听神经瘤的再手术（附11例分析）

为进一步提高听神经瘤手术的临床疗效，对１５８例听神经手术后１１例再次手术患者进行临床分析，发现肿瘤大小，切除方式以及手术进路与临床症状复发密切相关，肿瘤越大，复发机会越多；大部切除；次全切除及全切除的复发再手术率分别是１９．４％、１３．２％和０，迷路后进路手术复发再手术率最高，达３３．３％，防止临床复发最根本的措施是术中尽量减少肿瘤残留，力争全切。为达此目的要求早期诊断，选择适当的手术进路，对不能     

听神经瘤的再手术(附11例分析)

为进一步提高听神经瘤手术的临床疗效，对１５８例听神经瘤手术后１１例再次手术患者进行临床分析，发现肿瘤大小、切除方式以及手术进路与临床症状复发密切相关。肿瘤越大，复发机会越多；大部切除，次全切除及全切除的复发再手术率分别是１９．４％、１３．２％和０；迷路后进路手术复发再手术率最高，达３３．３％。防止临床复发最根本的措施是术中尽量减少肿瘤残留，力争全切。为达此目的要求早期诊断，选择适当的手术进路。对不能全切的较大肿瘤，次全切除能有效地延缓临床复发时间，减少并发症。计算了术前以及术后肿瘤的增长速度以及肿瘤倍增时间及再手术间期，建议术后每半年进行一次影像检查，对于早期发现复发有重要意义。Ｘ刀是对付早期肿瘤复发的有效办法。再手术中的并发症除损伤面神经外，其它少见。     

Radiosurgery of recurrent acoustic neurinoma or: the elegant solution of a surgical problem?

BACKGROUND: Stereotactic radiosurgery has proved to be an effective alternative to microsurgical resection in treatment of acoustic neuroma. Still, microsurgery is considered by many to be the therapy of choice. In case of recurrence microsurgical resection is much more difficult because of scarring and has a higher risk of complications. Therefore in cases of recurrence the role of radiosurgery needed to be evaluated. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From April 1992 to July 1997 135 patients suffering from acoustic neuroma were treated at the Neurosurgical Department of the University Medical School of Graz by means of the gamma-Knife. 12 patients had recurrence after a single or several microsurgical resections. The age distribution was between 38 and 71 years with a mean of 57 years. The diameter of the tumors varied between 10.5 and 31.2 mm. RESULTS: In all 12 cases the tumors could be inactivated biologically in a mean follow-up period of 58.8 months by means of stereotactic radiosurgery. Tumor shrinkage was achieved in 3 cases (25%), central necrotic areas were observed in 8 cases (67%). No additional cranial nerve palsies occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Stereotactic radiosurgery has proven to be a safe and effective treatment option instead of repeated microsurgery. Stereotactic radiosurgery should be considered as the therapy of choice in cases of recurrent acoustic neuromas.     

听神经瘤术后复发再手术

目的 探讨听神经瘤术后复发的相关因素及处理方法。方法 收集本科105例听神经瘤手术的临床资料,随访资料完整的64例,进行回顾性研究。结果 105例听神经瘤手术病例,全切79例（75．2％）,部分切除12例（11．4％）,留有残片14例（13．3％）：随访资料完整的64例,其中复发8例：复发率12．5％（8／64）;复发病例都为早期手术病例（1998年以前）;肿瘤越大,复发率越高;复发率最高的年龄段在40~59岁：全切后复发1例,部分切除或囊内切除术后复发6例,留有残片后复发1例;其中迷路入路复发率为21．1％（4／19）,乙状窦后入路10．5％（4／38）,中颅窝入路为0％;复发时间为术后10个月～9年。复发病例全部进行再次手术;再次手术采用乙状窦后入路,全部切除肿瘤;除面瘫外,无严重并发症出现。结论 听神经瘤术后复发者大部分为术中未完全切除病例,听神经瘤的早期诊断、早期手术、全部切除是减少复发率的主要因素。复发病例需要再手术,对有高风险复发的病例如肿瘤较大、部分切除、高发病的年龄要定期随访,至少随访3年以上。     

