中国与一些发达国家膳食有害元素摄入状况比较

环境中存在着多种有害元素 ,多数在人体内有很强的蓄积性 ,长期高水平摄入可对人体产生危害 ,因此许多国家都开展了对有害元素摄入状况的调查和监测工作。本文从摄入量、食品中含量和膳食来源三个方面对我国和一些发达国家的膳食有害元素摄入状况进行了对比和评价。通过对比 ,本文认为减少我国人群 ,尤其是儿童铅和铝的摄入量是目前亟待解决的问题 ,减少谷类食品中铅、铝等元素含量是改善我国有害元素摄入状况的有效途径     

我国居民不饱和脂肪酸的膳食摄入与构成分析

目的 分析中国居民不饱和脂肪酸摄入量及膳食摄入来源。方法 采用气相色谱法测定膳食样品中脂肪酸含量,并结合各类膳食的消费量获取不同地区各类脂肪酸的实际摄入量。结果 中国居民单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）平均摄入量为29.25g/d(12.53%E,供能百分比),主要来自于肉类（35.5%）和蔬菜类（32.0%）,来自于其他食品类别的比例小于10%。多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）平均摄入量为22.48 g/d(9.72%E),主要来自于蔬菜类（33.8%）、肉类（20.8%）、谷类（17.7%）和豆类（13.0%）。n-6PUFA平均摄入量为19.78 g/d(8.59%E),其主要膳食来源与PUFA相似。n-3PUFA平均摄入量为2.70 g/d(1.19%E),主要来自于蔬菜类（38.9%）,肉类（15.9%）、豆类（12.7%）和谷类（12.1%）。二十碳五烯酸（EPA）和二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）膳食平均摄入量为0.067 g/d(0.03%E),主要来自于水产类（75.4%）和蛋类（19.8%）。结论 中国居民的不饱和脂肪酸摄入量充足,满足需求。其中,PUFA和n-3PUFA膳食摄入量符合...     

杭州市居民膳食铅、镉摄入水平分析

目的 了解浙江省杭州市居民膳食铅、镉摄入情况,为开展相关膳食安全性评价提供科学依据。方法 采用3 d食物称重法和3 d 24 h回顾法收集1744名调查对象食物消费量数据,检测烹调后代表性食物样品中的铅、镉含量,计算个人摄入量并与相应摄入限值进行比较。结果 杭州市居民每周膳食铅摄入量中位数为0.0092 mg/kgbw,为铅暂定每周可耐受摄入量(PTWI)的37.0%;每月膳食镉摄入量中位数为0.00093~0.0053 mg/kgbw,占镉暂定每月可耐受摄入量(PTMI)的3.7%~21.0%;各年龄组铅、镉摄入量总体存在差异(均P<0.001),其中未成年人铅摄入量中位数为0.011 mg/kgbw,镉摄入量中位数为0.00077~0.016 mg/kgbw,均高于其他各年龄组(均P<0.008,多次两两比较调整后α值);谷类食物对个体膳食铅、镉摄入贡献率最高,分别为78.9%和44.8%。结论 杭州市居民膳食铅、镉摄入量总体处于安全水平,但儿童青少年的摄入量较成人偏高,应引起重视。     

成都市城乡居民膳食组成及营养素的总膳食研究

应用总膳食研究方法对成都市城乡代表人群的膳食组成和16种营养素（碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪、视黄醇、硫胺素、核黄素、抗坏血酸、钙、铁、锌、镁、钾、钠、铜、锰、钻）进行了研究。结果表明：城市居民动物性食物消费普遍高于农村，其中，以猪肉为代表的肉类消费仍分别占城乡居民动物性食物消费总量的61．9％和87．6％；城乡代表性膳食组成仍以粮谷类和蔬菜等植物性为主；全市平均及城市多数食物消费水平已超过或接近推荐的2000年膳食目标，但农村与目标差距较大。全市平均及分城乡摄入的热量分别达到RDA的106．9％、102．1％和111．8％；蛋白质分别达到RDA的96．7％、104．7％和91，2％；铁、铜、锰、钴、钠的摄入量较充足，已分别达到我国RDA和WHO提出的ESADDI；但也存在全市平均及分城乡视黄醇当量、硫胺素、核黄素、抗坏血酸、钙、锌、钾均摄入不足以及城市脂肪摄入过高，农村蛋白质质量较差等值得重视的问题。与以往的研究结果比，居民的营养改善不明显。     

