Association of femoral head and acetabular fractures on computerized tomography: correlation with the Judet-Letournel classification

Purpose

Tha aims of this study were to identify the incidence of femoral head fractures in the setting of acetabular fractures and to determine the relationship between acetabular fracture pattern, the degree of acetabular fracture displacement, and the incidence of femoral head fractures.

Materials and methods

This is a retrospective cross-sectional study of 274 patients with 300 acetabular fractures diagnosed on pelvic CT. Acetabular fractures were categorized using the Judet-Letournel classification system.

Results

Femoral head fractures were present in 18.0% of acetabular fractures. Fracture patterns with a posterior wall component had a very high (56.3%) incidence of femoral head fracture. Anterior column and anterior column with posterior hemitransverse fractures have a very low (3.4%) incidence of femoral head fracture. Anterior hip dislocation had a 66.7% incidence of femoral head fracture, while posterior dislocation had a 71.9% incidence. Acetabular fractures displaced by more than 5 mm had a 26.9% incidence of femoral head fracture, while acetabular fracture displaced less than 5 mm had only 4.2% incidence of femoral head fracture.

Conclusion

Femoral head fractures are a very common associated finding in patients presenting with acetabular fractures. In patients with a posterior wall component of the fracture or associated hip dislocation, a femoral head fracture is more likely than not present. Conversely, in acetabular fractures with less than 5 mm displacement or anterior column fractures without posterior acetabular involvement, femoral head fractures are very unlikely in the absence of a dislocation event.

     

髋臼骨折CT与X线平片检查比较

目的探讨CT与X线平片检查在髋臼骨折诊断中的临床应用价值。方法对照分析18例髋臼骨折CT、X线平片及临床治疗随访资料。结果18例髋臼骨折中前壁骨折4例,前柱骨折4例,后壁骨折2例,后柱骨折2例,复杂骨折6例。伴有盆腔内软组织肿胀11例。其中X线平片误漏诊4例。CT检出骨碎片27块,X线平片检出12块,其中关节腔内游离骨碎片CT检出17块,X线平片检出4块。股骨头脱位7例,伴股骨头骨折3例,其中X线平片漏诊1例。结论CT显示关节腔内碎骨片,确定骨折分型及了解盆腔软组织受损情况优于X线平片检查。     

髋臼骨折的CT与X线平片诊断比较

目的:比较CT与X线平片对髋臼诊断的价值。材料和方法:18例髋臼骨折病人,全部接受CT扫描确诊,其中,14例是先经X线平片诊断为骨折的,4例X线检查未发现骨折线。分析比较CT与X线平片的表现。结果:经CT扫描发现的5例后壁骨折,X线漏诊2例;1例股骨头前缘皮质凹陷骨折、7例髋臼腔内游离碎片和10例髋关节周围软组织肿胀,X线均未能发现。结论:CT可准确显示骨折线的数目和走行方向,显示骨折类型和关节面损伤程度,以及关节腔内有无骨折碎片等情况,为临床治疗提供比X线平片更可靠的信息。     

髋臼骨折合并股神经损伤相关因素分析

目的 分析髋臼骨折合并股神经损伤的原因，以期进一步提高临床诊治水平。方法 1996年1月-2004年11月，共手术治疗髋臼骨折146例，其中6例合并股神经损伤，根据临床表现、CT及三维重建分析股神经损伤的原因。按Letournel和Judet的髋臼骨折分类法进行分类，双柱骨折2例，横形伴后壁骨折1例，因骨折形成的巨大血肿压迫股神经，致股神经损伤；前壁骨折伴股骨头前脱位1例，髋臼前柱陈旧性骨折合并耻骨上支骨折1例，骨折端直接挫伤股神经；前柱骨折合并髂骨翼骨折1例，因术中牵拉损伤股神经。5例患者给予血肿清除、神经束减压、神经外膜松解去除病因，1例行保守治疗。结果本组6例患者随访1—3年，平均随访1．8年。5例患者股四头肌肌力从术前1—2级恢复至4—5级，1例从伤后2—3级恢复至5级，伸膝功能正常，可正常行走。4例患者感觉功能完全恢复，1例患者随访2年后仍有大腿下2／3前方及小腿内侧感觉减退；另有1例牵拉伤患者肌力恢复正常，随访1．2年后仍存在感觉障碍。结论 髋臼骨折合并股神经损伤临床上少见，复杂髋臼骨折应高度警惕有无股神经损伤；髂腰肌周围血肿形成及骨折块直接损伤是髋臼骨折合并股神经损伤的常见原因；医源性损伤需引起重视。     