扩大迷路径路切除经枕下径路手术后复发的听神经瘤

目的：探讨听神经瘤经枕下径路手术后复发、后经扩大迷路径路再次切除肿瘤的方法及效果。方法：对5例复发的听神经瘤患者，采用扩大迷路径路手术，在经典迷路径路的基础上，通过充分切除岩骨骨质扩大手术视野，将复发的肿瘤组织完全切除。结果：5例听神经瘤直径为2．5～4．0cm，均全部切除，无死亡病例，未发生颅内感染及脑脊液漏；面神经功能与术前一致；术后CT和MRI复查均显示无肿瘤残存，小脑、脑干位置恢复正常。经0．5～2年7个月的随访，至今未见复发，患者已恢复正常生活和工作。结论：枕下径路手术容易残留内听道内的肿瘤，再次手术采用扩大迷路径路可直接暴露肿瘤并到达脑干，既可避免瘢痕粘连区，方便定位面神经，又能全部切除复发的肿瘤，且具有创伤小、面神经功能保存完好等优点。     

Management of acoustic neuromas in patients 65 years or older.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze an optimal management protocol for patients 65 years or older at the time of acoustic neuroma diagnosis. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case review. SETTING: Tertiary care hospital. PATIENTS: Two hundred sixteen patients with acoustic neuroma 65 years or older at time of diagnosis. INTERVENTION: Patients with smaller tumors (<2.5 cm) were followed with serial magnetic resonance imaging. If significant growth occurred, they were treated with surgery. Surgery was performed at initial diagnosis on patients with larger tumors or in selected patients for hearing preservation. Stereotactic radiotherapy was performed for poor surgical candidates and for patient choice. OUTCOME MEASURES: Measurement of acoustic neuroma growth and tabulation of complications. RESULTS: One hundred fourteen patients were initially managed by observation, 80 with surgery, and 3 with radiation therapy, with an average follow-up of 35.4 months. For patients in the observation group, average tumor growth was 1.2 mm/yr. Thirty-two patients required crossover to surgery or radiotherapy due to tumor growth (average growth, 4.1 versus 0.3 mm/yr for those remaining in the observation group). One of the patients in the observation group had a complication (0.9%). CONCLUSION: Management of acoustic neuromas in elderly patients can be based on size and "biological age" criteria. Surgical treatment can safely be reserved for the few patients who have significant tumor growth.     

Stereotactic radiosurgery in the treatment of patients with acoustic tumors.

Stereotactic radiosurgery is performed under local anesthesia, and most patients can be discharged from the hospital within 24 hours of treatment. All patients in our series returned to their preoperative level of employment or function within 5 to 7 days of treatment, and this functional level was maintained over the period of follow-up. "Tumor control" was achieved in 96% of patients during an average follow-up of 1.7 years. Tumor shrinkage occurred in 45% of patients who had at least 1.5 years of follow-up. Useful hearing preservation rates were 50% at 6 months and 30% 1 year after treatment. New delayed facial or trigeminal neuropathy occurred in 34% and 32% of patients, respectively, with a median onset of 5 to 6 months after treatment. The vast majority of cranial neuropathies were partial at onset and tended to improve over time. Other complications included tumor growth (4%), communicating hydrocephalus (4%), and transient adjacent brain parenchymal changes best seen on T2-weighted MRI (9%). Stereotactic radiosurgery is an important alternative treatment for carefully selected patients with acoustic tumors. Indications for treatment include sufficient medical problems to pose excessive surgical risk, advanced age, the presence of bilateral acoustic tumors or contralateral deafness, recurrent tumor despite surgical resection, or refusal to undergo microsurgery. Radiosurgery is contraindicated in patients with symptomatic brain stem or cerebellar compression from a large acoustic tumor. Previous posterior fossa radiotherapy is a relative contraindication that must be considered on a patient to patient basis. Stereotactic radiosurgery should be viewed as an additional weapon in our arsenal for combating acoustic tumors rather than feared as a potential replacement for surgical excision. The strategic role of stereotactic radiosurgery in the overall treatment of patients with acoustic tumors will continue to be refined as longer-term, carefully assessed results become available.     

Skull base chondrosarcoma originating from the petroclival junction.

