Peritoneal serous papillary carcinoma: radiological appearance

. Background: The radiological appearance of peritoneal serous papillary carcinoma (PSPC) is described. Methods: Three cases of PSPC were analyzed retrospectively with regard to the radiological appearance and histopathological features. Results: All three patients were women, aged 44–71 years. Massive ascites and a greater omentum tumor were observed on computed tomography in all patients. Double-contrast enema performed in one patient showed irregularity on the upper aspect of the transverse colon. Radiological examinations excluded primary tumors in both gastrointestinal and genital organs in all patients. Histological diagnosis was made from the surgical specimen in two patients and from an autopsy specimen in one patient. All patients had a large omental tumor involving the transverse colon, but the ovaries were not involved or only minimally involved on the surface. Serum CA125 was markedly elevated, and immunohistochemical staining for CA125 was positive within the tumor cell cytoplasm in all three patients. Conclusion: PSPC cannot be diagnosed from radiological findings alone because of its similarity to metastatic peritoneal carcinomatosis and peritoneal mesothelioma. Marked elevation of serum CA125 may help with PSPC diagnosis. Response to treatment is promising, and exploratory laparotomy is thus justified when a patient shows characteristic radiological findings and high CA125 level.      

Extraovarian primary peritoneal carcinoma: staging with 18F-FDG PET/CT

A 69-year-old woman who presented with left lower quadrant abdominal pain and elevated serum cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) levels was referred for an MRI and an ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT to evaluate a suspicious abdominal mass seen on ultrasound. PET/CT showed extensive, intensely FDG-avid, omental and pelvic peritoneal thickening with no suspicious ovarian or colon masses. Based on the PET/CT results, the patient had extensive debulking surgery and histopathological evaluation revealed an extraovarian primary peritoneal carcinoma (EOPPC). ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT may be useful in differentiating EOPPC from other types of peritoneal carcinomatosis, and in determining the extent of the disease to better guide surgical management and improve long term outcomes.     

Abdominopelvic tuberculosis simulating disseminated ovarian carcinoma with elevated CA-125 level: report of two cases

We report the radiologic presentations of two cases of peritoneal-pelvic tuberculosis. The initial interpretation based on the adnexal masses, ascites, omental and peritoneal thickening, and elevated serum CA-125 levels led to an erroneous preliminary diagnosis of disseminated ovarian cancer. In both patients, histologic examination showed tuberculosis. The clinical and radiologic findings resolved significantly after several months of multidrug antituberculosis treatment.     

Cirrhotic ascites, ovarian carcinoma, and CA-125

We describe two postmenopausal women with ascites and elevated CA-125 level, a serologic marker used to detect ovarian cancer. Both patients had unrecognized liver disease but underwent surgical exploration for suspected ovarian disease, which subsequently revealed benign pelvic organs. Elevated serum CA-125 levels have been reported in many patients with ascites due to liver disease and cirrhosis. Thus, the presence of both ascites and an elevated CA-125 level mandates a thorough elevation for liver disease as well as for a possibility of ovarian carcinoma. These cases outline the common finding and provide insight into the management of patients with ascites and elevated CA-125 values.     

Increase in post-therapy tumor calcification on CT scan is not an indicator of response to therapy in low-grade serous ovarian cancer

Purpose

The aim of the study was to determine if increasing post-therapy calcification in peritoneal metastases in recurrent low-grade serous ovarian carcinomas indicated response to therapy.

Materials and methods

Retrospective analysis of patients with histologically confirmed, recurrent low-grade serous ovarian carcinoma who received treatment at our institution between 2000 and 2014 was performed. Only patients who had calcified tumor implants and showed either interval increase or decrease in tumor calcification following therapy were included in the study. Pre- and post-therapy CT scans of these patients were reviewed by 2 radiologists independently. Changes in the tumor calcification status and tumor deposits size were correlated with serum CA-125 levels. Fisher’s exact test was used to assess the association between peritoneal deposit and calcification status with serum CA-125 status.

Results

35 Patients were included in the study. Based on serial serum CA 125 levels, 22 patients (63%) had progressive disease, 12 (34%) had partial response and 1 (3%) had stable disease. Using RECIST 1.1, 16 had progressive disease, 3 had partial response and 16 had stable disease. In the patients with progressive disease, post-therapy tumor calcification increased in 77% and decreased in 23%. Fischer’s exact test showed that serum CA 125 change was significantly associated with change in size of peritoneal deposits and calcification change.