2007年河北省居民膳食营养摄入状况调查研究

目的了解河北省调查点人群膳食结构,掌握人群膳食营养摄入状况,为有针对性地开展营养干预措施、改善膳食结构提供科学依据。方法以称重法和三日记账法对随机选取的90户居民400人进行膳食营养摄入调查。依据《中国居民膳食指南》、《中国居民营养与健康状况调查报告之十2002年营养与健康状况数据集》进行评价。结果居民平均每天摄入谷类食品376.34g、薯类44.28g、豆类12.35g、鱼虾27.68g、肉类43.07g、蛋类39.04g、奶类26.84g、蔬菜366.81g、水果359.96g、油脂42.44g、食盐10.95g、水及饮料793.50g。居民平均每天摄入能量9 095.68KJ、蛋白质63.4g、脂肪71.7g、碳水化合物342g、膳食纤维13g、胆固醇259g、维生素A350ugRE、硫胺素1.1mg、核黄素0.8mg、尼克酸99.29mg、维生素C88mg、膳食钙365mg、钠5 679mg、锌10.1mg、硒41.6ug、铁23.6 mg。结论调查点居民平均豆类、奶类及其制品、鱼虾水产品类食品明显摄入不足,远远低于推荐量标准;能量、蛋白质、维生素A、维生素C、膳食钙、锌等营养素摄入量低于2002年全国调查水平,低于推荐量标准;脂肪、钠摄入量高于推荐量标准2.5倍以上。调查结果显示居民膳食结构不合理,营养素摄入不平衡。有计划地开展人群膳食营养指导十分必要。     

重庆市万州区居民膳食结构与重金属摄入水平研究

摘 要 目的 通过分析万州区6类主要食品中重金属水平和居民膳食消费量,评估万州区居民重金属暴露的安全性。方法 对6类主要食品进行重金属检测,结合万州区居民膳食营养调查中6类食品的消费量数据,获得万州区居民实际重金属的摄入量,对居民重金属摄入量进行安全性评估。 结果6类食品中重金属的总检出率为26.93%,总合格率为100.00%。按照食品消费量的均值估计,铅日均暴露量为1.44 μg/kg.bw,镉日均暴露量为0.23 μg/kg.bw,总铬日均暴露量为0.81 μg/kg.bw,总砷日均暴露量为0.28 μg/kg.bw,总汞日均暴露量为0.028 μg/kg.bw。结论 万州区重金属日均暴露与日均单位体重耐受量相比,处于安全水平。     

安徽农民膳食中无机元素全年摄入量调查

对歙县、庐江、凤阳、利辛四县部分农户的Ｋ、Ｎａ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｐ、Ｆｅ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｍｎ９种无机元素摄入量进行为期一年的调查，显示Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｚｎ摄入量不足，Ｃａ尤为明显。Ｃａ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ的食物来源以植物性食物为主，吸收率低，应适当增加Ｃａ及微量元素含量高且易吸收的动物性食物的摄取量。江淮地区钠摄入量过高，应降低食盐的摄取量。     