Ⅰ期全髋关节置换治疗髋臼骨折

目的 探讨髋臼骨折后Ⅰ期全髋关节置换(total hip arthroplasty,THA)的手术适应证和手术方法,观察其临床疗效.方法 对11例髋臼骨折患者行Ⅰ期THA.其中前柱骨折3例,后壁骨折1例,后柱骨折2例,后柱合并后壁骨折2例,横形骨折1例,横形合并后壁骨折1例,两柱骨折1例.伤后8～37 d(平均24 d)接受THA.对新鲜髋臼骨折患者,先用重建钢板或螺钉固定骨折以恢复髋臼肇的形态,将切下的股骨头制成颗粒状或块状植于髋臼内后安置臼杯.陈旧性髋臼骨折有节段性髋臼骨缺损者,将切下的股骨头制成大块状进行髋臼内结构性植骨后再安置臼杯.结果 术后3个月完全负重,无人工关节脱位.随访时间6～45个月,平均28个月.Harris评分平均78分.髋关节屈伸平均活动度为95°.X线片示1例出现髋臼松动及骨溶解征象.结论 髋臼骨折移位明显,关节软骨面损伤严重,错过了手术复位时机,可以Ⅰ期行THA.如能创造稳定的髋臼杯结构,近期临床效果满意.     

Radiological aspects of posterior dislocation of the hip

Ninety-six cases of traumatic dislocation of the hip were admitted to one general hospital over a 10-year period. Eighty of these (83.3%) were posterior dislocations, usually with associated acetabular fractures (81.25%). The aetiology and various complications of posterior hip dislocation are described adn discussed, together with the radiographic management. Radiologists should take special care to exclude associated femoral and pelvic fractures both within and beyond the acetabulum. Fractures of the ipsilateral femur associated with posterior hip dislocation usually involve the femoral head and the radiological appearances and assessment of this injury is important. Ipsilateral femoral shaft fractures are less frequent, but it may be the hip dislocation which is then overlooked unless there is an awareness of the combined injury.     

Bilateral asymmetric hip dislocation: case report and literature review

Simultaneous anterior and posterior hip dislocation is an unusual injury. A unique case is presented, consisting of bilateral asymmetric hip dislocation with associated femoral head, femoral shaft, and acetabular fractures resulting from a motorcycle collision. The mechanisms of injury, management, role of imaging, and complications of this injury complex are discussed, with a review of the relevant literature.     

成人髋臼结构不良CT应用价值

目的　探讨CT对成人髋臼结构不良的诊断价值。方法　对 2 8例髋臼结构不良患者的 5 6个髋关节CT资料进行回顾性分析。结果　成人髋臼结构不良的CT影像中 ,75 .0 %髋臼表现有前部发育不良 ,而髋臼前后部均发育不良 ( 14 .4% )和臼窝形态异常 ( 14 .9% )者少见 ,5 7.1%髋臼顶部有发育不良。此外 ,CT发现继发性骨关节病和股骨头缺血坏死分别为 91.1%和 16 .1% ,均高于平片所见。结论　CT有助于全面了解髋臼发育状况及其与股骨头相互适应情况 ;确定髋臼结构不良的基本类型 ;早期发现继发性骨关节病和股骨头缺血坏死及评估髋关节病变的严重程度。     

