杀螺新药杀虫丹的实验研究

作者对沙蚕毒素衍生物杀虫丹进行了杀灭钉螺及对非目标性生物毒性的研究。结果显示:杀虫丹浸杀浓度20--30ppm、喷洒量10g/m~2,对钉螺的成螺、螺卵和幼螺均有很强的杀灭作用。该药物稳定性好,有较长时间的持续杀螺效果。在灭螺剂量下,对水稻生长和养殖家鱼无明显毒性作用。     

盾叶薯蓣植物根粉现场灭螺试验研究

应用盾叶薯蓣植物根粉进行小规模的现场灭螺试验，结果表明：浸杀和喷洒分别应用１００ｇ／ｍ＾３和５０ｇ／ｍ＾２的药浓量，施药后７ｄ活螺平均密度下降率均在９０％以上，且有效地抑制钉螺上爬。其结果与氯硝柳胺药效相当。     

26％四聚·杀螺胺悬浮剂实验室和现场杀灭山丘钉螺效果评价

目的评价26％四聚·杀螺胺悬浮剂（MNSC）对山丘型钉螺和有螺环境的灭螺效果,为选择安全、高效的灭螺药物提供科学依据。方法分别在实验室和现场采用浸杀法和喷洒法,以MNSC为实验组,同时设50％氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂（WPN）组和清水对照组,评价MNSC对钉螺的杀灭效果。结果室内浸杀和喷洒试验结果：MNSC浸杀24、48和72h的LC50值分别为0．29、O．26和0．22mg／L。MNSC≥2．00mg／L和WPN2．00mg／L组,浸杀≥1d钉螺死亡率均达100．00％。MNSC≥2．00g／m。和WPN2．00g／m。组,室内喷洒1、3和7d钉螺死亡率均〉96．00％,组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。现场浸杀喷洒试验结果：MNSC2．00g／m。和WPN2．00g／m。组浸杀1d,钉螺死亡率均达98．89％;现场喷洒1、3和7d,钉螺死亡率均〉91．67％,组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论26％MNSC2．00g／m。浸泡和2．00g／m。喷洒灭螺效果与等量WPN基本一致,对山丘地区钉螺和有螺环境具有较好的灭螺效果。     

氯代水杨胺对山丘钉螺实验室和现场杀螺效果研究

目的观察新型灭螺药10％氯代水杨胺可湿性粉剂（LDS）对浙江省山丘地区钉螺和有螺环境的灭螺效果,为现场推广应用提供科学依据。方法采用浓度0．1、0．2、0．4、0．6、0．8mg／L的LDS分别进行实验室和现场浸杀法灭螺,采用浓度0．2、0．4、0．6、0．8、1．0g／m。的LDS分别进行实验室喷洒法、现场喷洒法和撒粉法灭螺,同时设50％氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂（WPN）药物对照和清水对照,观察药物的灭螺效果。结果室内和现场浸杀试验LDS0．1mg／L浓度组,浸杀1d钉螺死亡率分别达100％和95％以上,与WPN药物对照组相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;室内喷洒灭螺LDS0．8g／m2浓度组,喷洒1d钉螺死亡率〉95％,现场喷洒灭螺LDS0．2g／m2浓度组,喷洒3d钉螺死亡率〉85％,现场撒粉灭螺LDS0．4g／m2浓度组,撒粉后1d钉螺死亡率〉85％。各LDS试验组钉螺死亡率随着药物浓度的升高和作用时间的延长而升高。结论10％LDS对浙江省山丘地区钉螺和有螺环境具有较好的灭螺效果。     

农用化肥碳酸氢铵杀灭钉螺研究

在室内用农用化肥碳酸氢铵６０ｍｇ／Ｌ浓度浸泡钉螺７２小时死亡率为１００％，与硫酸铜，硫酸镁混合，抑制钉螺上爬的最佳浓度为５０，ｇ／Ｌ，用碳酸氢铵与碳酸氢铵混合剂５０ｇ／ｍ＾３现场灭螺，施药后７天活螺减少率分别为８８．８０％，９８．２％。表明该药灭螺效果好，使用方便低毒，价廉。具有既可灭螺又有肥田的双重作用。     