华北地区二十三种中药材中重金属及有害元素基线调查及参考限量标准建立

目的了解中国华北地区中药材重金属及有害元素的基线水平,制定适合国情并与国际接轨的参考限量标准。方法采用本实验室建立的植物药材中重金属及有害元素检测方法,完成了华北地区23种254份植物性中药材中铅、镉、汞和砷的测定。结果各类植物药材中铅、镉、汞和砷的含量分别为(1·78±1·98)、(0·17±0·24)、(0·04±0·06)和(0·72±0·69)mg/kg。在制定植物性中药材中重金属铅、镉、汞和砷的限量标准的过程中要充分考虑到人体经口摄入的各种食物、饮料及水等可食的物质中这些有害物质的摄入量。目前,中国人每人每日重金属和有害元素经口摄入总量(膳食和中药材相加)分别为铅102·9μg;镉21·4μg;汞5·7μg;无机砷81·0μg。分别占各自的每天允许摄入量值为铅45·7%;镉34·0%;汞5·7%;砷60·5%。建议植物性中药材铅、镉、汞和砷限量标准为铅5·0mg/kg;镉0·3mg/kg;汞0·2mg/kg;砷2·0mg/kg。结论中药材铅、镉、汞和砷基线水平的调查是成功的,在此摄入水平,这些有害元素对人体是安全的。     

成都社区居民膳食营养素摄入分析

目的 了解成都市区社区居民膳食摄入情况,为制定干预策略和防治措施提供科学依据.方法 调查员经过统一培训,对成都市金牛区随机抽取的6个社区共180户居民进行入户问卷调查.结果 本次调查人群能量、蛋白质摄入为推荐摄入量(recommended nutrient intakes,RNI)的80％左右,碳水化合物为RNI的56％,脂肪超过RNI约40％.VitB6、叶酸低于RNI的20％,VitC、VitA、核黄素、硫胺素低于RNI的60％,烟酸符合RNI标准,VitE超过RNI约40％.钙摄入不足RNI的52％,锌、钾、硒、镁、铁、铜摄入在RNI的75％以上,钠分别超过RNI 156％.结论 本次调查人群膳食能量、碳水化合物、蛋白质摄入不足,脂肪摄入过量;绝大部分维生素、矿物质尤其是维生素B族和钙摄入不足.     

厦门市居民重金属膳食摄入水平评估

摘要:目的　了解厦门市居民膳食中铅、镉、汞摄入量,评估厦门市居民膳食铅、镉、汞的安全性。方法　对厦门市市售食品中铅、镉、总汞含量进行监测,结合居民膳食摄入量调查结果,对居民膳食中铅、镉、汞暴露水平进行评估。结果　厦门市居民平均膳食中铅（每周）、镉（每月）和总汞（每周）暴露量分别为10.0、27.6和0.9 μg/（kg·bw）,占（原）PTWI/PTMI的40.0%、110.6%和22.5%;平均膳食铅暴露的暴露边界比（MOE）为0.86。结论　目前厦门市居民膳食中铅和汞的摄入量是安全的,但镉的膳食暴露量问题较严重,应该加强相关产品中镉的监测及膳食指导工作。     

Dietary Intake of Toxic Heavy Metals with Major Groups of Food Products—Results of Analytical Determinations

Food contains a complex matrix of various substances, including essential nutrients, non-nutritive substances, and toxins, including metals. The main purpose of the study was to evaluate the contribution of major groups of food products to an overall intake of toxic heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Hg, and Ni) using a combination of the 24-dietary recall technique, the ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry) method, and chemometric tools. The obtained results reveal that there is a high potential risk of developing nephrotoxicity through the dietary intake of Pb in the case of both genders. The dietary intake determined for other elements (Cd, Hg, and Ni) was far below the limits established by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) supported analytical determinations and revealed that cereals and vegetables were major contributors to a total intake of Cd (39.6 and 17.4% of the total exposure, respectively), Ni (40.4 and 19.3%), and Hg (16.8 and 19.6%), while water and beverages were major dietary sources of Pb (31% of the total daily intake). In contrast, eggs, fats and oils, and milk and dairy products provided the smallest amounts of Cd, Pb, and Ni. Despite containing high amounts of Hg, considering very low consumption, fish were not found to be an important source of this element.     