Computed tomographic findings after anterior dislocation of the hip

Anterior dislocation of the hip is a rare phenomenon, seen in only 5–10% of all hip dislocations. These dislocations can be divided into two types: superior or subspinous and inferior or obturator dislocations. Osteochondral impaction fractures of the femoral head are a known complication of anterior dislocation, but little has been reported on the types of acetabular and pelvic fractures associated with this dislocation. Five anterior dislocations were studied with radiographs and computed tomographic (CT) imaging, and the CT findings are described. Fractures were seen in the femoral head, acetabular roof, and medial wall, as well as in the anterior inferior iliac spine. The most severe injuries occurred after a superior dislocation, but the obturator dislocations demonstrated impaction fractures of the femoral head as well as an intra-articular bone fragment. CT of the acetabuli is recommended after reduction of these dislocations to identify these complications.     

Osteochondral impaction of the femoral head associated with hip dislocation: CT study in 35 patients

Chondral and osteochondral impactions are insults to articular cartilage and subchondral bone of the femoral head during hip dislocation. To evaluate the frequency and sites of femoral head impaction, we reviewed CT scans of 35 patients with hip dislocation (32 posterior and three anterior). Osteochondral impaction fractures were present in 20 (63%) of the 32 patients with posterior hip dislocation and in all three patients with anterior dislocation. In patients with posterior dislocation, the impaction occurred anteriorly in an arc between the 11-o'clock and 1-o'clock positions in all seven cases (100%) of right-sided dislocation and in eight (61%) of 13 cases of left-sided dislocation. Twelve (60%) of the 20 patients with femoral head impaction fracture underwent surgery; osteochondral impaction was substantiated in all 12. In those with anterior dislocation, osteochondral impaction occurred at the posterolateral aspect of the femoral head in an arc between the 4-o'clock and 5-o'clock positions. A high rate of osteochondral impaction after hip dislocation was detected in this series. Observing the site of femoral head impaction allows determination of the type of original dislocation. Alternatively, when the type of original dislocation is known, the site of femoral head impaction can be predicted.     

CT of acetabular fractures: analysis of fracture patterns

Thirty-one consecutive patients who sustained acetabular fracture or posterior femoral head dislocations were examined by computed tomography (CT). By analysis of closely spaced, thin CT images, it was possible to characterize the three-dimensional nature of these injuries. Traditional classification into anterior column, posterior column, and complex two-column fractures was facilitated. CT was especially useful in evaluation of the two-column fractures in which unique information concerning the configuration of the fracture, integrity of the acetabular dome and quadrilateral surface, and identification of the stable fragment was obtained. Surprisingly constant fracture patterns were identified. CT was also useful in determination of presence or absence of loose bodies in the joint and in evaluation of the femoral head and sacroiliac joint in all types of fracture.     

严重髋臼骨折

严重髋臼骨折是一种复杂损伤。可分为前、后柱、横、Y／T形和臼顶骨折五类。大多数髋臼骨折均有错位和股骨头中心脱位。牵引不能复位者应行手术治疗。本文报告17例严重髓臼骨折，其中9例行手术治疗效果满意。     

髋臼骨折手术入路选择策略

髋臼骨折的损伤机制为股骨头撞击髋臼导致的髋臼骨性结构破坏,手术日的是重建髋关节的头臼匹配关系并维持稳定.由于髋关节的特殊解剖结构,股骨头的遮挡使其前后面不能相互照应,因此手术入路的选择关系到手术区域显露、骨折复位质量、固定效果,直接影响手术疗效;合理的手术入路选择在手术时间、术中出 血、手术创伤及手术并发症等方面均有较...     

Frontal sinus fractures: evaluation of CT scans in 132 patients.