Conclusions

This preliminary study shows that post-therapy increase in peritoneal implant calcification in low-grade serous ovarian carcinomas is not an indicator of response to therapy.

     

Prediction of 5-year survival in advanced-stage ovarian cancer patients based on computed tomography peritoneal carcinomatosis index

Objective

To evaluate whether the quantification of peritoneal metastases in advanced-stage ovarian cancer patients using the peritoneal carcinomatosis index, detected by CT (CT-PCI), correlates with the serum levels of tumor marker CA-125 and 5-year survival.

Methods

The CT-PCI was determined in 82 patients with stage III or stage IV ovarian cancer using the Sugarbaker classification prior to cytoreductive surgery. Linear regression analysis was used to correlate CT-PCI and CA-125 levels. Correlation of presurgical CT-PCI, optimal surgical cytoreduction, and 5-year survival was established using binary logistic regression analysis. A score for prediction of 5-year survival probability was established using multivariate backwards binary logistic regression.

Results

Presurgical CT-PCI correlates significantly with presurgical CA-125 serum levels (r = 0.487, P < 0.001). Multivariate binary logistic regression suggested significantly improved 5-year survival with lower CT-PCI and lower ECOG performance scores.

Conclusion

CT-PCI allows quantification of peritoneal disease in advanced-stage ovarian cancer patients, similar to CA-125. CT-PCI in combination with ECOG performance has the potential to help evaluate the 5-year survival probability.

     

4种肿瘤标志物的检测对卵巢癌的诊断价值

目的 探讨肿癌胚抗原(CEA)、糖类抗原199(CA-199)、糖类抗原125(CA-125)和糖类抗原153(CA-153)等4种肿瘤标志物的检测对卵巢癌的诊断价值.方法 采用化学发光法检测49例卵巢癌患者、48例卵巢良性病变患者和40例健康体检者的口述4种肿瘤标志物,并探讨联合检测对诊断卵巢癌的临床价值.结果 49例卵巢癌患者血清CEA、CA-199、CA-125和CA-153阳性率明显高于卵巢良性病变组及健康对照组(均P<0.05),4项联合检测敏感性明显高于单项检测.结论 单项检测血清CEA、CA-199、CA-125和CA-153对卵巢癌的诊断有一定的临床价值,联合检测这4种标志物更具有临床意义.     

Diagnostic usefulness of carbohydrate antigen-125 in cancerous and noncancerous peritoneal effusions

Carbohydrate antigen-125 (CA-125) is a tumor marker that has been used for differential diagnosis of peritoneal malignancies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of simultaneous quantification of CA-125 in peritoneal fluid and serum for abdominal cancer cases and noncancer diseases. Noncancer disease group included cirrhotic patients (n=28) and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) patients (n=11). Abdominal cancer group was composed of histologically diagnosed various malignancies (n=10), such as gastric cancer. CA-125 levels were quantified by chemiluminescent enzyme immuno-assay. Diagnostic usefulness tests and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis were performed for the levels of peritoneal fluid CA-125 (pCA-125) and serum CA-125 (sCA-125), and the ratio of pCA-125 to sCA-125 (p/sCA-125). The sCA-125 levels were significantly higher in noncancer patients than those in the cancer patients, while the pCA-125 levels showed no significant difference between the two groups. Notably, the p/sCA-125 ratio was significantly lower in the noncancer patients than that in the cancer patients. Area under the ROC curve was 0.267 for sCA-125, 0.542 for pCA-125 and 0.831 for p/sCA-125. The accepted cutoff values were the combination of values that gave the greatest diagnostic sensitivity plus specificity. Either sCA-125 or pCA-125 value gave lower diagnostic accuracy, whereas p/sCA-125 value demonstrated a significantly higher diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity-specificity pairs: 0.40-0.33 for sCA-125, 0.60-0.54 for pCA-125, and 0.80-0.72 for p/sCA-125, respectively). Hence, determination of p/sCA-125 improves the biochemical discrimination of abdominal cancerous cases from noncancerous diseases.     