OBJECTIVE: To define the presentation of patients with skull base chondrosarcoma, to elucidate surgical strategies, and to identify the role of postoperative radiotherapy. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review. SETTING: Tertiary referral center. PATIENTS: All patients (n = 33) with skull base chondrosarcoma managed at our institution. The average follow-up time was 7.7 years (range, 0-20 years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Tumor location, presenting symptoms, presence of residual or recurrent tumor, and mortality. RESULTS: The most common tumor location was the petroclival junction (n = 29). Common presenting symptoms were diplopia (48%) and headache (45%). Surgical approaches included retrosigmoid, transtemporal, transfacial, and frontotemporal craniotomies. Biopsy only was performed in four patients, subtotal resection in 19 patients, and total resection in nine patients. Most patients received postoperative radiotherapy (82%). Follow-up revealed residual, stable disease in 28% of patients and recurrent disease in 24% of patients. The mean time to recurrence was 3.0 +/- 2.8 years. The lack of postoperative radiation was significantly correlated with an increased risk of recurrence (odds ratio, 28; p = 0.007) but incomplete tumor resection was not (p = 0.6). Life-table analysis revealed that the 5-year survival rate was 85% and the 10-year survival rate was 77%. Five patients died; four of the deaths attributable to recurrent disease. CONCLUSION: The characteristic growth pattern of skull base chondrosarcoma is tumor eroding the petroclival junction. Current therapeutic strategy is resection through an extradural subtemporal craniotomy with removal of the petrous apex and clivus. Radical resection of uninvolved structures is often not necessary. Nonetheless, gross total removal is often achievable. Postoperative radiotherapy reduces the chance of tumor recurrence.     

Effectiveness of conservative management of acoustic neuromas

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the conservative management in patients with acoustic neuroma (vestibular schwannoma). STUDY DESIGN: This retrospective study was performed in a university hospital. PATIENTS: Patients were selected for this wait-and-see policy on the basis of age, general condition, audiometric results, tumor size, and patient preference. The study group included 97 patients, 87 of whom had at least two neuroradiologic examinations. The mean age of this population was 63 years (29 to 89 years). The mean length of follow-up of this population was 31 months. Eighty-seven of these patients had at least two radiologic examinations (magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography). The mean interval between the initial and follow-up radiologic examinations was 15 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Tumor size was measured by use of two-dimensional data in all patients. The mean tumor size was 12 mm. The growth rate of the tumor was estimated by comparison of the results of the measurements from the initial and follow-up neuroradiologic examinations. RESULTS: Of the 97 patients studied, 6 patients required surgery and 6 required radiotherapy. Sixty patients (62%) were still being treated conservatively at the end of the study period. Three patients of 28 who were classified as candidates for hearing preservation surgery lost their candidacy during the observation period. The mean annual tumor growth rate was 1.52 mm/year. The tumor was stable in size in 36% of patients, regressed in 11% of patients, or grew in 53% of patients. The growth patterns of the acoustic neuroma fell into five categories: continuous growth in 15% of patients, negative growth in 5%, growth followed by negative growth in 40%, negative growth followed by growth in 20%, and no variation of tumor size in 20%. CONCLUSION: Conservative management of acoustic neuromas carries difficulties: long-term follow-up of the patients and unpredictability of the tumor growth pattern. A reliable and reproducible radiologic method for evaluating tumor size is of great importance.     

Conservative management of acoustic neuroma: a meta-analysis and proposed treatment algorithm

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESES: Conservative management is a viable treatment alternative for acoustic neuroma. Using previous studies to provide evidence-based support, we have attempted to more clearly define the role of conservative management. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review of literature and patient charts. METHODS: Published studies on conservative management of acoustic neuroma were found using a key word search through PubMed in addition to the bibliographies of these selected studies. A spreadsheet was made to tabulate the selection criteria for conservative management, duration and frequency of follow-up, patient demographics, initial tumor size and rate of growth, change in hearing status, and the need for definitive treatment. RESULTS: A total of 21 studies comprising 1,345 patients were included in our meta-analysis. The average length of follow-up these studies was 3.2 years. The average initial tumor size was 11.8 mm (n = 900); 43% of 1,244 acoustic neuromas showed growth, whereas 57% showed either no growth or tumor regression. The average growth rate was 1.9 mm/year in 793 individuals. Hearing loss occurred in 51% of 347 individuals. In 15 studies, 20.0% of 1,001 individuals eventually failed conservative management. CONCLUSIONS: Our meta-analysis supports the role of conservative management of acoustic neuromas in properly selected patients on the basis of a slow overall rate of growth and a substantial incidence of no growth. However, the lack of predictive factors, the relatively short duration of follow-up, and the variability of inclusion criteria underscore the need for continued collection of long-term data. An algorithm for acoustic neuroma management is proposed based on initial tumor size, patient age, and hearing status.     