PURPOSE: To determine the frequency of detection of frontal sinus fractures on initial CT scans of patients with intracranial injuries, and to characterize associated injuries. METHODS: The initial head CT scans in 132 patients with clinical or radiographic evidence of a frontal sinus fracture were retrospectively reviewed to further characterize the fracture. Additional radiographic studies and medical records were reviewed to determine associated injuries, therapy, clinical outcome, and complications. RESULTS: In 90% (124) of the patients, the frontal sinus fractures were visualized on initial head CT scans that were obtained to evaluate suspected intracranial injury. Complex fractures involving both the anterior and posterior wall of the sinus accounted for 65% of cases (86 patients), whereas fractures of the anterior wall only or posterior wall only occurred in 24% (32) and 11% (14) of patients, respectively. Significant intracranial hemorrhage occurred in over 90% of patients with fractures involving the posterior wall. CONCLUSIONS: In general, fractures that involved the posterior wall had more complications and a worse clinical outcome than fractures that only involved the anterior wall; nearly all frontal sinus fractures can be detected on head CT studies in patients with intracranial injuries.     

CT与常规X线诊断髋关节创伤的对比分析

目的比较CT与X线平片对髋关节创伤的诊断效能。方法就76例髋关节创伤病例进行X线平片和CT检查,比较两种检查方法对髋臼骨折、股骨头及股骨颈骨折、关节腔内游离碎骨、髋关节脱位及关节周围软组织损伤的诊断效能。结果CT在髋臼骨折的分型诊断、发现股骨头隐匿性骨折和关节腔内游离碎骨等方面优于X线平片,CT还能显示髋关节积液、积血及关节周围软组织肿胀等形态变化。结论CT是全面评估髋关节创伤的必要检查手段,其总体诊断效能优于X线平片。     

Traumatic hip dislocation: early MRI findings

Purpose Objective of this study was to present the spectrum of early magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings following traumatic dislocation of the femoral head, and to identify any associated injuries that may have therapeutic or prognostic significance and be better delineated by MRI than by conventional radiography.Patients and methods Prospective MRI of both hips was performed on 18 patients (14 male, 4 female; age range 14–54 years; average age 30.5 years) within 5 weeks of a traumatic femoral head dislocation. The interval between the time of injury and the imaging studies ranged from 2 to 35 days (average 13.2 days). Posterior dislocation was present in 14 patients and anterior dislocation in 4 patients. In the majority of cases, we performed axial T1, coronal T1, and coronal T2^* (MPGR) sequences. Images were retrospectively evaluated by consensus of three radiologists for possible abnormalities of the bone and cartilage, joint space, and soft tissues. Because all patients were treated with closed reduction, surgical correlation was not obtained.Results All patients had a joint effusion or hemarthrosis. Of the 14 patients with posterior dislocation, isolated femoral head contusions (trabecular microfractures) were identified in 6 patients. Four patients had small femoral head fractures, and one had an osteochondral defect. Acetabular lip fractures were seen in six patients, and one patient had a labral tear. Four patients had intra-articular loose bodies and one had ligamentum teres entrapment. Twelve patients had iliofemoral ligament injury. All patients had muscle injury involving the gluteal region and medial fascial compartment, and 13 patients had anterior fascial compartment muscle injury. Seven patients with posterior dislocation had posterior fascial compartment injury. Of the four patients with anterior dislocation, two had bony contusion, two had cortical infraction, one had a labral tear, and all four had an iliofemoral ligament injury. All four patients in this group had muscle injury of the gluteal region and of the anterior and medial fascial compartments.Conclusions MRI can effectively identify and quantify the muscle injury and joint effusion that invariably accompany traumatic hip dislocations. It is also useful for demonstrating trabecular bone contusion (trabecular injury) and iliofemoral ligament injury, which occur commonly with acute hip dislocation.     