Pronounced increases in the concentration of an ovarian tumor marker, CA-125, in serum of a healthy subject during menstruation

CA-125 is a glycoprotein associated with various ovarian tumors. A commercial radioimmunoassay involving a monoclonal antibody is available for it. In our laboratory, a normal-value study was conducted as part of a routine evaluation of this assay. One healthy subject had a serum CA-125 concentration greater than 300 kU/L, more than eightfold the upper limit of normal (35 kU/L). This increase, which coincided with the onset of the menstrual period, subsided to within the normal range by the end of the menstrual cycle. The half-life of CA-125, calculated from this decrease, was 6.4 days. Similar observations were made in the same subject over several menstrual cycles. Results of clinical and ultrasound examinations of the subject for ovarian tumors were negative. No clinical evidence of malignancy was present eight months after the initial discovery of an increased CA-125. None of the other 39 healthy subjects had a CA-125 value greater than 51 kU/L. Five of these subjects had CA-125 determined several times during their menstrual cycles; none exhibited pronounced variations in CA-125 concentrations. Evidently CA-125 can be extremely increased in a healthy woman, and possible effects of the menstrual period on serum CA-125 concentrations should be considered in pre-menopausal patients.     

The management of anxiety and knowledge of serum CA-125 after an ovarian cancer diagnosis

This article describes the relationship among anxiety, distress, and serum CA-125 levels in women with ovarian cancer. Women's anxiety about monitoring their CA-125 levels during chemotherapy also is discussed. Data from a randomized trial including self-reported anxiety and emotional distress of women following surgery after a primary diagnosis of ovarian cancer, their recorded serum CA-125 levels, and knowledge about their CA-125 levels were analyzed. In the sample, 26 of 30 women had serum CA-125 levels above the normal range. At baseline, the sample had an elevated mean anxiety score and an elevated distress score. A moderate association was found between a high serum CA-125 level and a high anxiety score at baseline, but the finding was not statistically significant. A negative nonsignificant relationship was found between a high serum CA-125 level and distress at baseline. The qualitative analysis revealed two themes: anxiety and lack of knowledge of serum CA-125. Oncology nurses and nurse practitioners caring for these women should provide essential information and strategies that can help guide women with ovarian cancer through the journey of their disease.     

卵巢原发性恶性肿瘤的螺旋CT诊断

目的 探讨卵巢原发性恶性肿瘤的螺旋CT表现特点。方法 回顾性分析100例经手术病理证实为卵巢恶性肿瘤的螺旋CT资料并与手术病理对照分析。结果 ①上皮性肿瘤88例（88％），以囊实性为主，占79．5％，多有腹水和腹膜、网膜种植及淋巴结转移；②性索间质肿瘤5例（5％），均为单侧，以囊实性肿块为主，占80．0％；③生殖细胞肿瘤7例（7％），均为单侧，以实质性为主，占71．4％。结论 螺旋CT对卵巢原发性恶性肿瘤有很高的诊断价值。     

Initial assessment of tumor-associated antigen CA-125 in patients with ovarian, cervical, and testicular tumors

Serum CA-125, a glycoprotein antigen, has been measured in serum of patients with ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, or nonseminomatous germ-cell tumor of testis. Increased concentrations were found in 21 of 27 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer and two of three patients with ovarian teratoma. Changes in CA-125 concentrations in serum during chemotherapy mirrored the progress of the disease as assessed by clinical and radiological evidence. Although CA-125 provides no real asset for diagnosis, it should have value as a marker for monitoring response to chemotherapy.     

Ultrasound and color power Doppler in the detection of metastatic omentum: a prospective study.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze prospectively the ability of ultrasound to detect metastatic omentum in patients with suspicious pelvic masses and to describe the sonographic features of metastatic omental disease. METHODS: One hundred and eighty-four patients were evaluated preoperatively by ultrasound examination and of these 173 were used in the analysis. We defined as an ultrasound-positive examination one which visualized intra-abdominal aperistaltic solid tissue, located above the bowel loops and below the anterior peritoneal surface. Preoperative sonographic findings were compared with pathological results. RESULTS: Sonographic detection of metastatic omentum was achieved in 104 of 173 patients (60.1%), appearing as either solid aperistaltic tissue (80.8% of cases), or as solid discrete nodules (19.2%). When considering the echostructure of the surrounding bowel loops, this tissue appeared hypoechoic in 46 (44.2%) cases and isoechoic or slightly hyperechoic in the other 58 (55.8%) cases. In the overall series, the negative and positive predictive values (NPV and PPV) and the accuracy of ultrasound examination were 92.7%, 91.3% and 91.9%, respectively. When considering only the group of ovarian tumors, the NPV, PPV and accuracy were 91.9%, 94.6%, and 93.8%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound examination is highly accurate in detecting metastatic omental involvement in cases with suspicious pelvic masses.     

