进行2个月的心理干预,干预之后再次进行问卷评估。结果劳教警察情绪衰竭和个人成就感降低维度心理干预后较干预前有明显的改善(t=3.19和t=2.59,P=0.0016和P=0.0106);劳教警察抑郁情绪、焦虑情绪心理干预后较干预前有明显改善(t=14.382和t=3.562,P0.001);劳教警察社会支持各维度心理干预后较心理干预前有明显的改善(P0.05)。结论心理干预技术对劳教警察职业倦怠效果显著,对劳教警察抑郁、焦虑情绪干预效果显著,对劳教警察社会支持干预效果显著。     

社会心理干预对自杀未遂者的效果

目的:对自杀未遂者实施社会心理干预,促进自杀干预工作的开展。方法:采用方便取样的方法,将某农村地区综合医院急诊室救治的115例自杀未遂者纳入研究。采用WHO健康量表、情绪稳定性量表、BECK抑郁自评量表等对115例被试评估后,将其随机分为干预组(n=58)和对照组(n=57)。对干预组实施心理社会干预,包括在院时针对自杀预防的健康教育和出院后18个月内的7次入户随访干预,而对照组仅在住院时给予必要的情绪舒缓。出院后18个月时采用入组时的测查工具,加上生活质量量表、目前感觉状态自我评价量表、应付方式问卷、社会支持量表对两组再次进行评估并比较。结果:出院后18个月内,干预组中1例自杀未遂,对照组中4例出现自杀行为(自杀未遂2例,自杀死亡2例),两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。出院后18个月时,干预组WHO健康量表得分增值高于对照组(P0.05),两组在Beck抑郁量表、情绪稳定性量表减少分值差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。干预组出院18个月时的自我感觉评价得分,应对方式量表中的解决问题得分,社会支持量表中的主观支持、客观支持、支持总分均高于对照组(均P0.05),而自责得分低于对照组(均P0.05)。结论:本研究提示对农村自杀未遂者实施社会心理干预能够一定程度上改善其精神心理活动状况,降低绝望感,从而降低再自杀行为发生风险。     

青少年社会支持与情绪行为问题的关系:心理弹性的中介与调节作用

目的:考察心理弹性在社会支持与情绪行为问题之间的中介作用和调节作用.方法:采用儿童青少年社会支持评定量表、心理弹性量表、长处和困难量表中文版及自编一般人口学变量调查表,对中山市两所中学1092名青少年进行调查,收回有效问卷1070份.结果:①社会支持和心理弹性对青少年的情绪行为问题均具有保护作用,主观支持与对支持的利用度既直接响青少年的情绪行为问题,又通过心理弹性对其产生间接影响,中介效应占总效应的比例分别为11.2％和14.3％.②心理弹性对客观支持、主观支持与情绪行为问题的关系具有调节作用.结论:增加社会支持,有利于培养青少年的心理弹性,对青少年情绪行为问题具有保护作用;心理弹性的保护作用在客观社会支持与主观社会支持两个维度上的作用机制不同.     

社会支持和应对方式与军人心理应激的相关性研究

目的　了解军人的社会支持和应对方式与心理应激的相关程度。方法　应用心理学量表对 1 3 5 7名现役军人进行心理测评、分析。结果　入伍新兵组与其它受试组比较 ,积极应对、消极应对、主观支持及支持利用度评分存在显著性差异 ,基层军官组积极应对分显著高于士兵组 ;军人应对方式和社会支持各维度分与 SCL-90各因子分呈高度相关。结论　军人的社会支持和应对方式与其心理应激反应有密切关系。     

强化心理干预对隆胸患者心理状态、自尊水平、生活质量的影响

目的:探究强化心理干预对隆胸患者心理状态、自尊水平及生活质量的影响。方法:选择2014年7月至2018年12月于本院行隆胸手术的98例患者作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法将患者分为强化组及常规组,每组49例。常规组患者采用常规心理干预,强化组患者采用强化心理干预。于干预前后采用焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、Rosenberg自尊量表(RES)及SF-36生活质量量表评价患者心理状态、自尊水平及生活质量。结果:干预后强化组SDS、SAS评分得分明显低于常规组(t=-2.161,-4.026;P0.05),RES得分明显高于常规组,差异具统计学意义(t=5.051,P0.05);干预后强化组活力、社会功能、精神健康等维度得分明显高于常规组(t=2.107,2.459,2.645;P0.05)。结论:强化心理干预可改善隆胸患者的负性情绪,提高术后生活质量,较常规心理干预效果更好。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.