外伤性胸腰椎骨折的X线和CT诊断

目的探讨X线和CT在外伤性胸腰椎骨折中的诊断价值。材料和方法57例胸腰椎骨折均行X线和CT检查。结果57例74个椎体骨折中单椎体骨折43例,多椎体骨折14例。爆裂型骨折45个椎体,压缩型骨折21个椎体,骨折脱位型9个椎体。骨折发生于前柱10个椎体,前中柱22个椎体,前中后柱39个椎体,中后柱2个椎体,前后柱1个椎体。结论X线平片对外伤性胸腰椎骨折有一定的价值,但CT在显示椎体三柱结构,骨折线,小关节脱位,椎管狭窄程度,脊柱稳定性,判断脊髓损伤等有明显优势。     

CT对髋关节与膝关节隐匿性骨折的诊断价值

目的 评价CT对髋、膝关节隐匿性骨折的诊断价值。方法 30例临床上疑有髋、膝关节隐匿性骨折患均经CT检查。对全部患者的CT表现进行了回顾性分析，并与X线平片相对照。结果 30例患者X线平片检查均为阴性，而CT横断面图像均明确地显示了骨折。30例中，髋关节骨折14例（髋臼骨折8例，股骨头骨折4例，股骨颈骨折2例），膝关节骨折16例（胫骨平台骨折8例，胫骨髁间隆起基底部骨折3例，股骨外髁骨折2例，股骨内髁骨折1例，髌骨骨折2例）。结论 CT对髋、膝关节隐匿性骨折的诊断具有很高的准确性，且明显优于X线平片。当临床怀疑骨折而X线未显示或显示不清者，应进行CT检查。     

Acetabular stress fractures in military endurance athletes and recruits: incidence and MRI and scintigraphic findings

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence and the MRI and scintigraphic appearance of acetabular stress (fatigue) fractures in military endurance athletes and recruits. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: One hundred and seventy-eight active duty military endurance trainees with a history of activity-related hip pain were evaluated by both MRI and bone scan over a 2-year period. Patients in the study ranged in age from 17 to 45 years. They had hip pain related to activity and had plain radiographs of the hip and pelvis that were interpreted as normal or equivocal. The study was originally designed to evaluate the MRI and scintigraphic appearance of femoral neck stress fractures. Patients had scintigraphy and a limited MRI examination (coronal imaging only) within 48 h of the bone scan. Twelve patients demonstrated imaging findings compatible with acetabular stress fractures. RESULTS: Stress fractures are common in endurance athletes and in military populations; however, stress fracture of the acetabulum is uncommon. Twelve of 178 patients (6.7%) in our study had imaging findings consistent with acetabular stress fractures. Two patterns were identified. Seven of the 12 (58%) patients had acetabular roof stress fractures. In this group, two cases of bilateral acetabular roof stress fractures were identified, one with a synchronous tensile sided femoral neck stress fracture. The remaining five of 12 (42%) patients had anterior column stress fractures, rarely occurring in isolation, and almost always occurring with inferior pubic ramus stress fracture (4 of 5, or 80%). One case of bilateral anterior column stress fractures was identified without additional sites of injury. CONCLUSIONS: Stress fractures are commonplace in military populations, especially endurance trainees. Acetabular stress fractures are rare and therefore unrecognized, but do occur and may be a cause for activity-related hip pain in a small percentage of military endurance athletes and recruits.     

成人髋臼发育不良性骨关节病的X线及CT表现分析

目的:探讨成人髋臼发育不良性骨关节病的X线及CT表现特征。方法:对73例92个成人髋臼发育不良性骨关节病的X线及CT资料进行回顾性分析,73例均拍摄标准的骨盆前后位X线片,42例行CT扫描。X线片上测量反映髋臼发育的指标:外侧中心边缘角(LCE角)、臼顶倾斜角(AI角)、髋臼角(Sharp角)及股骨头突出指数(FEI)。结果:92个成人髋臼发育不良性骨关节病的X线改变为:髋臼发育不良及继发性骨性关节炎,均符合髋臼发育不良的测量指标。42例53个髋CT显示髋臼顶发育不良16髋,髋臼前部发育不良28髋,髋臼前后部均发育不良9髋。结论:髋臼浅小、倾斜及髋臼关节面下囊变、股骨头骨赘是成人髋臼发育不良性骨关节病的常见及较特征性的表现,CT能够比X线片更早且更详细显示。髋臼指标测量能够量化评估髋臼发育不良的程度。