硒的人体最大安全摄入量的研究 一、居民硒的日摄入量和组织硒的含量

在恩施高硒及邻近地区选择了高、中及低硒三个试验点,各点间的距离不超过20～30公里。低、中及高硒点成年居民年平均硒摄入量分别为66.3,196.4及1338.4μg,组织中硒含量随硒摄入量的增加而增加。在摄入量处于营养水平时,血硒的变化具有一定的代表性。但当硒摄入量超过正常水平时,血硒的反应不如发及甲硒灵敏,后者硒浓度的变化与尿近似,它们似具有明显的排泄功能。文中界限摄入量即根据血硒值计算而得。本研究课题总的实验设计在文中作了纲要性的叙述。     

硒的人体最大安全摄入量的研究——一、居民硒的日摄入量和组织硒的含量

在恩施高硒及邻近地区选择了高、中及低硒三个试验点,各点间的距离不超过20～30公里。低、中及高硒点成年居民年平均硒摄入量分别为66.3,196.4及1338.4μg,组织中硒含量随硒摄入量的增加而增加。在摄入量处于营养水平时,血硒的变化具有一定的代表性。但当硒摄入量超过正常水平时,血硒的反应不如发及甲硒灵敏,后者硒浓度的变化与尿近似,它们似共有明显的排泄功能。文中界限摄入量即根据血硒值计算而得。本研究课题总的实验设计在文中作了纲要性的叙述。     

某高校学生的膳食及营养状况调查

目的了解高校学生的膳食及营养状况,寻找主要存在的营养问题,以便制定干预措施。方法采用随机整群抽样的方法,抽取某高校20～23岁的165名学生;利用调查表对其膳食情况进行为期5d的记录。结果该人群异常体质的人占33.3%,且以体质偏轻为主。男、女大学生体质状况偏轻者分别占12.5%、33.1%。男、女大学生能量摄入均不足,分别达到RNI的66.8%和89.6%。男生膳食摄入蛋白质、脂肪略低于参考摄入量,碳水化合物摄入合理。女生脂肪、碳水化合物略低于参考摄入量,但蛋白质略高于RNI标准。结论大学生营养状况较差,膳食结构不合理。在高校开展有针对性的膳食营养健康教育十分必要。建议大学生适当调整膳食结构、提高营养水平、增强自身身体素质。     

Dietary Intake and the Neighbourhood Environment in the BC Generations Project

Poor diet is a major risk factor for many chronic diseases including cancer. Understanding broader contextual factors that influence dietary intake is important for making tangible progress towards improving diet at the population level. This study investigated neighbourhood social and built environment factors and fruit and vegetable intake among ~28,000 adults aged 35–69 years within the BC Generations Project. Daily fruit and vegetable intake was categorized according to guidelines (≥5 servings/day vs. <5 servings/day). Geospatial characteristics included walkability, greenness, marginalization, and material and social deprivation, reflecting access to goods and amenities and social relationships. Generalized, linear mixed-effect models adjusted for sociodemographic factors and lifestyle variables were used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs). Participants living in neighbourhoods with greater material deprivation (e.g., OR = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.70–0.86 for very high material deprivation) and very high social deprivation (OR = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.82–0.99) were less likely to meet recommendations for fruit and vegetable consumption relative to those living in areas with very low material deprivation and very low social deprivation, respectively. Relative to participants living in areas with very low greenness, participants living in neighbourhoods with high (OR = 1.10, 95% CI 1.01–1.20) to very high (OR = 1.11, 95% CI 1.01–1.21) greenness were more likely to meet recommendations for fruits and vegetables. These findings highlight the complexity of dietary intake which may be shaped by multiple neighbourhood characteristics.     