Laboratory testing for endometriosis

Background: Typically, endometriosis is diagnosed surgically by laparoscopy. CA-125 is the principal serum marker used in the diagnosis and management of late-stage endometriosis. The search for a body fluid marker of early stage disease has included studies of serum, peritoneal fluid (PF), and/or tissue levels of secretory proteins, cell adhesion molecules, cytokines, tumor necrosis and vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs), chemokines, antiendometrial antibodies, autoantibodies to oxidized lipoproteins, aromatase P-450 expression, cytokeratins, and hormone receptors. We compared the diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility of these various types of substances in the non-surgical identification of patients with endometriosis. Method: We reviewed the MEDLINE database for all publications on serum, peritoneal fluid and tissue markers of endometriosis. Results: Except for serum interleukin (IL)-6 and peritoneal fluid tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- levels, the diagnostic accuracy of other markers of endometriosis was either similar or worse than that of CA-125 (sensitivity 24–94%; specificity 83–93%). The diagnostic accuracy of IL-6 and TNF- was 90–100% (sensitivity) and 67–89% (specificity). Conclusion: CA-125 has limited diagnostic accuracy in the identification of early stage endometriosis and none of the other markers we reviewed dramatically outperformed CA-125 in this regard with the possible exception of serum IL-6 and peritoneal fluid TNF- levels.     

卵巢环管状性索间质瘤2例报告并文献复习

目的：探讨卵巢环管状性索间质瘤的发病原因、发病机制、临床特点.方法：分析2例卵巢环管状性索间质瘤的临床资料并复习文献.结果：环管状性索间质瘤在卵巢肿瘤中占0.06%,属于低度恶性.其CA-125值可正常或略高,血清MIS值检测可作为其诊断的一种标记物.约1/3患者伴Peutz-Jeghers综合征（PJS）.可分泌较高水平的雌激素和少量的孕激素.诊断主要依靠病理.结论：提高对卵巢环管状性索间质瘤的认识,熟悉其发病原因、发病机制、临床特点等,可减少误诊及漏诊.     

超声诊断卵巢癌腹膜及大网膜转移

目的 探讨卵巢癌腹膜及大网膜转移的超声诊断价值.方法 对32例临床诊断卵巢癌患者术前行超声检查,观察其有无腹膜及大网膜转移.结果 术中发现28例腹膜转移,术前超声检出23例(82.14%);术中发现19例大网膜种植转移,术前超声检出15例(78.94%).卵巢癌腹膜转移的声像图特征为腹膜不均匀增厚,可见结节样病灶.大网膜转移灶超声声像图表现为实性回声、囊实混合性回声、腹腔内孤立或散在多发实性小结节.结论 术前超声可对卵巢癌有否腹膜及大网膜转移进行预测.     

腹膜假黏液瘤的超声特征与病理分型对照分析

目的 观察腹膜假黏液瘤(PMP)的超声特征并与病理分型进行对照分析,探讨术前超声诊断PMP的价值。 方法 收集PMP患者的临床资料,根据病理学特征分腹膜弥漫性黏液腺瘤病(DPAM)、腹膜黏液腺癌病(PMCA)及交界性病变(PMCA-I/D)3型,分析不同病理分型的超声特征。 结果 经病理证实为PMP且有术前超声资料的患者49例,DPAM 14例、PMCA-I/D 17例、PMCA 18例。超声检查显示92.86%(13/14)DPAM、88.24%(15/17)PMCA-I/D和83.33%(15/18)PMCA存在腹腔积液。64.29%(9/14)DPAM、29.41%(5/17)PMCA-I/D和55.56%(10/18)PMCA的肝脏表面及35.71%(5/14)DPAM、11.76%(2/17)PMCA-I/D和27.78%(5/18)PMCA的脾脏表面有黏液结节产生的压迹。PMCA更倾向于伴有肝脏黏液结节浸润(P=0.045)。64.29%(9/14)DPAM、70.59%(12/17)PMCA-I/D和83.33%(15/18)PMCA伴腹膜种植结节。PMCA者更倾向于伴有网膜饼(P=0.018)。 结论 PMP的超声表现有一定特异性。虽然不同病理类型的患者均可出现内脏表面压迹和腹膜种植,但肝脏浸润和网膜饼更常见于PMCA。     