小听神经瘤的手术治疗策略

目的　总结小听神经瘤的手术治疗效果,探讨小听神经瘤手术治疗策略。方法　回顾分析在我科手术治疗的26例小听神经瘤患者临床资料。1例术前听力分级为B者,行颅中窝入路;其余25例术前听力分级均为C与D者,行迷路入路听神经瘤切除术。回顾分析术前术后的面肌力弱、平衡障碍、耳鸣等情况,分析术中蜗神经的解剖完整性保存、肿瘤控制及复发情况、并发症发生率,以及患者获益情况。结果　25例（96.2%）达到肿瘤全切除,1例因与面神经粘连过于紧密,做近全切除。术后随访时间6个月～7年,随访19例,7例失访。无死亡、颅内感染病例。术后脑脊液耳漏1例,二次手术进行咽鼓管封堵,脑脊液耳漏消失。面神经解剖保存率100%,蜗神经解剖保存率88%。19例随访者中术后17例（89.5%）具有良好面神经功能,HB I与II级;另2例面瘫,HB III级。经颅中窝入路患者,术后听力C级。19例随访者中术前眩晕6例,术后5例（83.3%）眩晕消失,1例与术前相同。另13例术前无眩晕者,术后12例仍无眩晕与平衡障碍,1例出现体位改变时头晕或者快走时走路不稳。术前耳鸣15例,术后5例（33.3%）耳鸣消失或减轻,8例（53.3%）耳鸣程度与术前相同,2例耳鸣加重。术前4例无耳鸣,术后仍没有耳鸣。结论　小听神经瘤是否手术需要考虑患者年龄,合并全身疾病、症状的严重程度,肿瘤生长速度,采取个性化治疗策略。对于没有实用听力者,推荐经迷路入路切除肿瘤,术中尽量保存蜗神经完整性,为人工耳蜗植入重建听力创造条件。     

听神经瘤的治疗抉择 ——实现肿瘤切除与神经功能保护的完美统一

听神经瘤治疗方法包括显微手术、放射治疗、保守观察。随着听神经瘤生长规律研究的进展与显微手术技术的不断进步,治疗方式的选择争议不断。回顾近年来听神经瘤治疗的文献并结合研究结果,以神经功能保留和患者远期生活质量作为评价和选择治疗方法的依据,认为出现症状的听神经瘤患者,应首选手术治疗;乙状窦后入路适应于大、中、小各型听神经瘤,肿瘤全切除率高,死残率和并发症发生率低,能很好的保留面神经功能和听力,是治疗听神经瘤的较好选择。放射治疗是部分听神经瘤患者可选择的替代治疗方法。听神经瘤的保守观察需审慎。     

听神经瘤患者术前面神经及耳蜗神经显影技术

听神经瘤是最常见的桥小脑角良性肿瘤,手术可引起面瘫、听力下降等并发症,术前定位面神经、耳蜗神经可降低其发生率。本文对近年来发展的颅内神经显影技术做一综述,主要集中于听神经瘤患者的面神经、耳蜗神经定位手段。     

Conservative management of acoustic neuroma in the elderly patient

A subtotal resection through the translabyrinthine approach should be used in the treatment of large symptomatic acoustic neuromas in patients over the age of 65. This approach will consistently relieve the patient's symptoms of brain stem compression, reduce postoperative morbidity and complications, and preserve facial nerve function. In the elderly, after subtotal resection, the remaining tumor in 80% of cases appears to remain dormant during the average six year follow-up (1-16 year range). Eighty percent of acoustic neuromas not operated upon, appear to grow at a slow rate (0.2 cm/yr) while 20% grow at a fast rate (1 cm/yr). Patients over the age of 65 with small acoustic neuromas do not need surgical intervention. Yearly CT scanning is recommended to determine the growth rate of the acoustic neuroma. A conservative approach should be used in the treatment of all acoustic neuromas in the elderly.     

Paraganglioma of the head and neck--tumor control, functional results and quality of life

BACKGROUND: Surgical therapy for paragangliomas (PG) of the head and neck is, due to the alternatives of radiation therapy and wait-and-scan strategy and because of postoperative morbidity, under ongoing discussion. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between 1981 and 2004, 79 patients with 94 PG of the head and neck were treated at our department. These patients had follow-up examination within a clinical trial considering tumor control, functional results and for the first time neuropsychologically evaluated postoperative quality of life. Mean follow-up time was 65 months (1 to 228 months). RESULTS: Among the 94 PG there were 19 carotid body (GCP), 12 vagal nerve (GVP) and 63 jugular-tympanal paragangliomas (JTP). Of these, 87 tumors underwent surgery. In 68 patients (78.1 %), the tumor could be removed completely. In particular, complete resection of GCP was achieved in 100 %, of GVP in 90.9 %, of JTP type A in 100 %, of JTP type B in 83.3 %, of JTP type C in 66.6 % and of JTP type D in 61.5 %. During the follow-up period, residual or recurrent tumors were diagnosed in 17 patients (19.5 %). Six of the seven residual PG were observed by magnetic resonance tomography and did not show growth. One residual PG and 6 recurrencies were resected completely. One recurrent tumor was radiated and 3 others are under observation without showing growth tendencies. Two patients died postoperatively due to borderline operations of extended tumors. The quality of life after PG surgery showed a SIP of 4.8, which is comparably much better than after acoustic neuroma surgery (SIP 10.3). CONCLUSION: Whereas complete tumor resection of GCP and JTP types A and B is almost ever possible without cranial nerve palsies, surgery of GVP and advanced JTP causes often severe functional deficits. However, postoperative quality of life is mostly good. Nevertheless, advanced PG require an individualized therapeutic regime also including radiation and observation of tumor growth.     