2011年高密市居民膳食钠摄入量调查

目的了解高密市居民膳食钠摄入量及来源分布,为制定减盐防控高血压措施提供依据。方法2011年6月18日采用分阶段抽样抽取18～69岁居民,使用24h膳食称重法和调查问卷进行调查,收集膳食钠摄入量及来源分布。结果高密市18～69岁居民人均每日膳食钠摄人量为6065mg,其中来自日常调味品的为5024mg,占82．83％。膳食钠来源前三位的为精盐、其他食品、酱油,分别占膳食钠总量的56．67％、17．11％、16．81％。结论高密市居民膳食钠摄入量超标严重,应采取有效减盐措施。     

The Influence of Dietary Composition on Energy Intake and Body Weight

We review evidence regarding the influence of dietary fat, fiber, the glycemic index and sugar on energy intake and body weight. Although data from comprehensive long-term studies are lacking, published investigations suggest that the previous focus on lowering dietary fat as a means for promoting negative energy balance has led to an underestimation of the potential role of dietary composition in promoting reductions in energy intake and weight loss. More randomized clinical trials are needed to examine the relative utility of different putative dietary factors in the treatment of obesity.     

Assessment of Dioxin Intake from Commercial Baby Food in Infant

Commercial baby food was roughly classified into six food groups, including vegetable, fruit, fish, meat, dairy product, and cookie. Dioxin levels in commercial baby food were determined, and dioxin intake in infants was assessed on the basis of the proposed original model food groups. The total daily dioxin intake was 0.070 pg TEQ/kg body weight/day. The total dioxin intake in this study was considerably lower than the Tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 4 pg TEQ/kg body weight/day set by Japanese regulations. The dioxin intake from commercial baby food is considered not to be a serious problem at the moment. We believe that the proposed classification and calculation is suitable for the evaluation of total dioxin intake from commercial baby food.     

微核试验在接触有害重金属人群监测中的应用

目的探讨应用微核试验在接触有害重金属作业人群中的使用价值。方法观察组：29名观察者为镉作业人群,对照组：35名性别年龄与观察组一致的健康人群。抽取观察组与对照组的肝素抗凝静脉血进行微核试验,并通过淋巴细胞浆分裂阻断微核法（cytokine-sis block micronucleus mthods.简称CB微核法^[1]）.与普通微核法的比较,确定微核试验的有效性和准确性。结果观察组中镉作业人群微核率,CB微核法为（10.46±7.92）‰,普通微核法为（3.66±3.19）‰;对照组分别为（4.29±2.66）‰、（1.19±1.10）‰。CB微核法的测定结果明显高于普通微核法（P〈0.01）。结论进一步验证了微核试验在接触有害重金属作业人群中的有效性和实用性。     

Effect of a High-Intensity Dietary Intervention on Changes in Dietary Intake and Eating Pathology during a Multicomponent Adolescent Obesity Intervention

Concerns remain about dietary changes during pediatric obesity treatment and eating pathology, which have not been investigated. This secondary data analysis from a randomized clinical trial examined associations between adolescents’ changes in energy intake and diet quality during obesity treatment with post-treatment eating pathology. Adolescents (N = 82: 13.7 ± 1.2 y, 34.9 ± 7.0 kg/m², 63.4% female, 46.3% black) received TEENS+, a 4-month multicomponent intervention. TEENS+ provided individualized dietary goals (1200–1800 kcal/day; number of “Go” foods/day (low-energy, high-nutrient-dense foods)). At 0 and 4 months, 3-day food records assessed energy intake and diet quality (Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI-2015)). Two HEI-2015 subscores were created: components to increase (increase), and components to limit (decrease). The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire measured eating pathology (total score and subscales: restraint; and eating, weight, and shape concern). Corrected p-values are reported as q-values. Energy intake decreased (−292 ± 418 kcal/day; q < 0.001), while diet quality improved during treatment (total HEI-2015 (4.5 ± 15.1; q = 0.034) and increase (3.3 ± 9.4; q = 0.011)). Restraint increased (+0.6 ± 1.4; q < 0.001), whereas shape (−0.5 ± 1.3; q = 0.004) and weight (−0.5 ± 1.4; q = 0.015) concerns decreased. Greater decreases in energy intake were associated with greater restraint post-treatment (F = 17.69; q < 0.001). No other significant associations were observed. Changes in adolescents’ dietary intake during obesity treatment were unrelated to increased shape, weight, or eating concerns post-treatment.