荣宝和荣芽杀灭钉螺效果的观察

目的评价荣宝和荣芽两种药物杀灭钉螺的效果,探讨适宜现场的杀螺剂量,并为全面推广应用提供科学依据。方法荣宝和荣芽采用浸杀、喷洒法在室内和现场进行灭螺试验,同时荣宝采用动力喷粉法在现场进行灭螺试验,对两种药物的灭螺效果进行观察。结果室内荣宝80 mg/L和荣芽50 mg/L浸泡钉螺2 d后,钉螺死亡率分别为90%和100%。喷洒荣宝30 g/m2和荣芽12.5 g/m21 d后,钉螺死亡率均为100%;现场自然沟渠中,荣宝50 mg/L和荣芽50 mg/L浸泡钉螺7 d后,钉螺死亡率分别为97.18%和100%。荣宝30 g/m2喷洒和喷粉15 d后,钉螺死亡率分别为74.15%和81.11%,喷粉效果优于喷洒。荣芽12 g/m2喷洒15 d后,钉螺死亡率为88.06%。结论荣宝和荣芽对钉螺均具有较强的杀灭作用,但药物的杀螺机理以及对非靶生物的毒性还有待进一步的观察和研究。     

龙虾孳生地氯硝柳胺浸杀钉螺的效果

近年来,洞庭湖部分地区引殖龙虾。在氯硝柳胺浸杀钉螺过程中,发现龙虾孳生地杀螺效果差,为探讨其原因,我们进行了现场试验,现将结果报告如下。１对象与方法在钉螺滋生地选择一沟,底宽１．５ｍ,面宽２．５ｍ,深１．０ｍ的灌溉沟渠,截其２００ｍ,每５０ｍ做埂将其...     

四川省米易县氯硝柳胺杀灭残存钉螺效果观察

目的杀灭残存钉螺,巩固阻断血吸虫病传播成果。方法采用氯硝柳胺喷洒法、浸杀法、药物加土埋法杀灭残存钉螺。结果采用氯硝柳胺浸杀法、氯硝柳胺加土埋法灭螺7d后可使钉螺死亡率达到100%,采用氯硝柳胺喷洒法,于150d,第6次灭螺后在灭螺区域查到2只死螺。结论氯硝柳胺浸杀法、氯硝柳胺加土埋法在短时间内即可杀灭全部钉螺;氯硝柳胺喷洒法经过反复多次才能达到消灭钉螺的效果。     

氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉现场灭螺效果观察

为了解氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐５０％可湿性粉（以下简称氯硝柳胺）灭螺效果,于１９９７年５月进行了现场喷洒灭螺效果实验,现报告如下。 材料与方法 １．药物：氯硝柳胺,安徽省淮南市第三制药厂生产。批号：９６０５２７２。五氯酸钠,天津大沽化工厂１９９６年产品。 ２．方法：山丘型地区沟渠为实验现场,从上游到下游设立 ４个组：清水对照组, 氯硝柳胺 ２ｇ／ｍ２、 ４ｇ／ｍ２组,五氯酚钠 １０ｇ／ｍ２组,各组面积为 ２０ｍ２,间隔 ５ｍ．清基后,将预先配制好的氯硝柳胺０．２％、０．４％和五氯酸钠ｌ：０％浓度的药液,用压缩喷雾…     

制订软胶管饮料国家卫生标准和管理办法部分指标的探讨

目的探讨制订软胶管饮料国家卫生标准和管理办法。方法根据调查和抽样检测情况,参考国际国内有关标准,提出拟定指标并计算其符合率。结果可溶性固形物（（≥６％）、砷（≤０２ｍｇ／Ｌ）、铅（≤０３ｍｇ／Ｌ）、铜（≤５ｍｇ／Ｌ）、菌落总数（≤１００ｃｆｕ／ｍｌ）、大肠菌群（≤３ＭＰＮ／１００ｍｌ）、致病菌（不得检出）、胶管厚度（≥０５ｍｍ）检测合格率分别为：６００％、１００％、８８８％、１００％、７２５％、８７８％、１００％、６４７％。结论建议标准：可溶性固形物≥６％、砷≤０２ｍｇ／Ｌ、铅≤０３ｍｇ／Ｌ、铜≤５ｍｇ／Ｌ、菌落总数≤１００ｃｆｕ／ｍｌ、大肠菌群≤３ＭＰＮ／１００ｍｌ、致病菌不得检出、霉菌和酵母均≤１０ｃｆｕ／ｍｌ。     