Postoperative radiographic evaluation after acoustic neuroma and glomus jugulare tumor removal.

The role of postoperative radiographic follow-up of patients after acoustic neuroma or glomus jugulare tumor removal is unclear and not standardized. The incidence of both lesions is rare and recurrence thought to be unusual. However, a patient with an acoustic neuroma arising in the same ear afflicted with a glomus jugulare tumor removed 5 years earlier prompted a retrospective review of 999 acoustic neuroma and 98 glomus jugulare tumor patients. This review helps to determine the role and frequency of postoperative follow-up, not only to assess recurrence of these lesions but to monitor for the possible development of potential clinically silent new lesions.     

Suboccipital surgery for acoustic neuroma

A retrospective study was performed on 106 consecutive patients with an acoustic neuroma who underwent suboccipital surgery for the first time between 1980 and 1992. Complete follow-up data were available for all the patients, including regular imaging up to 1 January 1994. Incomplete removal of the tumours was chosen in preference to radical surgery in a large proportion of the patients, to avoid the risk of postoperative morbidity. The recurrence rate in this series was 20%. Comparison of the results of suboccipital surgery to those obtained using other surgical approaches, while taking the tumour size into consideration, showed that better results can be obtained after total removal of the tumour without any additional risk to post-operative facial nerve function. The long-term results of subtotal removal using the suboccipital approach were disappointing. It is therefore necessary to review the indications for non-radical surgery in patients with an acoustic neuroma.     

神经纤维瘤病 Ⅱ 型的临床特点及听觉脑干植入

目的 探讨神经纤维瘤病Ⅱ型(neurofibromatosis type 2,NF2)的临床特点、治疗方法以及听觉脑干植入(auditory brainstem implant,ABI)后的效果.方法 回顾性分析1例双侧听神经瘤(NF2)患者的诊疗经过及ABI术后6、9、12、24、36个月的听力言语康复效果.结果 患者,男,13岁,因右耳听力下降及耳鸣3年伴步态不稳,声音嘶哑就诊,患者曾接受过腰椎椎管内神经纤维瘤切除病史,MRI检查示双侧桥小脑角区占位病变,临床诊断为NF2;经fishey入路分次切除双侧听神经瘤,术后病理诊断均为神经鞘膜瘤,术后2年行左耳ABI手术,ABI术后又先后接受过气管神经纤维瘤、腹膜后细胞性神经鞘瘤切除术.ABI术后开机调试时所有电极均能引出听觉反应,随着康复时间的延长,患者对自然环境声响、元音、单音节词的正确识别率均呈上升趋势,纯音听阈值逐渐降低,术后6、9、12、24、36个月元音的正确识别率分别为14%、18%、20%、24%、35%,单字词的正确识别率分别为5%、7%、10%、14%、20%;但双音节词及开放语句识别率均为0.结论 NF2多发生在青少年,治疗应遵循个体化原则,手术切除双侧听神经瘤仍是首选的方法,ABI对于双侧听神经瘤切除术后患者听力重建是一种很好的选择,术中准确定位耳蜗核是手术成功的关键.     

The effect of intracranial surgical trauma on gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging

Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is currently the gold standard for diagnosis of an acoustic neuroma. Its status in diagnosis of a recurrent or residual neuroma is not nearly as clear. A pilot study of 36 postoperative cases showed enhancement in 100% of the patients at the operative site. To examine the role of surgical trauma and biodegradable packing on enhanced MRI, an animal study was designed. Cats and monkeys that underwent posterior fossa surgical procedures had preoperative and postoperative MRI and histologic correlation of any enhanced area. Areas of postoperative enhancement should not be considered as diagnostic of tumor. Further studies are necessary to develop a criteria for recurrent tumor diagnosis with enhanced MRI.