血清CA125联合PET/CT对早期卵巢癌的诊断效果

目的探讨血清CA125联合PET/CT对早期卵巢癌的诊断效果。方法选择2018年6月至2019年10月在我院接受治疗的80例卵巢病变患者,所有患者进行组织病理学、血清CA125水平、PET/CT显像检查。比较卵巢癌患者与良性病变患者的血清CA125水平与SUVmax;分析血清CA125、PET/CT显像以及二者联合诊断早期卵巢癌的诊断效能。结果卵巢癌患者血清CA125水平、SUVmax均明显高于良性病变患者(P<0.05)。CA125诊断早期卵巢癌的灵敏度、特异度、准确度分别为88.24%、58.62%、77.50%;PET/CT显像诊断早期卵巢癌的灵敏度、特异度、准确度分别为86.27%、65.52%、78.75%;联合诊断早期卵巢癌的灵敏度、特异度、准确度分别为90.20%、93.10%、91.25%;血清CA125与PET/CT显像联合诊断早期卵巢癌的特异度及准确度均明显高于单独诊断(P<0.05)。结论血清肿瘤因子CA125联合PET/CT诊断早期卵巢癌的灵敏度较高,且可显著提高诊断的特异度与准确度,具有重要的临床价值,值得临床推广应用。     

腹膜转移瘤的多层螺旋CT诊断

目的：探讨腹膜转移瘤的CT表现,提高诊断水平。材料与方法：回顾性分析80例经手术病理或临床随访证实的腹膜转移瘤的CT表现。结果：①腹水45例,占56.3%,其中少量腹水18例,大量及中等量腹水27例;②腹膜增厚25例,占31.3%,其中结节状10例、条带状7例、块状增厚8例;③网膜改变23例,占28.8%,污垢状7例、结节状10例、饼状6例;④腹腔内囊性占位性病变共9例,占11.3%,均见于卵巢癌;⑤小肠壁增厚伴肠管移位5例,占6.3%。结论：CT对腹膜转移瘤的诊断具有较高价值,必要时应鉴别诊断。     

18F-FDG PET/CT显像在卵巢癌术后随访中的价值及与血清CA125检测的关系

目的：研究18F-FDG PET/CT显像在卵巢癌术后随访中的价值及与血清CA125检测的关系。方法：对45例卵巢癌术后患者行18F-FDG PET/CT显像及血清CA125检测,与手术病理或临床随访结果比较判断其诊断复发、转移灶的准确性并比较二者之间的关系。结果：18F-FDG PET/CT显像诊断卵巢癌复发、转移的敏感性、特异性、准确性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为90.3%（28/31）、92.8%（13/14）、91.1%（41/45）、96.5%（28/29）和81.5%（13/16）。血清CA125诊断卵巢癌复发、转移的敏感性、特异性、准确性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为74.2%（23/31）、78.5%（11/14）、75.5%（34/45）、88.4%（23/26）和57.9%（11/19）。18F-FDG PET/CT显像与血清CA125检测结果有一定相关性,26例血清CA125升高者中23例PET/CT检查显示数目不等的复发;19例CA125正常患者,8例PET/CT检查显示复发,二者有显著性差异（χ2=11.007,P=0.001）。10例血清CA125≤100 U/mL的复发患者病灶数均较少,90%（9/10）为1～3个;21例CA125>100 U/mL复发患者病灶数80.9%（17/21)为3个以上,二者有显著性差异（χ2=14.006,P=0）。结论：18F-FDG PET/CT显像在卵巢癌术后随访中具有重要临床价值,与血清CA125检测有一定的相关性和互补性。