Toxicity evaluation of bayluscide® and malathion to three developmental stages of freshwater snails

Laboratory studies were conducted to assess the conditions under which the use of malathion in ricelands of Cameroon may impact the transmission of schistosomiasis.Helisoma trivolvis andBiomphalaria havanensis were selected as test organisms due to the lack of intermediate snail hosts in the U.S. Using Bayluscide^® as a reference molluscicidal compound, malathion was tested against snail eggs, juveniles, and adults. Snail eggs were more susceptible to Bayluscide^® and malathion than juvenile snails which in turn were more susceptible than adult snails. A Bayluscide^® concentration of 0.200 mg/L caused 100% mortality to adults of both snail species after 24 h exposure. This relatively high toxicity of Bayluscide^® to freshwater snails is one of the reasons why it has been recommended by the World Health Organization as the molluscicide of choice for control of schistosome-bearing snails. The concentrations of malathion resulting in 100% kill of adult snails after 24 h exposure were 1,200 mg/L forH. trivolvis and 500 mg/L forB. havanensis. After 48 h exposure, these concentrations were reduced to 500 mg/L and 300 mg/L, respectively. Therefore it is expected that the use of malathion for insect control in ricelands of Cameroon may affect the survival of freshwater snails including the intermediate hosts of bilharziasis.     

三种除草剂杀灭钉螺效果的观察

目的 研究抛秧草净、金达和好轻松三种新型除草剂杀灭钉螺的效果。方法 采用室内浸杀法，对三种除草剂的杀螺效果进行观察。结果 抛秧草净浸泡钉螺48h和72h后的LC50分别为2．73mg／L和1．72mg／L；金达浸泡钉螺48h和72h后的LC50分别为3．94mg／L和3．22mg／L；好轻松浸泡钉螺48h和72h后的LC50分别为12．63mg／L和6．5mg／L。结论 三种除草剂对钉螺均具有较强的杀灭作用，为寻找新型有效的杀螺剂开辟了，一条新途径。     

影响血水草血根碱杀螺效果相关因素分析

目的通过对血水草生物碱主要单体成分-血根碱杀螺试验研究,了解血根碱杀螺效果及影响因素。方法设置20℃、25℃、30℃三个温度组,配制25、12.5、6.25、3.125、1.5625、0.7813、0.3906、0.1953 mg/L 8个不同浓度组的血根碱溶液及去氯水对照组,分别观察钉螺浸泡24、48、72 h死亡率,用SPSS17.0软件进行统计学分析。结果药物组钉螺死亡率与对照组差异有统计学意义,钉螺死亡率与温度、浸泡时间、药物浓度关系的回归方程为y=5.089X1+0.929X2+1.887X3-138.925。结论血根碱具有较好的杀灭钉螺作用;药物浓度、温度、浸泡时间均能影响San杀螺效果,实验室San杀螺的最佳条件是浓度:1.5625 mg/L;温度:25℃;时间:48~72 h。     

天南星有效成分的杀螺活性分析

目的研究天南星提取物的灭螺有效成分。方法测试提取物作用后钉螺的死亡率。结果天南星正丁醇提取物的灭螺活性最强，其提取物100mg／L浓度处理2d，钉螺死亡率达76．67％，3d达100％；块茎的杀螺活性较地上部分强，如60mg／L浓度处理2d，地上部分和块茎正丁醇提取物对钉螺的致死率为13．33％和40．00％，处理4d后钉螺的死亡率分别为50．00％和100％。结论天南星块茎正丁醇提取物可能是最有效的火螺活性成分。     

Effect of Glyphosate on the Development of Pseudosuccinea columella Snails

Glyphosate (Roundup) is one of the most commonly used broad-spectrum herbicides with little to no hazard to animals, man, or the environment. Due to its widespread use, there is continuous contamination of the environment in both soil and water with this herbicide. There is a paucity of long-term exposure studies with sublethal concentrations of glyphosate on aquatic snails. This study was developed to determine the effects of sublethal concentrations of glyphosate on development and survival of Pseudosuccinea columella (intermediate snail host of Fasciola hepatica). This was assessed by continuously exposing three successive generations of snails to varying concentrations (0.1–10 mg/L) of glyphosate. Glyphosate had little effect on the first- and second-generation snails. However, third-generation snail embryos exposed to 1.0 mg/L glyphosate developed much faster than other embryos exposed to 0.1 mg/L, 10 mg/L, and 0 mg/L (control). Hatching was inhibited at 10 mg/L and inhibited slightly at 0.1 mg/L. The egg-laying capacity was increased in snails exposed to 0.1 and 10 mg/L. Abnormalities and polyembryony were observed in snails exposed to 0.1 and 10 mg/L. These results indicate that glyphosate does affect snail reproduction and development. This, in turn, could possibly have an effect on the population dynamics of F. hepatica, which could result in increased infections in animals, including man. Received: 15 November 1996/Accepted: 15 July 1997     

相关物理因素影响氯硝柳胺杀灭钉螺的试验研究

目的通过实验找出相关物理因素对氯硝柳胺杀螺效果的影响程度，有利于指导实际灭螺工作。方法将氯硝柳胺干粉剂和1％氯硝柳胺溶液分别暴晒阳光下6、12、24、48和72h后在实验室做毒杀钉螺试验，其结果采用SPSS11．0软件处理，计算各时间组LC50比较试验组与对照组杀螺差异。结果2个试验组随着暴晒时间的延长，其杀螺效果呈下降趋势，LC50呈上升趋势，0．125mg／L浓度组与对照组杀螺效果比较，氯硝柳胺干粉组的48、72h组和1％氯硝柳胺溶液组的24、48、72h组有统计学意义，其P值均为0．044。结论阳光对氯硝柳胺的杀螺效果有较大的影响，在实际灭螺工作中应使药物与地面及钉螺尽早充分接触，以提高灭螺效果．     

Trans-generation study of the effects of nonylphenol ethoxylate on the reproduction of the snail Biomphalaria tenagophila

Nonylphenols ethoxylates (NPEs) are surfactants used in a variety of products. They are found in domestic sewage, industrial effluents and as contaminants in water bodies. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of NPE with 9.5 ethoxylate units (NPE9.5; 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 mg/L) on the reproduction of the snail Biomphalaria tenagophila. Adult snails (F0 generation) were exposed to NPE for 8 weeks. The F1 generation continued to be exposed from embryo to reproductive maturity while their descendants (F2) were exposed until day 10 after spawning. We determined the effects of NPE9.5 on the fecundity (8-week production of eggs and egg masses) of mature F0 and F1 snails. Developmental toxicity was investigated in F1 and F2 embryos. The two highest concentrations of NPE9.5 reduced the fecundity of F0. In the F1 generation, the lowest concentration enhanced the number of eggs laid per snail while the intermediate concentration had no effect and the highest one decreased the fecundity thereby suggesting a biphasic effect of NPE9.5. Study-derived NOECs (no-observed-effect-concentrations) for NPE were: fecundity, F0=10 microg/L, F1<10 microg/L; developmental toxicity, F1=100 microg/L, F2<10 microg/L. Results, therefore, indicated that B. tenagophila is highly vulnerable to NPE and that trans-generation exposure to NPE9.5 aggravates its reproductive toxicity.     

金钱松内生真菌JJ18灭螺活性与菌株鉴定

目的研究金钱松内生真菌JJ18发酵液醇提物杀螺活性和对湖北钉螺糖原和总蛋白的生理生化影响，并进行菌株鉴定。方法按照世界卫生组织（WHO）的杀螺剂浸泡试验法观察不同浓度下JJ18发酵液提取物的灭螺效果，采用蒽酮显色法测定处理后钉螺软体的糖原含量变化，凯氏定氮法测定其蛋白质含量。采用核糖体rDNAITS区序列分析进行鉴定，并进行系统进化分析。结果JJ18菌株发酵液醇提物灭螺效果显著，试验浓度400mg／L作用3d后灭螺率达到100％，与1mg／L氯硝柳胺溶液处理2～3d的灭螺效果相当；经统计分析：72h灭螺的LC50和LC90浓度分别为145．0和311．9mg／L。JJ18发酵液醇提物处理后钉螺软体的糖原含量显著下降，减少幅度从10．42％～28．03％；蛋白质含量的变化不明显。鉴定该菌为黑曲霉。结论金钱松内生真菌JJ18代谢产物的杀螺活性有开发应用的可能性，显示了植物内生真菌是筛选新型灭螺药物的重要资源。